17EE3401

II/IV B.Tech DEGREE EXAMINATION,SEPTEMBER,2021

Fourth Semester
LINEAR CONTROL SYSTEMS
SOLUTIONS

Part-A is compulsory
PART-A 10×1=10M
a . What is meant by viscous friction?

b . What are the advantages of block diagram?

c . Can a signal flow graph be drawn for non linear systems?

d . What is the nature of response of second order system with different types of
damping?

e . What is the effect of adding zero to the closed loop transfer function?

f. What is meant by zero input response?

g. What are the limitations of frequency response analysis?

h. State Nyquist stability criterion?

i .How can you determine the order of a system for its state model?
J .What is the significance of STM?

PART-B

UNIT-1
2.a Draw the equivalent electrical circuits based on F-V and F-I analogous systems

2. b. Reduce the given block diagram using reduction rules and Find C(s)/R(s)

3. a. Discuss the effects of feedback stability,Sensitivity and noise

i) Effect of Feedback on stability

ii) Effect of Feedback on Sensitivity :

Change in T(S)
System Sensitivity 
Change in G(S)
T T / T T G
S G  G / G  G  T
i.e Variation in the overall Transfer function T(S) due to variation in G(S)
open loop system
T T G
S G

G T


T  G(S )
T
1
G
T
S G
1
 Closed loop system
T T G
SG  G  T
G
T
1  GH
T (1  GH )  GH

G (1  GH ) 2
T (1  GH )  GH
SG  (1  GH ) 2  (1  GH )
T 1
SG  1  GH
i.e in closed loop systems ,Sensitivity is reduced by a factor of 1+GH ,So sensitivity is
less in closed loop systems as compared to open loop systems.

iii) Effect of Feedback on noise :

Absence of Feed back ,H =0 ,Open loop ,C = G2 n

G2
Closed loop , C  n
1 G1G2
Noise in a closed loop system is reduced by a factor of 1+G1G2H

3.b. For the signal flow graph shown below using Mason’s gain formula
Forward paths
P1  G1G2G3G4
P2  G1G2G6
Individual loop gains
L1  -G1G3H1
L2  G5
L3  -G2H2
L4  -G2G3G4H3
L5  -G2G6H3
Gain products of two non touching loops
L2L3  -G2G5H2
L2L5  -G5G2G6H3
  1 - (L1  L2  L3  L4  L5)  (L2L3  L2L5)
1  1  0  1
 2  1  L2  1  G5
P11  P 2 2
Transfer function 

G1G2G3G4  G1G2G6(1 - G5)
Transfer fuction 
1  G 2G 3H 1  G 5  G 2 H 2  G 2G 3G 4 H 3  G 2G 6 H 3  G 2G 5 H 2  G 2G 5G 6 H 3

4.a The characteristic equation of a feedback control systems is

S 3  ( K  0.5) S 2  4 KS  50  0
Find the range of K for stability

4.b. The open loop transfer function of a control system with unity feedback is
500
G(S ) 
S (1  0.1S )
Evaluate the error series for the system. Determine the steady state error of
the system for the input r(t)= t2/2 us(t)

5.a. Write short note on PI and PD controllers

5.b. Sketch the Root locus plot of given open loop transfer function
K
G(S ) 
S ( S  4)( S 2  4 S  20)

Poles are 0,-4,-2+j4 and -2-j4

Angles of asymptones 450 ,1350,2250 and 3150
Centroid = -2
Break poits :
The characteristic equation is S(S+4)(S2+4S+20)+K=0
K=-(S4+8S3+36S2+80S)
Angle of departure is -900.

Points intersection with the imaginary axis

The crossing point of root locus is +j3.2 and -j3.2

6.a. What are the frequency domain specifications and define them.
The frequency domain specification are i)Resonant peak. ii)Resonant frequency. Iii)

Gain Margin iv) phase margin v) Bandwidth

1. Resonant Peak : The maximum value of the magnitude of closed loop transfer

function is Called resonant peak.

2. Resonant frequency : The frequency at which resonant peak occurs is called

resonant frequency.

3. Gain Margin :

4. Phase Margin :

5. Bandwidth : The bandwidth is the range of frequencies for which the system gain Is
more than 3 dbB.

6.b. Determine the values of gain K for the open loop transfer function given below
so that a) the gain margin is 15db and b) phase margin is 600.
K
G ( j ) H ( j ) 
j (0.1  1)( j  1)

7.a. Draw the typical sketches for the polar plot.

7.b. Sketch the polar plot of the following transfer function

10( S  2)
G(S ) 
S ( S  1)( S  3)

0  1
8.a Find the state transition matrix for A  2  3
 

b. Explain the concept of controllability and observability by Kalman’s test.

a system.
 Controllability : A system is controllable, if it is possible to transfer the initial state to a desired
state in a finite time interval by the controlled input

Observabiilty :A system is said to be observable, if it is said to determine initial states of the

system by observing the outputs in a finite time interval

Kalman’s test :
The advantage of Kalman’s test is that for any form of matrix A whether A is canonical or
otherwise,the test can be applied .

Kalman’s test for controllability:

The matrix QC is known as the controllability matrix .For complete state controllability
,therefore ,all the columns of QC must be linearly independent .This test for deciding the
controllability is known as Kalman’s test for controllability.

Kalman’s test for Observability:

Consider the following system ,

.
X  AX  BU
Y  CX

The condition for complete state observability is that the observability matrix has rank n
And Qo  0

9.a Derive the transfer function from state model.

     2  3  X  3
 X 1    1
 X   5 U
X   4 2  2   
 2
X 
Y  1 1  1  with D  0
X 2 

9.b. consider a system having state model

Obtain its transfer function.