FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING If one event can occur in n; different ways and a second event can occur in n2 different ways, then’ the number of ways both can occur is nin2 ways EXAMPLE: A luncheon tray is to contain a sandwich and a beverage. There ate 4 different kinds of sandwich and 3 different kinds of beverage How many different lunches can be formed? Note: There are 4 ways to select a sandwich & 3 ways to select a beverage. N=(n, (ny )= (4)(3) = 12 lunches EXAMPLE: How many 3-digit whole number can be formed if zero is not an acceptable digit in the hundreds place and repetitions are not allowed? Note: From 0 to 9, there ai s hundred’s digit, @ is not al are 9 numbers to select. After using one number in the hundred’s digit, there are 9 numbers left, to select for the ten’s digit. After using two numbers in the hundred’s and ten’s , digits, there are 8 numbers left for the unit's digit. s. In the j N=(nj )(np (nz ) = (9)(9)(8) = 648 numbers TRY SOLVING THIS! Frisbees comes in 5 models, 8 colors, and 3 sizes. How Many Frisbees must the local dealer have on hand in Order to have one of each kind available? ANSWER: 120 FrisbeesVING THIS! nen pons are not permitted, how many 3-digit numbers lesser than 400 can be formed from six digit 2, 3,5, 6,7 and 9? ; ANSWER: 40 numbers TRY SOLVING THIS! From the word “certain”, how many 4-letter words can be formed if this word will begin and end with a vowel? ANSWER: 120 words PERMUTATION Permutation is an arrangement of a set of objects with a specific pattern or order, PERMUTATION OF fn THINGS TAKEN r AT A TIME nt nP ; 7; mP, = (n-r)! n =n 5 EXAMPLE: In how many wa ; parcheaae YS can i of 10 paintings in 3 places in a row nat arrange 3 all? Note: There is a specific pattern ae i" of . paintings in the wall, thus this is a arranging th Mutation comet N-=10P; =720 ways ad ALTERNATE SOLUTION: N = (nj )(n2)(n3) = (10)(9)(8) = 720 waysAMPLE: How many licensed plates can be made if each plate has 3 different digits followed by 2 different letters? Note: This is an arrangement with a specific order, so ermutation concept. There are 10 digits (from 0 to 9) while there are 26 /etters (from A to Z). N=(m, (2 ) = (LOPS )(26P, ) = 468,000 plates - EXAMPLE: In how many ways can four girls and four boys be assigned seats in a row at a theater if the boys and girls are to alternate? Bi/G|B|G/B/|G/|BI|G G|B|[G|B/G|B/G/B Note: The 4 boys can be arrange in 4/ ways while the 4 girls can be arrange in 4/ ways. As shown there are 2 patterns for the arrangements. N=(ny )(ng (ng ) = (4)(41(2) = 1152 ways EXAMPLE: In how many ways can 7 people sit in a row of 7 seats if a certain 4 people must sit side by side? x x x x x x x x x x x x x .| x x x Note: The 4 people will have 4/ ways to arrange. The gmalning 3 people.will have 3/ways to arrange. AS Own there are 4 patterns for the arrangements.we (I N= (my (mg 63) = (4N(3N(4) = 576 ways 5 cael TRY SOLVING THIS! ' How many 3-digit numbers are there ee differen | digits using the digits 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9? ANSWER: 60 numbers TRY SOLVING THIS! . Find the number of ways in which 4 boys and 4 Girls y sitting alternately if one boy and one girl are to sit in adjacent seats. ANSWER: 504 ways TRY SOLVING THIS! How many four-letter words can be with one consonant, end with a dif with two distinct vowel letters in be ANSWER: 8400 words 1 that begin sonant art PERI MUTATION OF n THINGS WITH q, r 'S... ARE ALIK ! N= q'rist... EXAMPLE: Find the number OF distingyj Permutations using all of the letters inthe able BEGINNING, | Word BEGINNING + 6=2;1=2:N= 3,4 9 letters nl 9! piqirl... 212131 ~ 15120 ways—_— ray $0t VING_THIS! istinct permutations row many dis ations ; jtters of the word INFINITY? can be made from the ANSWER: 3360 ways ee Ma ——— How many different signals, each consisti hung ina vertical line can be formed from et a plue flags and 2 green flags? Sion ANSWER: 420 ways ° CIRCULAR PERMUTATION OF n THINGS (n- 1)! ways N=(n-1)! Note: In a round t and should be s' transfer into the ¢ armanently, while the others can nt seats. able ore person shall be the reference EXAMPLE: A group of 6 people are to be arranged at a circular table, In how many ways can this be done? N=(n~1)!=51=120 ways EXAMPLE: In how many orders can 2 Party of 3 girls 9 is and a 3 boys be placed at a round table $0 that boy: 'S alternate?boy will sit permanently (a, N ote: Assume v Days eS Re ° the other 2 boys will have 2/ ways to sit . . will have 3/ ways to sit. N=(3!)(2!) N=12 ways TRY SOLVING THIS! In how many ways can a caravan of 8 covered wag, be arranged in a circle? , ANSWER: 5040 ways TRY SOLVING THIS! In how many orders can 6 people be seated at a rout table if a certain 2 refuse to sit next to each other? ANSWER: 72 ways CIRCULAR PERMUTATION OF n KEYS IN A RING N=L(n-1)1 EXAMPLE: In ho Paced on a key ting different orders can 6 keys" 1 N= >(6-1)!~6 9 ways TRY SOLVING ee With 8 beads of different can be formed by stringing gots ANSWER: 2520 way er » how Many bracelets S M all together?COMBINATION sympination is an arrangement of a . Grout a specific pattern or order, Set of objects oMBINATION OF n THINGS TAKEN F AT A TIM ‘ E nl . nC, = nC, =1 (n-r)Irt . MPLE: How my ways are there to choos: e fi basketball player from the 9 people on a team? ve Note: There is no specific pattern or order needed in the arrangement, simply pick 5 people from a group of 9 people, thus this is a combination concept. N=9Cs =126 ways EXAMPLE: In how many groups of 3 red dresses and 2 rom 12 red and 8 black black ones can be chosen fr dresses? ination concept since ded, just pick red and Note: This arrangement is thee 2 there is no specific order black dresses in any order. '1=(ny)(ng) = (12C3)(8Ca) = 6160 WAYS RY SOLVING THIS! ; sin many poker hands of 5 cards are there from i deck of cards? SWER: 2,598,960 poker handsTHIS! Tey SOLVING ions ine. A student is to answer 8 out of 10 questions in, exam. How many choices he has if he must an first three questions? ANSWER: 21 choices TRY SOLVING THIS! In how many ways can we select a committee of 5; a group of 10 men if a certain 2 men insist on serviy together or not at all? : ANSWER: 112 ways COMBINATION OF n THINGS TAKEN 4, 2, 3,4n ATA TIME ! N=2" -4 EX ; i ee purse contains five different coins. Y different sums of money can be made? Note: The Possibilities . are ji coins, or any 3 enti & any 1 coin only, or any 2 , or any 4 coins or all 5 coins. N=20_4 _25 N=2 ~1=31 ways TRY SOLVING THy67 How many ways can = > CAN a te, students from six eligible et choose one or more ANSWER: 63 ways aePROBABILITY Probability is a field of mathematics that determines the relative likelihood that a particular event will occur. Let: P = probability of an event fo occur Q = probability of an event mot to occur pa. no of outcomes that the event will occur — NO. of outcomes that the evellt total possible outcomes7 \ 0. of outcomes that the event will not Oey, no. a total possible outcomes pP+Q=1 EXAMPLE: Find the probability of drawing a spade 7 from a pack of 52 playing cards. Note: There are 13 spade cards in a pack of 52 playin cards. p _ number of successful outcomes 13 1 total number of outcomes «452s 4 EXAMPLE: Two fair dice are thrown, what is the Probability that the sum is 7 or 11? ee for ac of 7, the outcomes are (1 6), (2, 5), 4), (4, 3), (5, 2) and (6, 1) 6 outcomes. Fi 7 1)... tcomes. For a sum Aso atte nes are (5, 6) and (6, 5)...2 outcomes. ( ile ameciciGe canoe €, the total number Of outcomes is 36 D oumber of successful Outcomes 6 +2 2 otal number of outcome “367 = s 36. 9 9 EXAMPLE: A coin is tossed three tim probability that not all three tosses are tne nat ine le Same? Note: With three tosses there are TTT, HTT, THT, TTH, HHT, TH outcomes, there are 6 outc ome the same. 8 outcomes. Hy and HTH. op ey ‘s, with the tosses me Ses nonumber of successful outcomes id tal number of outcomes to XAMPLE: Two integers from 0 to 10 are selected simultaneously and at random. What is the probability that they will be both odd? Note: From 0 to 10, there are 12 numbers in which there are five odd numbers namely 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. Also since the order of the numbers being picked is not important, the concept of the arrangement is combination concept _ number of successful outcomes _5C, _ 2 total number of outcomes -11C)_ 11 TRY SOLVING THIS! What is the probability of drawing a face card from an ordinary deck of playing cards? ANSWER: 3/73 TRY SOLVING THIS! Two fair dice are thrown. What is the probability that the sum of the two dice is greater than 10? ANSWER: 1/72 TRY SOLVING THIS! , « Pai" Of fair dice is thrown. Find the probability thet the "is 10 or greater if a 5 appears on the first. ANSWER: 173‘ THIS! . TRY. sou four girls are seated in a, (OVs ee fd the probability that boys and gir), al| by lot, . \ ANSWER: 1/35 | | LYING THIS! chins 4 at : are selected from the box at random. Whet a probabil that exactly four of the chips will be red ANSWER: 0-224 | MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS (OR-type) | Two or more events Two | are said to be mutually exclysi, itis impossible for more than one of them to happea| a single trial, Let: A = Probability for event A to happen ® = probability for ey, sa Pras = Probability fo both fo happen 20th A and B to Happen EXAMPLE: Find the in probabil ace Or a spade ina e lity of Fi . playing cards? “male dravy From ing eee 3 deck of 52 Note: Ina Pack of 5: 2 play; Cards, 13 spade Cards and Cardg ace ~*' the, » eat the ie are 4 ace ace or spade = Pace + Pspade p Me s ace cath 4 13 we g Pp ‘ 14 5252 5)EXAMPLE: A mixture of candies contains 6 mints, 4 toffees, and 3 chocolates. If a person makes random selection of one of these candies, find the Probability of - getting a toffee or a chocolate. Proffee or choco = Prottee + Pchoco 4 3 7 Pa—4— a4 13° 13:13 EXAMPLE: A committee of four is chosen by lot from 5 judges, 4 labor leaders and 4 industrialists. Find the probability that the committee will involve members of ° just one category. . Note: This is an OR-type probability...either 4 judges or 4 labor leaders or 4 industrialists. Since there is no specific patterns needed in the arrangement, just pick people in any order, then the arrangement must be a ¢z ation concept. P= P4 judges + P4 labor leaders + P4—industrialists 5 para , 4Cq | 4Cy 7 13C, 13C, 13C, 715 TRY SOLVING THIS! Two cards are drawn from a deck of 52 playing cards. What is the probability that they are both aces or both Kings if no replacements are made? ANSWER: 2/227SL . ie tas TR SoLUING Td 2 are In 2 Fikely to ais as Three horses a and Y is twice ~ or horse DI as a the probabil that horse 7 OF £ Wing What is ANSWER: 3/7 | / ‘ \ TRY SOLVING THe ack and 8 red balls. fy ds 8 as in succession, find. the probability that are of the same color if the first ball is not replaceg, | ANSWER: 1/3 . | TRY SOLVING THIS! | From a deck of 52 playing cards, 4 cards will be dravn together. Find the probability that those drawn will be all of the same suits, ANSWER: 44/4165 DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT EVENTS (AND-type) Two or more Events a) i happening of one aff the ald to be dependent if the happening of the thee me Probability of the happening of o and Andependent if tye happening of Ne does not affect poet i oie 9 Of the others, the probability of the Let: Py = Probabyi Py = Y fo, °° Probabitgy fon als 4 happen ent B lo Aappen Pa andg s Pax p BEXAMPLE: A bag contains 5 green, 6 white and 5 red balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is the probability that they are both white? Note: This is an AND type probability... white and white balls. 6.5 1 =Pwhite X Pwhite ==-X— == P = Pwhite X Fwhite 16°58 Note: After the first pick, there are 15 balls left in the bag. ALTERNATE SOLUTION: _ number of successful outcomes 6C) 1 total number of outcomes. —«16C,_—#88 EXAMPLE: Three incandescent bulbs are chosen at random from 15 bulbs of which 4 are defective. Find the probability that mone is defective. Note: This is an AND type probability...not defective and not defective andl not defective P = Phot-defective X Phot-defective Phot-defective pull 10,9 33 15 14 13 91 ALTERNATE SOLUTION: p — umber of successful trials _ 11C3 _ 33 total number of trials 15C3 91\ j n from a deck of. £ ‘nale card is draw ' @, EXAMPLE: eee a second card 's drawn, Wha? ¢ Ts bit that both cards are aces’ the pro! | f the 52 playin, | ce cards out 0 Pe PUIG co Note: thereon ain before the second picks Since . ade, thus there are always 52 playing cards in the made, deck. This is an AND type probability...ace and ace cards, 44: P = Pace X Pace = ZX ap = 1 52 52 169 TRY SOLVING THIS! aA SUEVING THIS! If a coin and a die are tossed, find the prc obtaining a head and at least 3 on the die. ANSWER: 173 TRY SOLVING THIS! A bag has 9 balls n Probability that bot! ANSWER: 1/6 TRY SOLVING THIS! The probability that both Stages of 4 Qsta ee function correctly is 0.95. The Probability the Tee ctly is 0.98, Ee the first Probability that the Second stage will functi. Given that the first one does? 'ON correctly ANSWER: 0.97ri fo COMBINATION OF OR-type & AND-type PROBABILITIES . The usual applications is always a ote: Th ND- ropabiity first, then OR-tybe probability after for th final answer ; MPLE: A class'has 10 boys and 5 gir erent are selected form the class at raion Che ser the other. Find the probability that the fret and third-are oF the same sex and the second is of the opposite SEX. . , Note: The successful outcomes are BGB or GBG, where: B = boy; G = girl. P =Pycp + Pegg 10.5.9 (2 10,4 5 P=) X— X= [+] XX = 15 14 13 15 14 13) 21 EXAMPLE: Two people are selected randomly from a group of 4 men and 4 women. What is the probability that a man and a woman are selected? Note: The successful outcomes are MW or WM, where = man; W= woman. Pe \ 4\_4 Faw +Pwm -($<4)+($9)-5 Al STERNATE SOLUTION: Using conventional method | suena | 8G,» 7\ To ains 5 red marbles ang 3 EXAMPLE: an um oo"ected at random from the nm | marbles. A nd two marbles of the other color are ue discarded an ‘A second marble is then selected from, into ae probability that second marble is req, urn. . ks, 4 CASE I: First marble is red and second marble is req 5 4 2 PR =-x = 8 742° 72 Note: After the first pick, there are 4 red marbles left and the total marbles in the urn is 9 (7 old marbles +1 white marbles added) CASE II: First marble is white and second marble is re 35 pecan 8 7+2 72 itst pick is a whi marbles added must be red manos Additional 2 now (5 + 2) red marbles, "Thus there are P=P +P, p20 21 41 ne eee 7272 =«-72: tains three coins: in is fai XAMPLE: A box con Coins; one coin is f. e coin is two-headed and one coin is weighted al at the probability of heads appearing is 1/3. a coin is ick at random and tossed, find the Probability that a head appears. tl CASE I: Draw a fair coin and toss a head 11 P, =Prair coin X Phead = 3°5 = ale CASE II: Draw a two-headed coin and toss a head . 1 Py = Pwo-headed coin X Phead = 3% 1= 3 Note: 1 means 100% head (since both sides of the coin are heads) CASE III: Draw’a weighted coin ard toss a head P =Pweighted-coin X Phead = ule wle wie The final probability is an OR-type probability...either case I or case II or case Ill. PSP +P) ap, poll a ou SS 4+o pon 6 3 9 486 THIS! 1 os 5 red marbles and 3 white Marte. rn id 6 white Marbl.’? / ins 2 red marbles ani ' ut ne aawn from each urn, eae Is the prota, that they are both of the same color? ANSWER: 7/16 TRY SOLVING THIS! Three cards are drawn from a standard deck of 52 playing cards without replacement. What is the probability that all three cards are of the same Color? ANSWER: 4/17 TRY SOLVING THIS? The probability that A will be alive next Christmas is - The probability that B will be alive next Christmas is 2/3. What is the Probability that at least one of thet will be alive next Christmas? ae ANSWER: 11/72 TRY SOLVING Thysy A certain soccer team it : Cc wins wi ili with Probability 3/10 and ties wiprobabilty 3/5, oe team plays three Probability 1/10, Th ; dames oy, the probability that t er the Weeken, i didn’t tose he team wins at je id, determine St twice and ANSWER: 817250— ed ~~ REPEATED TRIAL PROBABIL TTy essful event Is repeated to'occur in r times out P=nC; pt qt : probability that the event init hanes *= ovabilty that the event wil fei EXAMPLE: Find the probability of throwing a two with zsingle die exactly 3 times out of 5 trials. r 4n-r P=nC.p q #=(5C3 (2)° (2)? = 0.032 where: p = 1/6 (probability to get a two) q = 5/6 (probability not to get a two) EXAMPLE: A cat has a litter of seven kittens. If the ‘Seablity is 0.52 that a kitten will be female, what is ~ppObability that exactly two of the seven will be nC pl gir 1 2 (0.48 )2 (0.52)° = 0.184 | hee, | 4 = 0.48 (probability that it is a male iter) * 0.52 (probability that it is a femaleN a true or false te +A student takes a = tes EXAMPLE: Ao questions by just guessin tay con Aad the probability that the student’, Se, swer. . a 80% or more. / more correct answers , nt has to get 8 or . the te correct answers must be 8 or 9 Or 10, , Pancpidr’ 1\9/1)1 P=10C, 8 GY +10C (3) (5) 1,0 + 10Cjy Gye () p= 128 Where: p= 1/2 (Probability to get a ri q=1/2 (Probability to ge ALTERNATE SOLUTION: STS SSATE SOLUTION ght answer) t@ wrong answel) (10, ye1yx 10- x x MS) (Ss) *) RESULT: 7/128 ae i ¥ that a fluorescent lamp hae 2 Useful life of at Cast 909) hours iso i Probability that with 29 4 Uorescent jy, Vhat is tne will have a useful life of at least. 900 hone at least 1 > Urs? he Probabilitet use the SUMMATION FUNCTION in the calculator: : 20 ENCODE: >” ((20C, )(0.9)* (0.1)?2-*) x=16 . RESULT: 0.9568 TRY SOLVING THIS! Under normal conditions, 10% of a certain mass production item will be defective. What is the probability that in a random sample of 10 items, 3 of the items are defective? ANSWER: O-0574 TRY SOLVING THIS! : ‘ If 7 coins are tossed, find the probability that they will - fall with at least 6 tails. ANSWER: 1/16 TRY SOLVING THIS! Team GSW has a probability 2/3 of winning whenever it Plays. If team GSW plays 4 games, find the probability that the team wins more than half of the games. ANSWER: 16/27 TRY SOLVING THIS! i Find the probability of throwing exactly 2 sevens in 5 Sses of a Pair of dice. ANSWER: 0.16075