Los Angeles County Flood Control Distric

DESIGN MAN
DEBRIS DAMS AND BASI

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Howard H. Haile, Chief Engineer

2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles P. 0. Box 2418, Terminal A

Telephone: (213) 226-4111 Los Angeles, California 90
PREPARED BY DESIGN DIVISION

James JL. Easton, Division Engineer

Supervised By:

C. W. Hallstrom Supervising Civil Engineer III

K. Senzaki, Supervising Civil Engineer II

Participating Divisions:

Design
Hydraulic
Materials Engineering
Operation and Maintenance
Project Planning
 CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF DEBRIS DAMS AND BASINS

The following text and exhibits have been prepared as a guide

for design, preparation of plans and specifications, and construction
of debris dams and basins constructed by others for transfer to
the District for maintenance.
 CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF DEBRIS DAMS AND BASINS

The following text and exhibits have been prepared as a guide

for design, preparation of plans and specifications, and construction
of debris dams and basins constructed by others for transfer to
the District for maintenance.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Description Page

Section A - Design of Debris Dams and Basins

A-l Basin Design.................................................................................... A-l
A-l. 1 General.............................................................................. A-l
A-l. 2 Basin Capacity................................................................... A-l
A-l. 3 Debris Volume.................................................................. A-l
A-2 Earth Dam Design.......................................................................... A-2
A-2. 1 General................................................................... .. A-2
A-2. 2 Foundation and Abutments............................................... A-2
A-2. 3 Percolation Path at Dam Contact Areas A-2
A-2. 4 Crest of Dam..................................................................... A-2
A-2. 5 Protection for Dam Slopes................................................ A-3
A-2. 5. 1 Upstream Face........................................................ A-3 .
A-2. 5. 2 Downstream Face................................................... A-3
A-2. 5. 3 Slope Protection Gutter ......... A-3
A-3 Access to Dam and Basin............................................................... A-3
A-4 Access Road Gutter........................................................................ A-4
A-5 Earthwork for Debris Dams and Basins......................................... A-4
A-6 Gage Board Pipe Supports.............................................................. A-4 -
A-7 Debris Barrier................................................................................. A-4
A-7. 1 General............................................................................. A-4
A-7. 2 Location and Spacing of Barrier'...................................... A- 5
A-7. 3 Design of Barrier Member................................................ A-5
A-7. 4 Selection of Barrier Member.............................................. A-6
A-8 Right of Way.................................................................................. A-6
A-8. 1 General............................................................................... A-6
A-8. 2 Right of Way Limits......................................................... . A-6
A-9 Fencing........................................................................................... . A-6
A-10 Debris Disposal Area..................................................................... A-6

Section B - Subsurface Investigation Report

B-l Field Investigation..................................................................... ....... B-l
B-2 Subsurface Report............................................................................. . B-l
B-2. 1 General.......... ..................................................................... . B-l
B-2. 2 Detailed Recommendations................................................ . B-2
B-3 Exploratory Borings............................................................................ B-2
B-3. 1 Location and Number of Borings........................................ . B-2
B-3. 2 Depth of Borings................................................................... B-3
B-3. 3 Type of Borings..................................................................... B-3
B-4 Logs of Boring and Location Map ..................................................... B-4
B-4. 1 General.................................................................................. B-4
B-4. 2 Ground Water........................................................................ B-4
B-5 Samples............................................................................................... B-4
B-6 Laboratory Analyses........................................................................... B-5
B-6. 1 Required Analyses . ................. ............................................ B-5
B-6. 2 Notes Pertaining to Laboratory Analyses B-7
 Description Page

Section C - Engineering Geology Investigation Report

C-l Field Investigation........................................................................ . C-l
C-2 Geologic Report........................................................................... . C-l
C-2. 1 General........................................................................... . C-l
C-2. 2 Detailed Information...................................................... . C-2

Section D - Structural Design Criteria

D-l General......................................................... D-l
D-2 Allowable Stresses....................................... D-2

Section E - Design of Rectangular Spillway

E-l Hydraulic Design................. ...................................................... E-l
E-l. 1 Spillway Design Q's...................................................... E-l
E-l. 2 Spillway Requirements................................................. E-l
E-l. 3 Freeboard...................................................................... E-l
E-2 Structural Design....................................................................... . E-l
E-2. 1 Method of Design.......................................................... E-l
E-2. 2 Horizontal Loads........................................................... E-2
E-2. 2. 1 Spillway Empty................................................. . E-2
E-2. 2. 2 Spillway Full................................................ .., E-3
E-2. 2. 3 Stability and Sliding.......................................... . E-3
E-2. 3 Vertical Loads....................................................... E-3
E-2. 4 Soil Pressure................................................................. E-3
E-2. 5 Construction Joints......................................................... E-3
E-2. 5. 1 General................................................................ E-3
E-2. 5. 2 Transverse Construction Joints , E-3
E-2. 5. 3 Longitudinal Construction Joints E-4
E-2. 6 Thickness of Members................................................... E-4
E-2. 7 Placement of Steel Reinforcement. ... E-4
E-2. 7. 1 Steel Clearances................................................... E-4
E-2. 7. 2 Transverse Reinforcement................................... E-5
E-2. 7. 3 Longitudinal Reinforcement, E-5
E-3 Subdrains E-5

Section F - Outlet Works

F-l General............................ F-l
F-2 Outlet Tower ... F-l
F-3 Outlet Pipe...................... F-2

Section G - Specifications G-l

Section H - Construction Requirements

H -1 General............................................................................................... H-l
H-2 Construction Reports........................................................................... H-l
H-3 Supplemental Information and Recommendations H-l
H-4 "As Built" Drawings............................................................................ H-2
 INDEX OF CHARTS AND DRAWINGS

Description Page

Maps of Debris Production Zones........................................................................................... 1-1

Debris Production Curves....................................................................................................... 1-4
Slope Protection and Access Road Gutter Details.................................................................. 1-6
Typical Spillway and Outlet Works......................................................................................... 1-7
Facing Slab Details................................................................................................................. . 1-8
Gage Board Pipe Support Details........................................................................................... . 1-9
Spillway Subdrain Details......................................................................................................., 1-10
Graph for Determination of Creager's Q................................................................................... 1-11
Moment and Shear Curves for Spillway Walls....................................................................... .. 1-12
Moment and Soil Pressure Curves for Invert Slab of Rectangular
Spillways........................................................................ ................................................ 1-13
Drawing No. 2-D 178 Showing Details for Right of Way Fencing... 1-29
Drawing No. 2-D 404 Showing Structural Details for Outlet Works t • • • 1-30
Drawing No. 2-D 413 Showing Unified Soil Classification System. . 1-31

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 SECTION A
DESIGN OF
DEBRIS DAMS AND BASINS
 Page A-l

SECTION A

DESIGN OF DEBRIS DAMS AND BASINS

A-l Basin Design

A-l.l General
The volume of debris to be impounded shall be the amount generated from
the watershed upstream of the selected site as indicated on the debris
production curves.

Generally, the bottom of the basin shall be established at the average slope
of the original stream bed. If extensive excavation below stream bed level
is a design requirement, an inlet structure shall be provided at the upper
end of the basin to prevent erosion of the stream bed upstream of the basin.

The cut slopes of the excavated basin shall be no steeper than that
recommended by the soil engineer in his subsurface investigation report.
Extensive cut slopes shall be protected against erosion from surface runoff
from the surrounding area above by a "IT1 shaped protective gutter
(Type B) around the perimeter of the cut area. (See Figure 1, page 1-6).
The basin design shall include an access ramp to the bottom of the basin
from the crest of the dam for debris removal purposes.

The sizing of the basin to contain the volume of debris to be impounded

by the dam is accomplished by trial and error. The designer should be
aware that certain dams as defined in the "Statutes and Regulations
Pertaining to Supervision of Dams and Reservoirs" published by the
State Department of Water Resources, Division of Safety of Dams, will
fall under the jurisdiction of the State.

A-l.2 Basin Capacity

The required debris capacity for design of the basin shall be determined
from the Debris Production Zones and the Debris Production Curves
developed by the District and shown on pages 1-1 through 1-5. Because
it is possible to have drainage area conditions which may affect the
use of the curves, it is recommended that confirmation as to application
of the curves be obtained from the District.
A-l.3 Debris Volume

The calculations for the debris volume shall be based on the assumption
that the debris will be deposited in such a manner that the debris slope,
sloping upstream from the spillway crest, will be equal to 50 per cent of
the average slope of the original stream bed for the total length of the basin
site.

D.B. Man.
Revised 10-79
 :

Page A-2

SECTION A
Continued
\.

A-2 Earth Dam Design

A-2. 1 General

Tlie height of the dam is measured vertically from the spillway crest to the j
natural bed of the stream or watercourse at the downstream toe of the dam. 1

The stability of the earth dam under various conditions which may exist ?

following construction is a prime concern in the design of the slopes for the |
dam’s earth embankment. It has been the experience of the District that
3:1 slopes for the upstream and downstream faces of the dam are usually
stable even under the most adverse conditions. Steeper slopes may be :
approved by the District if their stability is demonstrated to be adequate
when analyzed in accordance with accepted design criteria for small dams.

An area of approximately 1, 200 square feet (30 x 40) should be provided i.

at the top of the dam for a shelter house and parking adjacent thereto.

A-2. 2 Foundation and Abutments

Preparatory to construction of the earth dam, the ground shall be stripped ;i

of all vegetation and other organic material. In addition, any trash,
debris, soft or compressible material or other objectionable material
unsuitable for support of the dam, whether disclosed by the subsurface
r:
investigation or discovered during stripping shall be excavated as directed
by the soil engineer and approved by the responsible agency's inspector. t:

A-2. 3 Percolation Path at Dam Contact Areas

The horizontal length of the path of percolation between embankment and

abutments and foundation shall be of such length as to be consistent with
limitations for percolation and piping based upon existing local soil
conditions and type of embankment material to be used. The District has
found that, as a general rule, a minimum path of percolation ratio of
8 to 1 is satisfactory (8 represents the level length of path along the contact
and 1 represents the corresponding head differential between the elevation
of upstream end of path and the maximum elevation of the basin water
surface). This condition should be satisfied for any horizontal plane through
the embankment above the contact of the bottom of the basin and upstream
slope of embankment.

A-2. 4 Crest of Dam

The crest of the dam shall be 20 feet wide (measured parallel to the
center line of the spillway) and shall have a minimum rising slope
from the spillway walls to the abutment equal to 60 per cent of the
average grade of the natural stream bed, unless otherwise approved by
the District. (See Figure 2, page 1-7). It shall be graded to form a
"V" shaped surface 6 inches deep at the center and paved with 3 inches

D. B. Man.
 Page A-3

SECTION A
Continued

of asphaltic concrete. A 4-inch diameter hole shall be provided in

the spillway wall for drainage at the low point of the "V" shaped
crest of dam.

A-2. 5 Protection for Dam Slopes

A-2. 5. 1 Upstream Face

The upstream face of the earth dam shall be protected with a 6-inch
thick (measured normal to slab) reinforced concrete facing slab unless
otherwise approved by the District. The reinforcement for the concrete
slab shall be No. 5 reinforcing bars at 18-inch centers in both directions
placed in the center of the slab. The reinforcement shall be. continuous
through all construction joints and shall be spliced by lapping 20 bar
diameters. Construction joints shall be parallel or at right angles
to the center line of spillway and shall be spaced not more than
50 feet nor less than 10 feet apart. The slab shall be extended on
the same slope to a depth of 5 feet below the bottom of the basin
as well as to to the bottom of the outlet works excavation. The slab
shall also be extended into the abutments for a minimum of 2 feet.
(See Figure 3, page 1-8).

A-2. 5. 2 Downstream Face

The downstream face of the dam shall be protected from erosion by

placing some type of protective covering such as planting or matting.

A-2. 5. 3 Slope Protection Gutter

"Un shaped gutters (Type B) shall be placed at the re-entrant contact

of two planes of fill or the intersection of compacted fill and natural
ground. (See Figure 1, page 1-6).

A-3 Access to Dam and Basin

A 28-foot wide access road (two 12-foot lanes and 4-foot wide gutter)
with adequate wearing surface, cross drains, and gutters shall be
provided from the nearest public street into the basin area to permit
removal and hauling of storm deposited debris. The access road
shall be cross sloped towards the 4-foot wide gutter. The road grade
downstream of the crest of dam shall not exceed 10 per cent; however,
if such grade for some valid reason is not practicable, a grade of
15 per cent shall not be exceeded. Grades steeper than 10 per cent
shall be paved with 3-inch A. C. The access ramp into the basin
from the crest of dam shall be 20 feet wide on a grade not to exceed
10 per cent. No paving or gutter will be required for this portion
of the access road.

D. B. Man.
 Page A-4

SECTION A
Continued

A-4 Access Road Gutter

The 4-foot wide drainage gutter for the access road shall he constructed
of gunite, concrete, or A. C. The 4-foot wide gutter shall be so shaped
as to be maintainable by use of mechanized equipment and be without a
sharp drop so as to be safe and drivable for traveling vehicles. Details
of an A. C. access road gutter are shown in Figure 1, page 1-6.

A-5 Earthwork for Debris Dams and Basins

The earthwork for debris dams and basins shall be in accordance

with Section 300-6 of the Standard Specifications for Public Works
Construction, 1973 Edition.

A-6 Gage Board Pipe Supports

On the upstream side of dam on the same side as the access road,
2-1/2 inch diameter galvanized standard pipes shall be embedded
in the facing slab for future installation of gage boards by the
District. The pipes shall be 5 feet 6 inches long and project 4 feet
7 inches above the surface of the facing slab. They shall be placed
in a straight line, usually parallel to the center line of the spillway,
and so placed as to have a difference of 4 vertical feet between the
pipes at the surface of the facing slab. The lowest pipe shall be
set at an elevation one foot below the elevation of the bottom of
the debris basin and the uppermost pipe at an elevation within
4 feet of the elevation of the crest of dam at the spillway wall.
Details of a gage board pipe installation are shown in Figure 4,
page 1-9.

A-7 Debris Barrier

A-7. 1 General

A debris barrier shall be provided upstrearn of the spillway to prevent

large debris from entering and clogging the spillway and/or the conduit
downstream of the spillway. This is usually achieved by placing a
series of vertical members in the concrete facing slab so as to form
a protective screen around the spillway entrance. A typical layout
is shown on Figure 2, page 1-7.

The debris barrier shall be designed considering the barrier to be

100 per cent plugged and acting as a submerged sharp crested weir.
The freeboard between the crest of dam and basin water surface
upstream of the debris barrier shall be a minimum of two feet.

D. B. Man.
 Page A-5

SECTION A
Continued

A-7.2 Location and Spacing of Barrier

The debris barrier shall be placed upstream of the spillway and no closer
than six feet from the intersection of the spillway invert slab and the
concrete facing slab.
The top of the barrier members shall be placed one foot below the basin
water surface elevation required to pass the design Q (burned and bulked)
through the spillway.
The barrier members may be spaced up to four feet apart but in no case
shall be more than two-thirds of the width of the conduit at the down­
stream end of the spillway.
A-7.3 Design of Barrier Member

The debris barrier shall be assumed to be 100 per cent plugged and the
members designed for an equivalent fluid pressure of 62.5 psf. The
loading can be considered as temporary and the allowable stresses
increased by one-third.

The barrier member shall be assumed to be restrained laterally by the

concrete facing slab and the embedment length shall be determined by
use of the following formula developed by E. Czerniak:

L = 1.85 Mo

where:
L = Length embedment in feet
R = 300 psf/ft. depth (a constant)

Mo = M

M = Moment applied to barrier in foot pounds

d = Diameter of pipe encasement in feet

% D.B. Man.
 Page A-6

SECTION A
Continued

A-7.4 Selection of Barrier Member

The barrier member shall be selected so that the required section

modulus is satisfied along the weak axis and may be of a structural
steel shape, pipe, or square tubing. If a hollow member is selected,
it shall be filled with concrete.

A-8 Right of Way

A-8. 1 General

Sufficient right of way shall be provided for the construction and

economical maintenance of the dam and basin and shall include
sufficient area to provide for an access road from a dedicated
public street to the basin.

A-8. 2 Right of Way Limits

Right of way for the basin shall include the area encompassed by
the contact points of the debris surface contours with the existing
ground based on a theoretical debris slope, sloping upstream from
the spillway crest, of 75 per cent of the average slope of the original
stream bed for the total length of the basin site. In general, the
contours of the theoretical debris surface shall be assumed as straight
lines at right angles to the center line of the spillway and/or the
basin and stream bed, depending on the shape of the basin involved.

The right of way for the access road from a dedicated street shall be
•wide enough to provide for a 28-foot wide road as described in
Section A-3.

A-9 Fencing

Adequate fencing, enclosing the limits of the debris basin, shall be

provided to discourage unauthorized persons from entering the area.
Said fencing shall conform to District Standard Drawing No. 2-D 178
(see page 1-29).

A-10 Debris Disposal Area

A debris disposal area, of sufficient storage capacity subject to District

approval, shall be provided within an economical hauling distance
from the debris basin.

D. B. Man.
 SECTION B
SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION REPORT
 Page B-l
SECTION B

SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION REPORT

B-l Field Investigation

Prior to District approval of plans and specifications for a proposed

debris basin, a subsurface investigation shall be made to obtain and
present sufficient information about the soil, ground water, and
foundation conditions on the project for the proper design of
structures with minimum construction problems and low operation
and maintenance costs. The subsurface investigation shall be
planned and supervised by a registered civil engineer experienced
in soil mechanics.

B-2 Subsurface Report

B-2.1 General

The original and one copy of the subsurface investigation report

prepared by the soil engineer in accordance with the following
requirements shall be furnished to the District at time of submittal
of plans for the debris basin. The report shall contain findings and
supporting information regarding the following items:

1. The types of materials to be encountered in the

proposed excavations or borrow site.

2. Anticipated excavation problems.

3. Location and extent of required over excavation.

4. Slope and excavation stability.

5. Bearing capacity and settlement characteristics of

subgrade materials.
6. Suitability of excavated materials (including bedrock)
for use as fill, backfill, and bedding.

7. Required relative compaction of fill and backfill

materials.
8. Compaction characteristics of the predominant soil.

9. Substances in the ground water or in the native soils

deleterious to concrete, steel, or other construction
materials.

D. B. Man.
 Page B-2

SECTION B
Continued

B-2. 2 Detailed Recommendations

Specific, detailed recommendations with supporting data shall be included

for such items as, but not limited to, stability of cut slopes; excavation
in bedrock; necessary depth of stripping or overexcavation in areas
. to be covered by fills to minimize settlement; subdrains or toe drains
and the gradation requirements for required filter and drain materials;
stability of proposed dam embankment under the various conditions
that may exist following construction, with due allowance for seismic
loading and seepage; inlet structures as needed to prevent unacceptable
erosion of stream bed material upstream of the basin; stability of
natural slopes; erosion prevention treatments, including plants,
drainage devices, or erosion resistant covers for cut and fill slopes,
including the downstream face of the dam, and for the crest of the dam.

Field observations of items which can affect the construction operations,

such as surface water flow, springs and seeps, bedrock outcroppings,
trash dumps, existing wells or tunnels, large concrete blocks, etc •*
shall be recorded in the report.

All field, laboratory, and office information shall be submitted on

8-1/2" x 11" sheets or on sheets folded to that size.

B-3 Exploratory Borings

B-3.1 Location and Number of Borings

Borings shall be drilled at least at the following locations:

1. Proposed dam foundation.

2. Each dam abutment.

3. Along alignment of outlet pipe.
4. Borrow area.

5. Proposed inlet structure and outlet tower, etc.

6. Proposed cut slopes for access road and basin.
A boring may be located to furnish information for more than one of
the areas listed above. On the other hand, it may be necessary to
drill borings at locations not listed above but which are necessary to
provide complete subsurface information.
D. B. Man.
 Page B-3

SECTION B
Continued

It may be possible to reduce the number of borings needed by the use

of supplemental information obtained by seismic or electrical
resistivity methods. However, it will not be permissible to replace
the drilling of borings entirely with geophysical methods.

B-3. 2 Depth of Borings

The minimum boring depth shall be as follows unless firm bedrock is

encountered at shallower depths:

1. Borings in the foundation of the proposed dam shall be

drilled to firm material, bedrock, or to a minimum
depth equal to the height of the dam at the crest. If
soft or loose materials are found at this depth, drilling
shall be continued until firm material is reached.
2. Borings at the abutments shall extend to firm material
suitable for support of the dam.

3. Borings in borrow areas or in proposed cut slope areas

shall extend at least five feet below the proposed
excavation line.

4. Borings at locations for structures shall extend at least

five feet below structure subgrade. If water is encoun­
tered, the boring shall be drilled at least ten feet below
structure subgrade.
B-3. 3 Type of Borings

The word ’’boring" as used herein shall include borings by drill rigs,
holes, pits, or tunnels dug by hand-held equipment or by equipment
such as bulldozer, backhoe, or clam bucket.

Borings shall be drilled dry, if possible, by using buckets, augers,

or similar tools to facilitate examining, sampling, and logging the
materials as encountered. The use of drilling mud should be
avoided if casing can be used. Continuous flight helical augers may be
used only as the last resort to drilling where other methods have failed.

D. B. Man.
 Page B-4

SECTION B
Continued

B-4 Logs of Borings and Location Map

B-4. 1 General

The logs of borings shall include Unified Soil Classification System

descriptions and group symbols as shown in District Drawing
No. 2-D 413 (see page 1-31) and shall include pertinent notes about water
elevations, seepage, approximate per cent rock encountered, ease of
drilling, type and depth of soil or rock sample, caving, running sands,
trash, and any other useful information. Pertinent information as
indicated in Column 6 on Drawing No. 2-D 413 shall be included.
Descriptions and group symbols shall be consistent with results of
laboratory classification tests. The elevation of proposed excavation
subgrade, etc., shall be shown graphically on the log. Exploratory
borings shall be identified with a numbering sequence increasing
upstream.

The boring locations shall be shown on a recent topographic map to a

scale not less than 1" = 100’. Boring locations may be referenced in
terms of coordinates if such a system is available or by offsets and
the stationing along the center line of the basin or spillway. The
elevation of the ground surface at each boring location, the date
each boring was drilled, and method of drilling shall be included.

B-4. 2 Ground Water

The logs of borings shall indicate the depth at which ground water was
encountered. Any change in the ground water level during drilling shall
be noted. If water was not encountered, a statement to that effect shall
be included.

B-5 Samples

Samples representing each type of material encountered shall be obtained

in each boring. Both undisturbed and bulk soil samples of each type of t
material shall be obtained if reasonably possible. In cases where all
or most of the soil in a boring is of one type, there shall be no less than
two representative undisturbed and bulk soil samples taken from each
boring. When very firm soil or a large rock mass (not boulders) is
encountered within the proposed excavation for a structure or cut which
cannot be penetrated by normal soil boring equipment, core samples
shall be obtained.
.

D. B. Man. :
 Page B-5 '

SECTION B
Continued

Samples of any ground water encountered shall be obtained for chemical

analysis. Samples of any surface water flowing at the site shall also
be obtained.

Soil and bedrock samples shall not be discarded until after notification
to the District's Materials Engineering Division either in writing or
by telephone at 226-4285. District personnel may elect to examine the
samples and possibly store them on District premises.

B-6 Laboratory Analyses

B-6.1 Required Analyses

Laboratory analyses shall be made on the soil samples as indicated in

the following table:

(See next page for table)

D. B. Man.
 LABORATORY ANALYSES
M Method
Mechanical Analysis (See Note 2) ASTM D 422
Sand Equivalent Determination ASTM D 2419 or
California Test Method No. 217
Laboratory Maximum Density California Test Method No. 216
(See Note 3)
Density of Soil in Place ASTM D 2937, D 2167, D 1556
Moisture Determination ASTM D 2216
Strength Characteristics Triaxial Shear Test
(See Note 5) Direct Shear Test
Consolidation Characteristics ASTM D 2435
(See Note 6)
Chemical Analysis (See Note 7) Analysis of a distilled water
soil extract, ground water, or
surface water in accordance with;
ASTM D 516 - Sulfate;
a ASTM D 1067 -Acidity;
to ASTM D 512 - Chloride.
| &
Purpose
Evaluation of project excavation
material for use as fill, backfill
or bedding.
Establishing the in-place soil
density and relative compaction of
major soil types. (See Note 4)
Evaluatlon of bearing values;
embankment and slope stability;
and tunnel loads.
Evaluation of the degree of
compression, collapse, or
expansion of soils.
Determination of the presence of
sulfates, acids and chlorides in
ground water or in the native soil
(as per cent dry weight of soil)
which are deleterious to concrete,
steel, or other construction materials.
l
 Page B-7

SECTION B
Continued

B-6.2 Notes Pertaining to Laboratory Analyses

The following shall apply to the performance of the analyses:

1. All necessary laboratory tests shall be performed by a

laboratory certified by the City of Los Angeles, Department
of Building and Safety, or by the Department of County
Engineer, or by a laboratory operated by the public agency
having jurisdiction.

2. The mechanical analysis shall be performed on representative

portions of bulk samples using sieve sizes 3", 3/4", #3/8,
#4, #8, #16, #30, #50, #100, and #200. Other combinations
of sieves may be used as allowed by the ASTM procedure.
At least one mechanical analysis test shall be made for
each major soil type encountered. The analysis of
predominant non-plastic soil types shall be repeated in
alternate borings. Gradation curves shall be furnished
for the soils which contain less than 12 per cent passing
the No. 200 sieve.

3. A sufficient number of laboratory maximum density tests

shall be performed to be used by the consultant to
calculate the relative compaction of each undisturbed
soil sample. A laboratory maximum density test result
may be used to calculate the relative compaction of
similar soils from other nearby borings. However,
a laboratory maximum density test result shall not be
applied to a density test farther than 500 feet from the
boring where the material for the laboratory maximum
density was taken.

4. Relative compaction means the ratio of the field dry

density to the laboratory maximum density expressed
as a percentage.

5. Triaxial shear test values shall be reported in terms of

both total and effective stress. Direct shear test values
shall be reported in terms of both peak and ultimate
shear strength.

6. Sample to be submerged in water during the test.

7. One determination in each boring where ground water

was encountered and one determination per alternate
boring where ground water was not encountered.
D. B. Man.
 SECTION C
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
INVESTIGATION REPORT
 Page C-l

SECTION C
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY INVESTIGATION REPORT

C-l Field Investigation

In addition to the subsurface investigation described in Section B, Sub­

section B-l, sufficient surface and subsurface engineering geological
exploration shall be made to permit the District to make an adequate
assessment of geological problems which may be encountered during
project construction.

C-2 Geologic Report

C-2.1 General.

The original and one copy of the engineering geology investigation report
prepared or supervised by a registered geologist certified in engineering
geology, in accordance with the following requirements, shall be furnished
to the District at the same time as the subsurface investigation report
described in Section B.

The report shall be accompanied by an independently prepared geological

map, prepared on a topographic base map of sufficient scale to show
detail, yet not overly limited so as not to show important geologic
features in close proximity to the project. A sufficient number of
geologic cross sections should be submitted with the map to show
correlation of all subsurface data, from test borings and other
sources, with surface data.

The location, of all subsurface data shall be indicated in the text of the
report as well as on all maps and cross sections. In addition, a copy
of the geologic logs for each test boring or other sources of subsurface
data shall be included in the text, or appended thereto.
Geologic logs of borings shall contain a lithologic description of the
geologic character of each stratum, the depths at which changes in
the character of materials are observed, the thickness of the strata,
and depth to water (where applicable).

The engineering geology report shall, in the text, contain findings and
supporting information for, but not limited to, the following:

1. Type and extent of in situ rock and/or unconsolidated

surficial deposits to be encountered.

2. Structural features.

D.B. Man.
 Page C-2

SECTION C
Continued

3. Surface water and ground water conditions.

4. Other geologic features of special significance to the
project. .
5. Excavation problems related to bedrock.
6. Location of fill.
.
7. Needs for additional subsurface data.
8. Special construction problems. .

The scope, length, and organization of reports will be highly dependent ,

upon the physical situation of the project and the following comments are
intended to serve as a general guide and check list for those who prepare
and use geological reports, rather than a rigid framework of requirements. H
L,
C-2. 2 Detailed Information

In accordance with the above noted general requirements, the following ii

is a detailed, though not necessarily complete, list of topics that
ordinarily should be considered in geologic reports submitted to the !
District: i.
t

1. In Situ Rock and Surficial Deposits

a. Identification, distribution, and general physical characteristics.

b. Special physical characteristics or chemical features, distribution
of weathered zones, and significant differences between fresh and
weathered material.

c. Response to natural surface and near surface processes (e. g.

mass movement, ravelling, gullying, etc.).
2. Structural Features (e. g. faults, shears, folds, joints, foliation,
schistosity)
a. Occurrence, distribution, and effects upon the in situ rock
and other earth materials.

b. Special features of faults (e. g. zones of gouge and breccia,

nature of offsets, active or inactive).
c. Seismicity consideration (e. g. earthquake activity, historical
recordings, anticipated forces, etc. ).

D. B. Man.
 Page C-3

SECTION C
Continued

3. Surface and Ground Water Conditions

a. Distribution and occurrence (e. g. streams, ponds, swamps,
springs, seeps, subsurface basins).
b. Relation to topography and geologic features (e. g. pervious
strata, faults, fractures).

c. Effect of water on the properties of in situ materials.

d. Water rights, existing rights, potential effects of proposed
construction on ground water regimen.

4. Geologic Features of Special Significance

a. Slump and slide masses within the drainage areas in surficial

deposits and in situ rock, including distribution, geometric
characteristics, correlation with topographic and geologic
features, age and rates of movement, etc.
b. Indications of subsidence or settlement (e. g. scarplets, fissures,
crack patterns, topographic bulges, tilted reference features,
historic records and measurements).
c. Features indicative of accelerated erosion (e. g. cliff re-entrants,
badlands, advancing gully heads).

5. Excavation Problems

a. Prediction of what materials and structural features will be

encountered.
b. Prediction of cut slope stability.

c. Rippability estimates for unusually hard or massive rock (e. g.

classification as to rippable, marginally rippable and
non-rippable based on average seismic velocity of materials).

d. Recommendations for reorientation or repositioning of cuts,

reduction of cut slopes, development of compound cut slopes,
special stripping above daylight lines, buttressing, protection
against erosion, handling of seepage water, setbacks for
structures above cuts, etc.

e. Excessive ground water flows.

f. Problems caused by features or conditions in adjacent properties.

D. B. Man.
 Page C-4

SECTION C
Continued

6. Location of Fill

Recommendations for positioning of fill masses, special preparation

of ground to be loaded with fill, provision for •underdrainage,
buttressing, special protection against erosion, setbacks for
structures near edges of fill prisms, etc.
7. Recommendations for Additional Subsurface Testing, Exploration
and Inspection

a. Cuts and test holes needed for additional geologic information.

b. Program of subsurface exploration and testing, based upon

geologic considerations, that is most likely to provide data
needed by the foundation engineer.
c. Geologic inspection needed during construction.
8. Special Construction Problems

a. Areas to be left as natural ground.

b. Removal or buttressing of existing slide masses.
c. Problems of ground water circulation.

d. Position of structures with respect to active faults.

D. B. Man.
 SECTION D
STRU CTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
 Page D-l

SECTION D

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

D-l General

The minimum and maximum reinforcing bar size for cast-in-place conduits
shall be #4 and #9, respectively. The clear distance between parallel
bars shall not be less than the nominal bar diameter, 1-1/2 times the
maximum size coarse aggregate, or 1 inch. The main stress-carrying
steel shall be centered not farther apart than 3 times the member thickness
nor more than 18 inches. Where conduit is constructed on curves, steel
shall be placed radially from the maximum spacing and special attention
shall be given to steel details to insure that the spacing on the inside
of curves is not less than the allowable.

Main stress-carrying steel shall comply with A. S. T. M. A-615,

Grade 60. Longitudinal steel shall comply with either A. S. T. M.
A-615, Grade 40 or Grade 60. Anchorage requirements for reinforcing
steel shall be as specified in Section 918 of ACI 318-63. Splices for
stress-carrying steel shall be 30 bar diameters minimum and for
longitudinal steel 20 bar diameters. Shear stress shall be calculated
in accordance with Section 1201 of ACI 318-63.

The 28-day compressive strength of the concrete shall be specified to

be 4000 psi for spillway walls and 5000 psi for the invert slab. However,
in design, both the spillway walls and the invert slab shall be designed on
the basis of 4000 psi concrete. The concrete for structures other than
the spillway may have a 28-day compressive strength of 3000 psi. However,
the concrete for the "U" shaped gutters for slope protection may have a
28-day compressive strength concrete of 2000 psi.

Design criteria not specifically covered in this manual shall be as

specified in the 1963 Edition of the "Building Code Requirements
for Reinforced Concrete" (ACI 318-63) published by the American
Concrete Institute.

Design of conduits which join the spillway and conveys the flows from
the spillway and basin shall be designed in accordance with the
District's "Structural Design Manual".

Design of structural steel members shall be in accordance with the

current edition of the A. I. S. C. Manual of Steel Construction. Allow­
able stresses for members subjected to temporary loadings, such
as debris barriers, may be increased by one-third.

D. B. Man.
 Page D-2

SECTION D
Continued

D-2 Allowable Stresses

Allowable concrete and reinforcing steel unit stresses shall be as

shown below.

Concrete Maximum Any Stress for f'c equal to

Stress Strength
Concrete 3000 psi 4000 psi

Flexure, fc

Extreme fiber in compression .45 f'c 1350 psi 1800 psi

Extreme fiber in tension,

in plain concrete 1. 62v/Fc 88 102

Extreme fiber in tension,

in reinforced concrete None

Shear, v

Beams without web reinforcing l.lv^ 60 70

Horizontal shear in shear keys .10 f'c 300 400

Bond, u

Top bars* 350 psi 3. 4yfc/D 186/D 215/D

All others 500 4. 8VFc7D 263/D 304/D

Bearing, fc

On full area 750 psi 1000 psi

On 1/3 area or less 1125 psi 1500 psi

-Top bars are horizontal bars having more than 12 inches of concrete cast in the
member below the bar.

D. B. Alan.
 Page D-3

SECTION D
Continued

Reinforcing Steel Unit Stresses

Tension

Flexural members and web reinforcing 24, 000 psi

Compression

Combined flexure and axial stress nfe

Compression, flexural members n times the compression

in the surrounding
concrete

D.B. Man.
 SECTION E
DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR SPILLWAY
 Page E-l

SECTION E
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR SPILLWAY

E-l Hydraulic Design

E-l. 1 Spillway Design Q's

The District will provide assistance in the determination and/or confir­

mation of design Q's upon request provided a suitable drainage map of
the area is submitted. It is recommended that confirmation of design
Q's be obtained from the District prior to start of design.
E-l. 2 Spillway Requirements

The width of spillway and height of spillway walls at the crest shall be
determined by use of the broad crested weir formula with the coefficient
of discharge C = 2. 80. The spillway shall be sized to pass the District's
capital flood Q with an allowance made for increased flow due to a burned
watershed and the inclusion of bulking of the flow caused by inorganic
debris with the appropriate freeboard or the greater of "Creager's Q"
(see page 1-11) or the probable maximum precipitation (PMP) Q with zero
freeboard whichever requires the higher walls. Downstream of the crest,
the spillway walls shall contain the above mentioned flows with their
respective freeboards as far downstream as the toe of dam embankment.
The height of spillway walls shall not be less than 6 feet and the convergence
of the walls shall not exceed 5 degrees for each side of the spillway or
10 degrees for total convergence. The floor of the spillway upstream of
the crest shall slope down at a 3 per cent grade toward the basin for drainage.

E-l. 3 Freeboard

The minimum freeboard at spillway crest shall be 2 feet or equal

to 25 per cent of head differential from the spillway crest to the
water surface in the basin, whichever is greater.

Downstream of the crest, the minimum freeboard shall be 2 feet for

average flow velocities of 35 fps or less and 3 feet for average flow
velocities greater than 35 fps.

E-2 Structural Design

E-2. 1 Method of Design

Consideration shall be given in each individual project to the conditions
of soil, ground water level, slope of adjacent ground surface and live
loading, existing or proposed.

D. B. Man.
 Page E-2

SECTION E
Continued

The design of the spillway structure shall consider seismic forces

and provide for active earth load pressures as calculated by the
Coulomb theory plus additional pressures resulting from application
of horizontal and vertical accelerations to the sliding wedge.

Two analyses shall be made of each section, empty and flowing full.
The spillway structure shall be considered as a "U" channel and be
designed as a rigid frame.

E-2.2 Horizontal Loads

E-2.2. 1 Spillway Empty

Spillway walls, regardless of height, shall be designed for a lateral

soil force applied on the earth face of the wall equivalent to:

P = 1/2 wH2 [K + 3/4 (a/g)]

where:
P = Total lateral force, pounds per lateral foot of spillway wall

w = Soil density, pounds per cubic foot

H = Wall height, feet

K = Coefficient of active earth pressure, abstract number

a = Horizontal ground acceleration, feet per second per second

g = Acceleration due to gravity, feet per second per second

2
The active soil pressure represented by 1/2 KwH shall be applied at a
point 1/3 H gbove the base and the dynamic force represented by
3/8 (a/g) wH2 shall be applied at a point 2/3H above the base. It is
recommended that a value of 1/3 the acceleration due to gravity be
used for the horizontal ground acceleration. Curves showing moments
and shear for the above loading (earth plus dynamic) are shown on
page 1-12.
Where existing, the effect of a sloping surcharge on the lateral soil
force shall be taken into consideration. It may be advisable to increase
the width of berm adjacent to the spillway wall to prevent excessive
earth loads due to sloping surcharge.

D.B. Man.
 Page E-3

SECTION E
Continued

E-2.2.2 Spillway Full

Spillway walls, regardless of height, shall be designed for 40 psf equivalent

fluid pressure applied on the water side to top of wall. This assumes
active resistance from the soil outside the walls, or allows an increase
in stresses for short time loading should active pressure not exist.
Moment and shear curves for 40 psf equivalent fluid pressure are
shown on page 1-12.

E-2. 2. 3 Stability and Sliding

Rigid frame "U" channels with differential lateral loadings shall be

checked for stability, soil reaction, and sliding. The factor of
safety against sliding shall be 1. 5 minimum.
E-2. 3 Vertical Loads

The weight of earth shall be assumed at 110 pcf, the weight of water
at 62. 5 pcf and the weight of concrete at 150 pcf.
E-2. 4 Soil Pressure

Soil pressures on "U" channels shall be computed considering the invert

slab as a beam on an elastic foundation (see "Beams on Elastic Foundations
by M. Hetenyi, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan,
1946). Design information and curves showing moments and soil pressures
in "U" channels are included herein, pages 1-13 through 1-28. When the
width of channel is less than the minimum values shown on the curves,
uniform soil pressure shall be assumed.
E-2. 5 Construction Joints

E-2. 5.1 General

Construction joint details shall be shown on the project drawings.

E-2. 5. 2 Transverse Construction Joints

Transverse construction joints shall not be more than 50 feet or

less than 10 feet apart and construction joints in the walls and slabs
shall be in the same plane. Shear keys shall not be used for
transverse construction joints and steel reinforcement shall be
continuous through the construction joints and lapped 20 bar diameters.

D. B. Man.
 Page E-4

SECTION E
Continued

Concrete anchors as shown on Figure 2, page 1-7, shall be constructed

monolithicaLLy with the transverse invert slab joints. The anchors shall
be placed within the limits of the spillway that lies on the downstream
slope of the dam.

E-2. 5. 3 Longitudinal Construction Joints

Shear keys shall be used in longitudinal wall joints which shall be

located at an optional 4 inches to 12 inches above the invert slab.
E-2. 6 Thickness of Members

Side walls shall have a minimum thickness of 8 inches. The earth face
of walls shall be battered from the required thickness at the base to
the minimum thickness at the top.

Invert slabs shall have a minimum thickness of 9 inches. There shall

be a minimum projection of the invert slab beyond the walls (i. e. a heel)
of 6 inches.

E-2. 7 Placement of Steel Reinforcement

E-2. 7.1 Steel Clearances

Steel clearances should be shown on the project drawings from

the center of the bar to the face of the concrete. Said clearances
shall not be less than the following distances:

Side walls, inside and outside - 2 inches

Top of invert slab - 2-1/2 inches for velocities less than
10 feet per sec.

3 inches for velocities of 10 feet per

sec. or more but less than 40 feet
per sec.

3-1/2 inches for velocities of 40 feet

per sec. or more.

Bottom of invert slab - 2-1/2 inches.

Where concrete is subject to the action of harmful
ground water, soils, etc., an additional cover of
1/2 inch shall be provided.

D. B. Man.
 Page E-5

SECTION E
Continued

E-2.7.2 Transverse Reinforcement

Transverse reinforcing steel shall be as follows:

1. Minimum size of reinforcing bars shall be #4 and the maximum
spacing 18 inches.
2. Earth face wall steel shall be "L" bars bent into the bottom
face of the invert slab.
3. Channel face wall steel shall be "L" bars bent into the bottom
face of the heel.
4. U bars shall not be used.
5. Unduly long bars shall be avoided.

E-2. 7. 3 Longitudinal Reinforcement

Longitudinal reinforcing steel shall be #5 bars at 12-inch centers

in each face of walls and slabs and shall be continuous through
the construction joints.

E-3 Subdrains

A subdrainage system shall be provided for the spillway structure

and shall be designed to discharge through the spillway walls at a
minimum height of 18 inches above the invert slab. The subdrains
shall consist of 6-inch perforated pipes laid in trenches filled with
drain material. See Figure 5, page 1-10, for details.

Not more than three lateral subdrains shall be connected to a

longitudinal subdrain which conveys the waters from the laterals
and discharges the flow through the spillway wall. The portion of
the longitudinal subdrain between its discharge end and the closest
lateral connected to it shall be of non-perforated pipe.

D. B. Man.
SECTION F
OUTLET WORKS
 Page F-l

SECTION F
OUTLET WORKS

F-l General

The outlet works consist of an outlet tower, base, and an encased

outlet pipe which extends under the dam from the outlet tower
and usually outlets into and is joined to the spillway with a junction
structure. Hydraulically, the system shall be designed for non­
pressure flow-at maximum head with a discharge of 150 cfs.
The flow shall be regulated by the size of the opening at the base
of the tower. The slope of the outlet pipe shall not be less than
5 per cent in order to maintain the system free of silt deposits,
unless otherwise approved by the District.

F-2 Outlet Tower

The tower shall be a reinforced concrete structure which may be

constructed by either pouring the concrete in place or by guniting.
Unless otherwise approved by the District, the requirements for
the tower shall be as follows:

1. The inside diameter shall be 5 feet and the wall thickness

shall be 6 inches.
2. The openings in the wall of the tower shall be rectangular
in shape, 24 inches long and 4 inches wide on the outside
face and tapered to 5 inches wide on the inside face.
Eighteen openings shall be equally spaced around the
circumference.
3. The height of the tower shall be determined by locating it
at the lowest point of the debris basin and constructing it
to a height that shall project at least 1 foot above the
theoretical debris slope.

4. The tower shall be located so that it is away from the direct

line of flow between the inlet to the basin and the spillway.

5. The tower shall have safety collars set 9 feet apart vertically
and a removable cover with an access manhole set on top of
the tower for maintenance purposes.

6. A smooth transition to the outlet pipe shall be provided in

the base of the tower.

Details of the outlet tower and steel reinforcement are shown on

Drawing No. 2-D 404, page 1-30.

D. B. Man.
 Page F-2

SECTION F
Continued

F-3 Outlet Pipe

The reinforced concrete outlet pipe shall not be less than 36 inches
in diameter* encased in concrete, sufficiently reinforced to prevent
cracks, and be provided with cutoff collars to prevent piping along the
pipe encasement. The length of the encasement shaE be from the outlet
tower base to the junction with the spillway wall. In cases where the
junction with the spillway wall is downstream of the toe of the dam
fill, the 36-inch reinforced concrete pipe is not required to be encased
between the downstream toe of the dam fill and the junction structure
at the spillway wall. Details of the outlet pipe, encasement, and steel
reinforcement are shown on Drawing No. 2-D 404, page 1-30.

The subgrade for the outlet pipe encasement or outlet pipe shall be
over-excavated by 2 feet 6 inches unless the subgrade is on bedrock.
In cases where it can be shown to the satisfaction of the District that
the subgrade is on bedrock, the subgrade shall be at the bottom of
the concrete encasement. The details as shown on Drawing
No. 2-D 404 shall be revised accordingly.

D.B. Man.
 SECTION G
SPECIFICATIONS
 Page G-l

SECTION G
SPECIFICATIONS

Specifications covering the work to be performed shall either be set

forth in the construction plans or submitted separately in typed form.

The specifications shall adequately describe the requirements for

clearing, grubbing, stripping, excavating, placing fill and backfill,
' relative compaction requirements, methods of testing, disposal of
excess and removed material, and all other related earthwork
operations. Said specifications shall be based upon the information
obtained from the subsurface investigation report and the engineering
geology investigation report covered under Sections B and C.
The specifications shall also require the submittal of a signed
construction report by the geologist and soil engineer covering
observations made during the excavation for the dam foundation
and abutments as described in Section H, Subsection H-2.

In addition, the specifications shall describe the requirements

for materials and construction requirements involving concrete,
pipe subdrains, reinforced concrete pipe, gunite, and all other
items to be incorporated in the project.

The specifications may incorporate applicable portions of the "Standard

Specifications for Public Works Construction", 1973 Edition,
including Supplements thereto as well as the District's Additions and
Amendments and Additional Provisions thereto (Parts D through M)
by means of appropriate reference thereto. In this respect, particular
attention is directed to Subsection 300-6 and to Subsection 303-1 of
said specifications.

D. B. Man.
 SECTION H
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
 Page H-l

SECTION H
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

H-l General

The construction of debris dams and basins shall be strictly in accordance

with plans and specifications approved by the District. All earthwork
construction, including stripping, excavation, overexcavation, backfill,
and fill shall be supervised by the same soil engineer who performed
the subsurface investigation, unless District approval to the contrary is
obtained in advance. The soil engineer shall perform or supervise the
necessary soil tests and shall direct the earthwork operations to assure
conformance with the approved plans and specifications. Results of all
tests shall be submitted to the District. All inspection and testing shall
be without cost to the District and the District reserves the right to make
its own inspections and tests, and to be compensated for the expense
of such inspection and tests by the owner or the contractor.

H-2 Construction Reports

During construction, in the stripping and excavation phase, the soil engineer
and the geologist shall observe and compile data on the actual depth of
stripping and materials encountered in the excavation for the foundation and
abutments of the dam and prepare a construction report on the actual
conditions encountered in the field. The report shall also include a geologic
map showing the location and various types of material exposed in the dam
foundation and abutment areas. The geologic map shall be prepared from a
topographic survey made to the same scale as the contract drawings. Both
the report and the geologic map shall be signed by the soil engineer and
the geologist and submitted to the District within 30 days after completion
of the excavation for the dam foundation and abutments.

After completion of construction, the soil engineer shall prepare and

sign a brief final construction report and submit it to the District with
the "as built" drawings described in Section H-4. The final construction
report shall include results of all tests with complete information and
identification as to date, location, and elevation. It shall document field
observations made of the actual construction of the dam and basin including
any changes made to the contract drawings.

H-3 Supplemental Information and Recommendations

If it should prove necessary to make changes in the design or construction

which may affect the operation or maintenance of the basin, supplemental
information and recommendations shall be submitted. For example, if
an unexpected shortage of borrow material should require the use of a
new borrow area or pit, the materials in the new source shall be
investigated by the soil engineer and approved by the District prior to
use.

D. B. Man.
 Page H-2

SECTION H
Continued'

H-4 "As Built" Drawings

After completion of construction, a set of "as built" drawings showing all

changes to the contract drawings which were made during construction
shall be submitted to the District. Each sheet of the contract drawings
shall have "AS BUILT" noted in the lower right hand corner whether or
not that particular sheet had any "as built" changes made on it.

D. B. Man.
 i

Page 1-1
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DRAINAGE AREA IN SQUARE WILES D.B. Man.
 ¥a-ge 1-6
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£ Gutter Note--
Exact location of
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TYPE A
Welded wire fabric

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concrete
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SLOPE PROTECTION GUTTERS

Grade shown i I

on Plan—- WrFound top of fill

A
I
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ACCESS ROAD GUTTER

Fig. I
D. B. Man.
 Page 1-7
\ - —Cresf of dam
3d S< o
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convergence / I
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collars'' $ ''Manhole

PLAN
TYPICAL SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS

Crest of dam--------- (-EX. facing stab

3*AC- i*-
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SECTION A-A

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N
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'ffX-£-Anchon "'— Compacted fill--,
see Detail

Const
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ANCHOR DETAIL

Fig. 2
D. B. Man.
 Page 1-8
I
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FACING SLAB DETAIL

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FACING SLAB CUT-OFF DETAIL

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FACING SLAB DETAIL AT ABUTMENTS

Ffg. 3
D. B. Man.
 Page 1-9

Gage board pipes i

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Fig. 4

D,B. Man.
 Page 1-10

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SECTION C-C
LATERAL SUBDRAiN DETAIL
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4'J i
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LONGITUDINAL SUBDRAIN DETAIL

BETWEEN CONNECTED LATERALS

Fig. 5
D. B. Man.
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 Page 1-13

DESIGN OF INVERT SLAB FOR RECTANGULAR SPILLWAYS

Symme brical
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CASE I
Channel Empty

Mi * Moment at "A" due bo external horizontal

forces acting on wall.

WALL DIMENSIONS
H 11 bZ
6' 3“ 9“
3' 3* 9"
4?" //
10‘ 9l/z
12' m it
12 it
14' 12* 14*/zIt
16! Id' l?„

D. B. Man.
 Page 1-14

DESIGN OF INVERT SLAB FOR RECTANGULAR SPILLWAYS

S"
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CASE JJ
Channel Full

M2~ Moment at “A" due to equit/alent differential

hydrostatic pressure.
For values of H, bj and t2, see Case I.

D. B. Man.
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Page 1-29

GENERAL NOTES
/ All chain link fence materials and fittings shaft conform to "Standard
Specifications for Pubtc Works Constructor)" sections 206-6 and
206-7 tnfess otherwise specified
A A 2 Adjustable tighteners shad be turnbudde or eguimdnf, haring
JS^CXsssfAisssL.... Silt. Mmeufi Jtptox Sm> 6-inch min take up.
Tvtewt 3- 7im%uan fidejtonp/^ j ____Jasrl * StstssJSxsL 8etr.
I
TjpHOU kot/S Xyivmr, irbiTfims"'
A L,nr Poof
ft* 16 -v sr<3 9*/r prpo orf* rntorod .T+etSob* Bpe
1 J AH gate hinges shall be beany duty, tnattmbie iron or steef,
industrial sernce type 270 degree smog of approved quality and
;Va5SS*0-' POhr WHO
Cantor or £nd Posts .Serstan Bo- fttr coo to Or rootolloV XT mot rnoro design.
: n, mil* foil cop Sw Harm S. —— TDoo /OOO'ratoroaio woof tone* hoots **** # ?<!£££ Ad Gate posts shall be 3 x 8'-4" pipe for J2'-0" opervng and 4'x 6'-4"
J. i tr frado rtwyw mmoodtof S% ■If
i Sn J*
*ko
L Lif.
pipe for openings greater than I2‘-JD“
A 5. Corner or end posts shaft be 3 i 6-4"pipe Changes in fine where
I . Opnof stool T,
f -flpar fair p,po roll T“i of
r "m 14 f wro trot «Z*t ce poft otto rot!--
t the angle of deflection is 30 degrees or more shod be considered
S-Upa ortro fror 1 w*er nr* c c ..-fdedm:
r-r Conors, threat km/ md ' SO ft otrris
a corner
*1 L— ■•"//fof*,rmot*. ec~ •Je
TonttarttiOe Pont, to jo-Past C, 1>OT -*
. *» -.flVs'e' c 6 Secure gatv cap to post with / inch round head rivet.
tn Oof* directions ,_.|7 Concrete shall be Class 420-C-2000.
r if Cham Imp faprjc —
TP*"ZX.'e % 8 The fabric shall be pfoced on the outward facing side of the posts,
??•* • o//ff*.Z' ^
tp
SW'Tf
( 190 aprmg St on Tcnstor On? Crooomd fgornp
'* SO" cJkhh hn* fmtfte "
, mill PP.A- stretched tout, and securely fastened
i .L_- 9 Gates shall be provided mth o combination spring latch and plunger
t— ’t ■met /0g* mrt tort 91* Sec
1!r
r
top r/ypS

I
i
: ,t—r T
'"Orpuotf L#m
§r ~T* . 'Tmdtsmm dm
*s»
;; 'O
Grout/ Lira
T
•!r.i
rod of approved design
A10. Dimensions shown for Standard Galvanized Pipe and Posts are
nominal outside diameters.
-t____ 1
*T
<• V $ /?'*_ ** i| i*li
j. & i «■
5 _9 «/» <fto . i
er
/2~_mtdL QrS “T T** • f

IIP«CAL fence elevation I S'

•vl
>2 "dw,’/t 6*4

INTERMEDIATE POST DETAIL

Soft front* or _i- - ft fmesoSS
fOTt part ■ • ._ " CHOrn Imtr ToOrrC

uJ -N/N **§*$* m*rr

DETAIL OF CUTOUT
r FQR CHAIN AND LOCK i
SCALE NONE
A A
------T*&e*' h*-‘ A Tmmn C/**r Opmwmff rwrm t2'0’f» 2Q-Q~
'Va*1 foJ 4 Tetmtarr /fod fane* States/ ff»>f &
s
l
[' 7uy.r* So, npi ano mm o. f'.Xmjwr* Amt Amg/ cm*' flpjVy I
•I; UotrUo-U*
It Tmnafd* &4r
r
r il : ’2 sm f+i***** • * ^ Jertsto* Sio0

r
— "Ae ‘P’PC stifTomar. \f*r fOtO from*
,.Ipo spnaf stm/ Tortsmr n,ro i.; St Tt0*fmrmr
i
t j.
Tip p>pe
L r
!4‘ mro nos a to sec
f=
" 9* .2" met* Su \ $m defer/
I otAet* hem tf/x/f 'iK^Cttfettf^
f49 Tee Qst* \

% ?l A / •-// fafeZ'/oasn.Cm
i
A A-* caoro imk SoOrrc..
0*70 Alffi
X
I V. dr - 2 *’*6 ■ 4 jAt f+h pipe
L. I •d spring j fmpf Tiwem* ^ e*r*> pete emp
eedd f4f* mtev f*4f m/4~* cc
J.. 7

f
rr T, r

4
So.^
m P/tnopor
**• Conn
Pod < Srdtmd l*m
7 ap V A

is r. 'Ted fddrtt f» ' i \lrifs.Z~matli.SO

\
*•1

—em4tt p*** mm 9
fm&- to Atom e/j* 'cQo.... han fapne
A...J rt§ fsmte te 4m 2k ootfamaf :» %tepee
frame mtfd Hfd
**
tmr
±
L* m
frsme mtM //p* md9 fms o
r: i» r K
.*i :r i?"mm 6 m
Tnomo' STecf Tmoror- So-
l; SorrO rrpo X /~4P Id'cc
,T
*
rr-. LOS ANGELES COUNTY
N*' FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
DOUBLE DRIVE GATE DETAIL TYPICAL WALK GATE TYPICAL FENCE AND GATE
DETAILS - FOR

REVISIONS
CHANNEL RIGHTS-OF-WAT
STM M>CI

A ~' v r* |2 I
VM

A 6-t+-7t
nreCC^i
/- n-op
mm-
l_ .. A *- r-n DATE DWG. NO 2 -DI7B
CW.H Stgmstdes Dwg No.2-Dt78 doted Nor, fSS2 l*s »'-<>' Ok. tt I

D. B. Man.
 Page 1-30
Bend to fir#.. /Z'-O' JtzOJi______ 6‘-3"Bia
■ /<?* 6-"4o/Z’ .<#*•
OuttetJbwert~\ \ ly- --r . APnhf not shown
lifting tug

rr
■safety cotlen>A ‘ >s.
\ ®>: 3;: T"T" ,-x tty
I
"6 Par
i6-~4AS ^ i .-l-L. .-''Orifice Manbote frame and carer as per
j one attach '? J T~ btd.Bmg rib Z-B47Z. Britt bO-iri'Bid.
-•'.4
/ Bafefy cottar botes through cover /n a uniform P*
\wrr/jceibar—Ji~- T-
-At Set Betai/XbC"., .^'Chamfer
pattern, rib botes are to Be drittecf
ti
XT
IS ■t4
5j! i
* !* t
m
4 ■ through trie rips oftrie cover bottom. OH OH
t~m4PingttS. ~7yg / V }' OG,%: <?> V m7Pars -
>» a yyv' T:Jr t
■‘QC.^................
Xh f'
A»
Xh
xi>
Make top of cover f/usb with Top of
encasement.--.
t 11
f,
s-fF PI' 7-> LL or i r~yo"ixZ-6"
'Q: : *-/ 'T "7 *6Pars "]OF vJ I - 1 ..............i ’ / ASjfochfaae)
r-t ¥
-i. -j- i
m ¥

DETAIL "OX
t o
Outlet tower
• OB.
-f-
i
I
i
f
I
f/OW
v>3*
i
1
i
i
I
foB i Si .
i £>: I"
!
*7bars -
i •.
T
•4*6'-'' 'Or—itf tiny lay
"6Par
DETAIL "OY" ! t Oafiettowcr- -■»- ts. PLAN OG-OG
SCALE: >"= t»-QW SCALE: 3»= P-O* • r Ji
s>: %<f"~ I i
4-
f/A
i J
SHOWING OUTLET TOWER COVER
2 0 3 * 12 I 1
± "s£ V
i
°*\/ ¥
|OA AIL "OY"
*66>tZ,-*r~.'- \!V
\
Lifting toy
SCALE: t/jr* Vr-o*
Uanhote frantic
Vvl 'I riote. Tsi ___ J-
v Kr=t^
7T~~ *6£Bl?T~ V
v \tt
’/
K>
"6bar._„ £ ; carer per Sfd.Oao.
\tta2-0IS6.Sstfkj3ti
Ji Ouffet tower above *B€)tZri-'‘ & jWffj ancsarfbce
OE. £t. moy be either ''Optvonat rouyriened *6PjhgG) PO'centers), *v l a *i

f ’ll
DETAIL *OX“-^' T5
constructed of poured j constructed joint £z£Cr J.
Xi etceptat safety cottars 1 ^ :jr1 [JVstser.^ tr
o
retnf concrete orofreinf, jet Deiait‘OZ~ A. A. __ l-
o,
concrete priced with j I dote:
Optional roughened 6’ 6_\ cementyun (Cubitej _»__j____________________ -A : : 6-0 ‘
Ait Pars *4/3 6f except as i
Cut tonyifudaiaf remtbrcement 3-O’iOia. construction joint riotc Foc/ny stab not shown
m fieri to attaw foraanhafe^ oygreyate poctorf, shown, two rows CPotri ways).
See BetafaT'-^ ■ 6’ OD 'Z:6‘\ .-Compacted^. SECTION QC-OC S«¥£ section oe-oe
£t. Grade fto drain to outlettower ' / Oactdi/f O
PLAN OA-OA SECTION OH-OH
SHOWING SECTIONAL PLAN OF TOWER scale: isz"=r-<r SCALE: SCALE: IfZ"»P-Q"
loose
L ■TT
\- SCALE: 1/2* = r-o*
Manhole frame and Cut m fieri
T * 6Pinys0 f-6 'centers ‘ P'-CrPia :6': Z*Chanfer—.-
co rer not shown-- ____ ...TZQ.tQ’.. :1« r dear of ..A':*?'.. 3
except at safety cat/arsi EjhUil Ll Hi! ITj i 11 iff ~7-"7&io‘ fr\

mIsi
6‘

EMI
.
>*] y “| T" ................ A manhole '♦i ~
St*
! h f
OCi £f. ___ \ijOC *, i .1 i
V / "ft. S'
~XT~ ----f -i
; 7 tdwS af/S opemnys
1 '•£> f-6'centers erceot
*Pb3rr-^l
X.
x
~~dr/fice~ ’
*6£>tr-
i TVI
: En.; 3fTT If l

>
!d-~5AS—- I f- %
1-£L______I_i. , <at safety cottars *7bars-' Vn I i
\ /j

1 l
•n u T -1; i 3*

i
■SJ i
j'C; K/ »;
* f
L 'S fCompacted bocttfitf' ■■,
6-0' 6'-0-
ri'm5Pews, spaced to
fie *6 ver treat Pars * i
ill lx y k Le
”’f'tS-tTh/gb
-iJ&!?•—*

\
I
:'Cp t
tb. % T jj*
\
t
a
X5;..XI
. \\ f i I
36“J&anfbrcedconcrete \ as shown an Sectionat u ' ^j.ooentnys at Past
// \ Symmetrical/l J >4

I ti
f
\J)p/petonyue and groove, \
‘v
v l
OE Ptan of Tower QP-Bd—^------------ ^3&...........................
i
i
\aPoutfsl/A
I
S'-Cknyths, Ctasst7POB• OD i /j' 7
i *3
. js: i *. ' \L: -4.—•— mpetr--<. i
i'
i
i ,4-
df.T'J. - —

:*3 • ^ Li.
t—; ... I. 'tr“6 bars x3’-Z’
■Li i
.A. j

3L
________ ■_________ \

SECTION THROUGH OUTLET STRUCTURE Orifice

/Z'-O" 6-0" ZZ" zz:_____t£f
SCALE: W**s l»-6‘
2
Ll K> a SECTION OB-OB SECTION OD-OD PLAN OF-OF SECTION OJ-OJ
SCALE: 1/2* rl^O* SCALE: l/2"-l‘-Q* 3
SCALE: l/2» »r-Q~ SCALE: ifZnmr-Q-
U- 3Z-0"
i__ • • I'-CbS i'-C
;___ A-P-‘:.__ L td 6'-0- >
-t: 16’>
■*P£) center of ; Z'-6 * . i-^PSHOfttooironeene Z'-6'
t
I TT*.' OK | cut-offcoliar*:-
OJ r*5&f6"

..-'6/3X6" "730/0"-.
'-L 1 f) Cat-offcoHak .j-n- ■ *S Pymatetrxoiaoout( : Male
"6/3 center of ■ ; Optional roughened, ........ 3- The longitudinal ** 7 bars shown m the outlet
„ "S£)/Z‘ —T
;»7 ■; ■ cut-offcottar ; DETAIL "OZ"^ ; '^constructionjoint i >r-"6/3/Z" ^. pipe encasement are designed for hard grade steet s
-A-, ; tdri-Cut-cifca/Jar
s. xs only, tf medium grade steet a used in place of
;. v ■■ v
*
\-J% - z.
"m2Z'--'
*v .

A-
X3
3"
3d ±
■~-4
fs-
___ *2 Q centrref
Cat'Off cottar
bard grade steet, tbe srze or number of longitu­
dinal bars must be increased to provide a Mat
steet area equal to I.Z73 times the total area of
id: • *r*' i
i
ii
1 O
''36"Peinforced concrete
0ut]ri£i2£. i
£
I
nVn •; ___ £
i
longitudinal Pars shown hereon. j
i
''Optknot roughened pipejongae and groove.
6 '-O "lengths, CJoss1760D.,
?A;| cr. __
\o
■L
s LOS ANGELES COUNTY
A
construction pint i *73 ZZ" — xn.’ xs: ? 55
FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
i; »xff» T5' 5?

DETAIL "OZ"
SCALE:3*»f-Q*
A-
-,.-r
I Or
JC.
•\ ■
> "63 center of
f- OUTLET WORKS
I
-3 60tZ~ » i » X- Symmetrical

MTt
REVISIONS
"6<Ocenhrd.- "6&it5*V :Omit bottom key if ^
"03J2ZX-"

-Compacted hoc Jr fit/-’

'-'A . cut-offco/igrriA

* ; -?ic ■ -
?: about ( EARTHWORK AND
STRUCTURAL DETAILS
cut-offcoSorv- r . ’ p not occessibW due to t
r • the type of construction
«v
o
oj
■-Bottom of outlet pipe trench
Z-6" j£-96S>driiootoneend; Z'-6"
____ L_ i
f OK
i
LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF OUTLET PIPE SECTION OK-OK . -I
3CALE: SGAJLE: SCAUC DATE
DWG. NO. 2-D404.
o
k A3 3MO«« AMIL tk«4 sneer

Revised 2 -80 D. B. Man.

 Page 1-31

BBIFIED SWL CLAttlFICiTlBI ueLBMBC IBEBTIF1CATIBB ABB BES6MPTI0B)

Field Identification Procedures
Major Divisions Group Laboratory Classification Group
Typical Names (Excluding particles larger than 3 inches lnfanaation Required for
Symbols Criteria Symbol,.
and basing fractions on estimated weights) Describing Soils
I •> 3 4 5 6 6

Well-graded gravels, gravel-sand mix­ Wide range in grain sizes and substantial amounts For undisturbed soils add information Deo
GW Cu = Greater than 4
S * tures. little or no fines. of all intermediate particle sizes. on stratification, degree of compact­ Dio
c ness, cementation, moisture condi­ 41
ac C
Poorly-graded gravels, gravel-sand Predominately one size or a range of sizes with tions and drainage characteristics. t3 GW
GP -
(D»o>*
S mixtures, little or no fines. some intermediate sizes missing.
x
c
2£ 4> 71 m
W c to
** Dio x Dso
*~ Between ooe and 3
m b
• E -*= y JZ Silt> {Travels, gravei-s&nd-sik mix­ Nonplastic fines or fines with lorn plasticity, (for o
C s
GM
tures. identification procedures see ML below) Give typical name; indicate approxi­ -•«J
c..o £ E Not meeting all gradation requirements for GW
3
2*
U— m
» cn GP
x. mate percentages of sand and gravel, % „ • B
J* _s!
X
3
X 3
XZ
3 GC Clayey gravels,
mixtures.
gravel-sand-clay Plastic fines (for identification procedures see
CL below)
max. size; angularity, surface condi­
tion. and hardness of the coarse
m is X w —
co K v • Atterfaefg limits below "A" Above “A" line with

zt Of
e
X. Well-graded sands, gravelly sands, Wide range in grain sizes and substantial amounts
grains; local or geologic name and
other pertinent descriptive informa­ V
33
in CL
.8-s °
a=3ES S
■o line or PI less than 4

Atterberg limits above “A**

PI between 4 and 7
art* borderline eases
requiring use of dual
GM

I*
r. little or no fines. of all intermediate particle sizes. tion; and symbol in parentheses. lie line ndi PI greater than 7 symbols. GC
41 ■««
JZ
/ Poorly-graded sands, gravelly sands, Predominantly one size or a range of sizes with Example: 11 =
X SP w
3-
little or no fines. some intermediate sizes missing. Silty sand, gravelly; about 20% hard, |w2 Gb = -^60- Greater than 6
X.
angular gravel panicles &-in. max. ■g W °T . Dio
©
3
X
X.
$v Nonplastir fines or fines with low plasticity, (far size; rounded and subangular sand c
© *■: *
w E
* B S
sw
> v. X JZ Sih> sands. sand*silt mixtures.
identification procedures see ML below) grains coarse to fine: about 15% non­ >
w fti - £
5 e
* X .2 c plastic fines with low dry strength; r£ ¥ (Dso)*
3> Cc = - Between one and 3
•x.
Plastic fines (for identification procedures see
well compacted and moist in place; S | IS Ssts
•£ -c Dio x 6so
£i =■
X. <
SC Clayey sands, sand-clay mixtures
CL below. alluvial sand; (SM). m
s is s SsJ
X. Not meeting ail gradation requirements for §W SP
Identification Procedures
CJ
O
S -S3*
on Fraction Smaller than No. 40 Sieve Size
£ I Is Altering limits below “A"
line or Pi less than 4
limits plotting in hatched
zone with 1*1 between SM
Dry Strength Dilatancy Toughness 4 atul 7 are borderline
CM
(Crushing (Reaction (Consistency Altering limits above “A” cases requiring use of
characteristics) to shaking) near PL) SC
line with PI greater than 7 dual symbols.
Inorganic slits and very fine sands. «/
C c
3 rock flour, silty or clayey fine
X MI. None to slight 'Quick to alow None V I 1 ▼
X sands or clayey silts with slight Give typical name, indicate degree .C«wcrti| Soil* at Equal Ltqaid Lib it
x */. plasticity. and character of plasticity, amount t3 - Taa&haea* a ad Dry Strength Increase
3 and max. size of coarse grains, color "** «ritfc iecrraeing PUtticity laden '
SO
* 5 X* Inorganic clays of low to medium in wet condition, odor if any, local S
*x * n. plasticity, gravelly clays, sandy Medium to high
None to very
slow Medium or geologic name, and other pertinent B
,y
A
3 clays, silty clays, lean clays. descriptive information: and symbol x
fa! 40
ac
X in parentheses. & CK
3
OL Organic silts and organic silty Slight to
£ JZ
f- days of low plasticity. medium Slow Sigh > ZZL
30
X For undisturbed soils add information
X inorganic silts, micaceous or dia- on structure, stratification, consist­ t-
JZ Sitght w Sight to
c MU lomaceiHis fine sandy or silty
medium
Slow to none
medium
ency in undisturbed and remolded <
-3 20 OR
JZ soils, elastic silts. states, moisture sod drainage condi­ a
tions. CL MH.
E2
ST
(TH inorganic clays of high plasticity, High to very
zr. fat clays. None High to
ec high ■*....................-

Example: f«C L-ML HLSOL

OH Organic clays of medium to high
Medium to high
None to very Slight to Clayey silt, brown, slightly plastic,
4
:=rz
r W.
plasticity, organic silts. slow medium small percentage of fine sand, num­ ®o m 20 30 40 so so 70 so so -too
erous vertical root holes, firm and LIQt’ID LIBIT
Highly Organic Soils F*t Peat and other highly organic soils. Readily identified by color, odor, spongy dry in-place, loess. (ML). PLASTICITY CHART
feel and frequently by fibrous texture. f«r laboratory claaoifiratioo of tiM^ratard aoila
(1) Boundary classifications: Soils possessing characteristics of two group6 are designated by combinations of group symbols. For example GW-GC,
well-graded gravel-sand mixture with clay binder. (2) All sieve sizes on this chan are U. S. standard.

FIELD IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR FINE-GRADED SOILS OR FRACTIONS APPROVAL RECOMMENDED BY

Dilatancy (Reaction to shaking)
After removing particles larger than So. 40 sieve size,
prepare a pat of moist soil with a volume of about
one-half cubic inch. Add enough water if necessary
to make the soil soft but not sticky. Place the pat
in the open palm of one hand and shake horizontally,
striking vigorously against the other hand several
tiroes. A positive reaction consists of the appear­
ance of water on the surface of the pat which changes
to a livery consistency and becomes glossy. When
the sample is squeezed between the fingers, the
water and gloss disappear from the surface, the pat
stiffens and finally it cracks or crumbles. The
rapidity of appears ice of water during shaking and
of its disappearance during squeezing assist in iden­
tifying the character of the fines in a soil.
Very fine clean sands, give the quickest and
distinct reaction whereas a plastic clay has no re-
action. Inorganic silts such as a typical rock Hour,
show a moderately quick reaction.
These procedures are to be performed on the minus No. 40 sieve size particles, approximately 1/64 in. For field classification
purposes, screening is not intended, simply remove by hand the coarse panicles that interfere with the tests.
Dry Strength (Crushing characteristics)
After removing particles larger then No. 40
sieve size, mold a pat of soil to the con­
sistency of putty, adding water if seces-
saiy. Allow the pat to dry completely by
oven. sun. or air riying aad then test its
strength by breaking and enabling between
the fingers. This strength is a
the character and quantity of the colloidal
fraction contained in the soil. The riy
strength in s with increasing plas-
ticity.
High thy strength is characteristic far days
of the CH group. A typical inorganic silt
posaesaes only very slight dry strength.
Silty fine sands and silts have about the
most slight dry strength, bat can he dis­
tinguished by the feel when powdering the
dried specimen. Fi saad feels gritty
whereas a typical ailt has the smooth feel
of flour.
plastic limit)
Tot^hnees (Consistency
ASS'T CM€F DEPUTY ENGINEER
After removing particles larger than the No. 40 sieve size, a specimen of LOS ANGELES COUNTY FLOOO CONTROL tUSTWCT
soil about one half inch cube in size is molded to the consistency of potty.
REVISIONS
If too dry. water must be added and if sticky, the specimen should be LOS ANGELES COUNTY
spread out in a thin layer and allowed to loose some of its moisture by DCtcRirnoa FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
evaporation. Then the specimen is rolled out by hand on a smooth surface
or between the palms into a thread about one-eighth inch in diameter. The
of thread is then folded aad raroUad repeatedly. During this manipulation
the Boietoe content in gradually reduced and tbe specimen stiffens, final­
ly loaes its plasticity, and crumbles when tbe plastic limit is reached. UNIFIED
After the thread crumbles, the pieces should be lumped together aad a slight
kneading action continued tmtil the lump enables.
SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
The tougher the thread ne«r the plastic limit ted the sdffer the lump when
it finally crus Wes. the mare potent is the colloidal clay fraction in the
soil. Weakness of die thread at the plastic limit and quick loss of coher­
ence at the iaap below the plastic limit indie me either inorganic clay of
low plasticity, or materials such knoisKype clays and organic clays gr ~Gi^X
which occw below the A-line.
Highly orgreic clays have e very ik and spoegy feel at the plastic limit. NO. 2-0413
NONE 3-22-65 !
I
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