Physical Science

Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features Science Content

Nonfiction Main Idea and • Captions Energy

Supporting Details • Charts
• Call Outs
• Glossary

Scott Foresman Science 3.13

ISBN 0-328-13844-4

ì<(sk$m)=bdie j< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U by Ann J. Jacobs

Vocabulary What did you learn?
Energy
absorb potential energy 1. What kind of energy is stored in a battery?
by Ann J. Jacobs
electric charge reflect 2. While running in place, the chemical energy
refract stored in your body would change to what kind
electric circuit
of energy?
electric current thermal energy
3. Why does rubbing a balloon attract pieces
kinetic energy of paper?

4. In this book you have

read about thermal energy. Write to explain how
thermal energy moves. Use examples from the
book in your answer.

5. Main Idea and Supporting Details

What is the main idea of the last paragraph on
Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for page 2? What details support it?
photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its
attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott
Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom
(B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd)
Opener: ©Scott T. Smith/Corbis; Title Page: ©Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit; 2 ©Martin F. Chillmaid/Photo
Researchers, Inc.; 3 ©Doug Wilson/Alamy Images; 4 ©Brad Wrobleski/Masterfile Corporation,
©Stone/Getty Images; 5 ©Fotopic/Index Stock Imagery; 6 (CC) ©AGStockUSA, Inc./Alamy Images, (CR)
©Henryk T. Kaiser/Index Stock Imagery; 7 (CL) ©Lester Lefkowitz/Corbis, (CCL) ©Mark L. Stephenson/
Corbis, (CC) ©Mark C. Burnett/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 8 ©Ted Grant/Masterfile Corporation; 14 (CL)
©Jeff Greenberg/Index Stock Imagery, (B) ©Norbert Wu Productions; 15 ©Pierre Arsenault/Masterfile
Corporation; 16 ©Daryl Benson/Masterfile Corporation; 17 ©Craig Tuttle/Corbis; 19 ©Joel Sartore/
NGS Image Collection; 23 (CLT) ©Alan Schein Photography/Corbis, (CL) ©DK Images, (CLB) ©Martin F.
Chillmaid-Spencer Grant/Photo Researchers, Inc.

ISBN: 0-328-13844-4

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is
protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior
to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any
form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For
information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman,
1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

What is energy?
Energy
Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.
Work is when force causes an object to move. Most of
our energy comes from the Sun. The Sun heats Earth.
The Sun’s light energy makes plants grow.
We use many other forms of energy too. Sound
energy comes from a CD player. Chemical energy runs
a car’s engine. Electrical energy runs many things in
this kitchen.
2 3
Stored Energy
Stored energy is potential energy. It can change
into another kind of energy to do work or cause a
change.
Fuel, such as natural gas, has potential energy.
Long ago, plants made food using energy from the
Sun. The plants died and turned into fossils that are
used as fuel. When we burn this fuel, we free potential
energy. Work is possible.
When you use batteries, you release potential
energy. The stored energy in food, fuels, and batteries
is chemical energy.
Batteries and gasoline
both contain stored
energy.
Energy of Motion
Potential energy can change to kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. A car burns
gas. The potential energy stored in the gas changes to
kinetic energy. The car moves.
A skier rests at the top of a hill. He has potential
energy. Then he slides down the hill. His potential
energy changes to kinetic energy.
A skier uses a lot of energy. But he can replace it
by eating food. The gas a car burns to create energy
cannot be easily replaced. “Fossil” fuels, such as gas,
are not renewable.

4 5
 People use machines to change forms of energy
How does energy too. An electric toothbrush sits in a base that plugs
change form? into an electric outlet. The toothbrush’s battery stores
electrical energy as chemical energy. The chemical
Changing Forms of Energy energy changes to electrical energy when you turn on
Energy changes from one form to another all the the toothbrush. The electrical energy then changes to
time. Your body stores potential energy in the form mechanical energy as the toothbrush moves.
of chemical energy. This chemical energy changes to
kinetic energy when you move.

Using Energy
The kinetic energy of your arm cannot make
a light bulb burn bright. But it can be used to flip a
light switch. This changes
electrical energy to light Forms of Energy
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gets changed. Some energy
is given off as heat. The light
bulb gets hot.

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bViiZg!hjX]Vh Bdk^c\eVgihd[ jhZi]^h`^cYd[ a^\]iidbV`Z [VhiZg#LZ[ZZa
[ddY!id\Zi]Zg# bVX]^cZh]VkZ ZcZg\nidgjc [ddY#LZ i]^hZcZg\nVh
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ZVi^c\[ddY\^kZh ZcZg\n# [dgbhd[ZcZg\n
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XVchZZ#

6 7
Ways That Energy Travels
Energy can move from one place to another.
A moving object, such as a ball, has energy. You
can feel the energy when you catch the ball.
Energy can also travel as waves. The waves are
shaped similar to the waves on a moving rope. Look
at the rope on the next page. It is moving from side
to side. Energy makes this happen. It moves from one
end of the rope to the other.
Light and other forms of kinetic energy move as
waves. Bigger waves carry more energy.
Ocean waves carry energy.
8 9
Parts of a Wave
How much energy does a wave have? How far
the wave is from its midpoint shows its energy. You
measure the distance from the midpoint of the wave
to the high or low point of the wave. The top of a
wave is called a crest. The bottom is called a trough.
Wide waves have lots of energy. Narrow waves have
less energy.
You should also look at the length of a wave. The
wavelength can be the measurement from the top of
one crest to the top of the next crest. Short waves have
more energy. Long waves have less energy.
Wavelength
Midpoint
Crest
Distance from Trough Distance from
midpoint of wave midpoint of wave

What is heat energy?
Heat Energy
Matter is made up of moving particles. Particles
move because they have energy. The energy of moving
particles in matter is called thermal energy.
Thermal energy moves as heat. It moves from hot
things to cool things. Put a spoon into a hot drink.
Heat from the drink moves through the cool spoon.
Soon the spoon is as warm as the drink. The flow
of energy stops when the drink and spoon are the
same temperature.
Sources of Heat
Heat is given off when energy changes from one
form to another. The burner under the pot below
changes electrical energy to heat. A burning match
changes chemical energy to heat.
Try rubbing your hands together. The friction
caused by rubbing gives off heat. There is heat every
time energy moves.
A burning match
is very hot!

Heat moves from

the water to the
frozen vegetables.

10 11
Effects of Heat on Matter
Heat energy affects matter. You can measure the
effect of heat on matter. Put some ice out in a room
that is steady at a temperature above 0ºC (32ºF).
Look at the ice a few times during the hour. Measure
and record the amount of ice that has melted. Record
the time when all the ice has melted. Record the
temperature. Time is one way to measure how this
heat energy changed the ice.
How has this ice
changed?
12
Water evaporates if more heat is added to it. The
water turns into a gas called water vapor. Liquid water
changes in another way at 100°C (212°F). Heat makes
the water boil. The water takes up more space when
it boils. Then it evaporates and becomes a gas. Hot
bubbles of gas float to the top of the water. Hot water
droplets called steam come out of the bubbles.
This water is
boiling. Some
of the water is
leaving as steam.
13
 Electricity gives us light. It makes the wire in a
What is light energy? light bulb hot. The hot wire glows and gives off light.
Sources of Light Most things that give off light give off heat too.
Most energy comes from the Sun. The Sun’s energy The Path of Light
reaches Earth as waves. The waves have different
Light moves in all directions from where it starts.
amounts of energy. Some of these waves affect us. We
It moves away from its source in straight lines. Light
can see and use light energy.
moves this way until an object stops it. Light cannot
Chemical changes also make light. Gas in the lamp
go around objects. Objects that get in the way of light’s
below gives off light as it burns. The fish below gives
path cause shadows.
off light too. Chemical changes in the fish’s body
make light.

The lamp and this

fish are both a
source of light.

14 15
How Light Changes Look closely at the picture below. The drops of water
refract, or bend, light. This makes the light change
Not all objects block light. Light can pass through direction. This can change the way things look. Each
some things, such as a window. drop of water refracts light from the flower. Little
All objects reflect light. This means light bounces pictures of the flower form as the light bends.
off the object and moves in a different direction. Some
things, such as a lake, reflect light better than other
things. Why? They have flat and smooth surfaces. This
makes the reflected light move in the same direction.

Mountains and
trees are reflected
in this lake.

16 17
 Light passes through things at different speeds. This
causes the light to refract. Light moves more slowly
in water than air. The straw in the glass below looks
broken because the water slows down and bends
the light.
Refraction can cause light to separate. When this
happens you can see a rainbow. A rainbow shows the
many colors of light.
Why does this
straw appear
broken?
18
Light is made of many colors. When light hits
objects, they absorb some of the light. To absorb
means to take in. The rest of the light is reflected.
Things absorb and reflect different colors of light. If
something looks white, it is reflecting all the colors of
sunlight. If something looks black, it is absorbing all
the colors of sunlight. Absorbed sunlight often turns to
heat. This is why dark objects feel warm in sunlight.
Green light has
changed this white
chicken to a green
chicken.
19

What is electrical energy?
Electric Charges
Matter is made up of particles that have electric
charges. An electric charge is a small bit of energy.
An electric charge can be positive or negative. Matter
with mostly negative charges has a negative charge.
Matter with mostly positive charges has a positive
charge. Matter with the same number of negative and
positive charges has no charge.
Positive and negative charges attract. The negative
charge moves toward the positive charge. You may
get a shock when you touch a person. If so, negative
charges jumped between the two of you.
The attraction between opposite charges can make
things stick together. That’s why paper sometimes
sticks to a balloon.
The same charges repel each other. Objects with the
same charge push each other away.

This balloon has a charge.

It attracts pieces of paper
This balloon has no with an opposite charge.
charge. It does not
attract any pieces
of paper.

20 21
Electric Currents and Circuits
Electric current is the movement of electrical
energy or electric charge from place to place.
Lightning is an electric current that moves in any
direction. Electric current must follow a path
to be useful. Electric current can make lights and
CD players work. The path that a controlled electric
current flows through is an electric circuit. Energy
cannot flow if the path, or circuit, is broken. Look at
the picture below. The switch must be closed for the
electricity to flow.
Electricity flows through the
circuit to light the light bulb
when the switch is closed.
Energy source
Switch
22
We need to make a lot of electricity because we use
it every day. We have learned how to change energy
into electricity. We can change the energy of moving
water into electricity. We can change the energy of
burning coal into electricity. We can turn the energy of
heat and sunlight into electricity. What would modern
life be like without electricity?
How Electrical Energy Changes Form
Light :aZXig^X^ineVhhZhi]gdj\]WjaWh#7jaWh
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Heat :aZXig^X^ineVhhZhi]gdj\]Xd^ah^c]ZViZgh#
8d^ahX]Vc\ZZaZXig^XVaZcZg\nid]ZVi#
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Sound :aZXig^X^ineVhhZhVgdjcYVbV\cZi#I]Z
bV\cZiX]Vc\ZhZaZXig^XVaZcZg\nid
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Light bulb
23
Vocabulary
Glossary What did you learn?
absorb potential energy 1. What kind of energy is stored in a battery?
absorb to take in
electric charge reflect 2. While running in place, the chemical energy
electric charge a small amount of energy stored in your body would change to what kind
electric circuit refract
electric circuit the path that a controlled of energy?
electric current thermal energy
electric current flows through 3. Why does rubbing a balloon attract pieces
kinetic
electricenergy
current the movement of electrical of paper?
energy or electric charge from
4. In this book you have
one place to another read about thermal energy. Write to explain how
kinetic energy the energy of motion thermal energy moves. Use examples from the
book in your answer.
potential energy stored energy
5. Main Idea and Supporting Details
reflect to bounce light off an object and
What is the main idea of the last paragraph on
have it travel in a different
Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for page 2? What details support it?
direction
photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its
attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott
Foresman, a division of Pearson Education. Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom
(B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd)
refract to bend light
Opener: ©Scott T. Smith/Corbis; Title Page: ©Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit; 2 ©Martin F. Chillmaid/Photo
Researchers, Inc.; 3 ©Doug Wilson/Alamy Images; 4 ©Brad Wrobleski/Masterfile Corporation,
©Stone/Getty Images; 5 ©Fotopic/Index Stock Imagery; 6 (CC) ©AGStockUSA, Inc./Alamy Images, (CR)
©Henryk T. Kaiser/Index Stock Imagery; 7 (CL) ©Lester Lefkowitz/Corbis, (CCL) ©Mark L. Stephenson/
thermal energy the energy of moving particles
Corbis, (CC) ©Mark C. Burnett/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 8 ©Ted Grant/Masterfile Corporation; 14 (CL)
©Jeff Greenberg/Index Stock Imagery, (B) ©Norbert Wu Productions; 15 ©Pierre Arsenault/Masterfile
in matter
Corporation; 16 ©Daryl Benson/Masterfile Corporation; 17 ©Craig Tuttle/Corbis; 19 ©Joel Sartore/
NGS Image Collection; 23 (CLT) ©Alan Schein Photography/Corbis, (CL) ©DK Images, (CLB) ©Martin F.
Chillmaid-Spencer Grant/Photo Researchers, Inc.

ISBN: 0-328-13844-4

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is
protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior
to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any
form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For
information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman,
1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
24