Resource-Constrained Innovation Method For Sustainability: Application of Morphological Analysis and TRIZ Inventive Principles

sustainability
Article
Resource-Constrained Innovation Method for
Sustainability: Application of Morphological
Analysis and TRIZ Inventive Principles
Zhenfeng Liu 1,2, * , Jian Feng 3, * and Jinfeng Wang 3
1 School of Economics and Management, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
2 Economics and Management School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
3 China Institute of FTZ Supply Chain, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China;
wangjinfeng@shmtu.edu.cn
* Correspondence: zfliu@shmtu.edu.cn (Z.L.); jfeng@shmtu.edu.cn (J.F.)

Received: 22 December 2019; Accepted: 21 January 2020; Published: 26 January 2020
Abstract: Extensive research on resource-constrained innovation has been conducted by scholars

and practitioners in recent years. An interesting research avenue is how firms explore the process
of the new product development (NPD) and the ideas generation to foster resource-constrained
innovation. However, despite the importance of product development and creative ideas under
the resource-constraints contexts, innovation methods for applying to the resource-constrained
innovation and designers have received comparatively less attention. As a remedy, this paper
proposes a resource-constrained innovation method (RCIM) to generate ideas for the NPD. The RCIM
is mainly divided into four sections: Developing the resource-constrained innovation approaches,
developing the resource-constrained innovation dimensions, generating the creative ideas and
evaluating the creative ideas. First, the resource-constrained innovation algorithms are developed
based on success factors, characteristics, and attributes of resource-constrained innovation and
the TRIZ (TeopияPeшeния Изoбpeтaтeльcкиx Зaдaчin Russian; Theory of Inventive Problem
Solving in English) inventive principles via the systematic literature review (SLR). Second, the
innovation dimensions are categorized to structure a target technology by means of the morphological
analysis (MA) and the Derwent manual codes (DMCs) mapping based on collected patents. Third,
the creative ideas are generated for the NPD by combining the innovation dimensions with the
resource-constrained innovation approaches. Finally, the creative ideas are evaluated by the frugal
criteria. The RCIM will stimulate designers’ creativity for achieving sustainability and innovation
within constraint-based scenarios, MA and TRIZ.
Keywords: resource-constrained innovation; innovation method; sustainability; innovation

approaches; innovation dimensions; morphological analysis; TRIZ
1. Introduction
The world is seeing resource shortages, overproduction, environmental damage, and a plethora
of other negative consequences as a result of the conventional approaches to product and service
innovation, and people put those down to the fact that most developed countries have failed to
embrace a resource-constrained method in the past [1]. Resource-constrained innovation is the ability
of a product, service, practice or process to ‘do better with fewer resources for more people’, i.e.,
to create significantly more value while minimizing the use of resources [2]. It is characterized by:
Sustainable [3], resource-constrained [4,5], scarcity-induced or minimalist [6,7], reuse of existing
components and ease of use [8]. These characteristics indicate that resource-constrained innovation
Sustainability 2020, 12, 917; doi:10.3390/su12030917 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2020, 12, 917 2 of 23
focuses not only on the emerging markets and the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) markets [9–11], but
also on the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), even on the large companies [12], and on areas
in which it is either not profitable, or profits cannot be appropriated freely by the innovating company.
Resource-constrained innovation can be a firm driver of progress in achieving sustainability [1].
Scholars have so far generally concentrated on the geographic relevance and business propositions
of resource-constrained innovation. The broader question about actual the new product development
(NPD) under extreme resource-constraints has received comparatively less attention. The NPD
refers to the innovation process of production technology, the core task of which is to formulate the
corresponding systematic solutions to the innovation ideas [13–15]. Different from the traditional NPD,
which is built on assumptions of affluence and abundance [16], the NPD of the resource-constrained
innovation involves sustainability and scarcity [4]. A more fundamental NPD effort may be necessary
to develop truly effective cost-innovative methods and product designs [17]. How to explore the
process of NPD and design product architecture to foster resource-constrained innovation is an
interesting research avenue [12]. Companies find it increasingly challenging to develop successful
new products, and the generation of new ideas is one of the important initial tasks in the NPD process.
The idea generation, however, is the first and foremost stage of the NPD and innovation [18,19].
This front end of innovation is of particular importance as it determines a firm’s potential to find
promising new product ideas and ways of producing this product at reasonable costs [20,21]. For the
resource-constrained context, creativity seems to be more important than the status of characteristics of
resource-constrained innovation, and contributes to problem-solving in environments with constraints
or resource scarcity [22].
Nevertheless, despite the importance of the NPD and the creative ideas under the
resource-constraints contexts, innovative methods for applying to resource-constrained innovation and
designers have received comparatively less attention. In the process of NPD for the resource-constrained
innovation, a minimalist and good-enough innovation method is necessary. Because the mainstream
innovation methods advocate the over-engineered, fully functioning, overall performance-optimized,
premium and high-priced products [23]. However, the characteristics of resource-constrained
innovation are savings in resource, time and cost, which are different from those of mainstream
innovations; therefore, the characteristics need to be understood from novel perspectives [24]. Low-cost
manufacturing, simple design and basic functionality are keys to serving low-income customers [6].
Hence, there is still much to uncover regarding how to create innovative products and services in the
resource-constrained context.
As a remedy, this paper proposes an innovative method to generate ideas for resource-constrained
innovation. Since the existing approaches focus on case studies, regionalism and business models,
it must be further coupled with innovative methods or supported by concrete data. In addition,
the idea generation process that uses this method is proposed to assist designers and engineers in
performing technology development and product design. More specifically, this research aims to
create a resource-constrained innovation method (RCIM) that hybridize the morphological analysis
(MA) and TRIZ (TeopияPeшeния Изoбpeтaтeльcкиx Зaдaчin Russian; Theory of Inventive Problem
Solving in English). The RCIM is a heuristic process model and attempts to demonstrate the key role of
innovation methods in the process of NPD for ensuring ideas differentiation and facilitating creativity.
In doing so, the authors hope to offer a complete model of idea generation of resource-constrained
innovation, and thereby to help both academics and organizations to understand, to research, and to
manage better this fuzzy and important phase of the innovation process. The RCIM is illustrated by a
design case of Chinese coal-bed methane (CBM) extraction technology. In this way, our study makes
an important contribution to the emerging body of literature on resource-constrained innovation.
Moreover, the results have important implications for how the technology strategy and design choices
can be tailored to enhance the disruptive potential for resource-constrained innovation.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. We review the related literature in Section 2.
With the background, a research framework and an overall detailed process to develop the RCIM will
be explained in Section 3. To illustrate the feasibility of the proposed RCIM, a case study of Chinese
CBM extraction technology is conducted in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 discusses and summarizes the
paper, and illustrates its contribution and directions for future research.
2. Literature Review
The resource scarcity does not only affect innovation, but also starves certain users of much-needed
products at the BOP markets. Innovators facing the resource constraints are more likely to find the
creative analogies and combinations that would otherwise be hidden under a glut of resource [25].
Resource-constrained innovations have been recognized and described that innovation developed
in the emerging markets in a context characterized by the lower power of purchase, the lower
understanding of technology, and the lower investment resources [26]. Therefore, some concepts, such
as the frugal innovation [6], the disruptive innovation [8], the grassroots innovation [27], and the reverse
innovation [26] according to the characteristics of resource-constrained innovation. Nevertheless, how
to generate creative ideas to the NPD for resource-constrained innovation that meets the savings of
resource, time and cost, there is still a lack of innovation methods for this phenomenon.
From the perspective of sustainability, the NPD and creative ideas under resource-constrained
innovation cannot depend on the traditional innovation methods which advocate the over-engineered,
fully functioning, overall performance-optimized products by replacing or adding components to
solve technology problems [20,23]. Since Osborn’s brainstorming [28], many traditional innovation
methods have been employed to support innovations [29]. The existing innovation methods, such as
brainstorming [28], MA [30], checklists, axiomatic design (AD) [31], TRIZ [32], structured inventive
thinking (SIT), unified structured inventive thinking (USIT) [33,34], are introduced to primarily target
the traditional and mainstream innovations. Among them, MA and TRIZ are the most popular
innovation methods.
However, from the resource-constrained perspective, the MA is characterized by structuring a
system into independent partial systems and quickly finding answers by combining the different
solutions of these subsystems. However, the MA is a method to structure a problem rather than solve
it [35]. While the TRIZ focus on finding fundamental contradictions within a system, representing the
core problems, and solving them by applying the accumulated experiential knowledge of previous
inventors [36]. On the one hand, the basic idea of MA is that a subject is broken down into
several dimensions, through which the subject can be described as comprehensively and detailed
as possible [30,35,37]. The strength of this method lies in its ability to model the complex problems
in a non-quantitative manner. A general form of MA is developed as a method for structuring and
investigating the total set of relationships contained in multi-dimensional, non-quantifiable, problem
complexes and is applied to diverse fields. On the other hand, originated from the former Soviet
Union and developed in Europe and America, TRIZ won undivided admiration in Motorola, Chrysler,
Ford, GE and Samsung, etc. TRIZ was developed by Genrich S. Altschuller, who found that scientific
literature lacked a method for inventing new solutions [32]. Previous studies have demonstrated that
innovative methods were rarely applied alone; the hybrid method could improve the accuracy of
innovation [38]. Our research mainly makes MA and TRIZ inventive principles complement each
other and constructs the RCIM.
3. Proposed Method for Resource-Constrained Innovation
3.1. Research Concept

The mainstream innovation methods are not suitable for resource-constrained innovation because
they advocate over-engineered, fully functioning, overall performance-optimized, premium and
high-priced products [23]. We propose a novel innovation method based on a structured perspective of
MA and TRIZ to help designers in the process of product development under the resource-constrained
contexts. The proposed resource-constrained innovation method (RCIM) is the step-by-step processes
Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 23

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Figure 1. Research framework. DMC, Derwent manual code; DII, Derwent innovations index; TRIZ,
Figure 1. Research
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in English.
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in Russian, Theory of Inventive Problem Solving in
Figure 1. Research framework. DMC, DerwentEnglish.
manual code; DII, Derwent innovations index; TRIZ,
3.2.1. Module 1: Developing the Resource‐Constrained Innovation Approaches
Teоpия Peшeнияframework.
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4
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3.2.1. Module 1: Developing the Resource-Constrained
English. Innovation Approaches
Sustainability 2020, 12, 917
3.2.1. Module 1: Developing the Resource-Constrained Innovation Approaches 5 of 23
The resource-constrained innovation approach is a set of innovation tools to analyze non-typical

The resource‐constrained innovation approach is a set of innovation tools to analyze non‐typical
problem situations of resource-constraints and to provide effective solutions by using TRIZ inventive
problem situations of resource‐constraints and to provide effective solutions by using TRIZ inventive
principles. To develop
principles. To develop the
the resource‐constrained
resource-constrained innovation
innovation approaches,
approaches, Module
Module 1 1 contains
contains the
the
following detailed steps, as shown in Figure 2.
following detailed steps, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Detailed steps for developing the resource‐constrained innovation approaches.
Figure 2. Detailed steps for developing the resource-constrained innovation approaches.
First, we collected literature on resource-constrained innovation via systematic literature review

First, we collected literature on resource‐constrained innovation via systematic literature review
(SLR) [40,41]. We refer to [10,12,24,42,43], and created a search strategy where “resource-constrained
(SLR) [40,41]. We refer to [10,12,24,42,43], and created a search strategy where “resource‐constrained
innovation” or “frugal innovation” or “frugal engineering” or “Gandhian innovation” or “Jugaad” as main
innovation” or “frugal innovation” or “frugal engineering” or “Gandhian innovation” or “Jugaad” as main
search keywords. At least one of these keywords was retrieved in “title, keywords or abstract” in the
search keywords. At least one of these keywords was retrieved in “title, keywords or abstract” in the
following databases: Web of Science, ScienceDirect, IEEE Explore, EBSCO, Taylor & Francis, Wiley,
following databases: Web of Science, ScienceDirect, IEEE Explore, EBSCO, Taylor & Francis, Wiley,
SpringerLink, Emerald, and SSRN. We only collected papers that were written in English, and ere either
SpringerLink, Emerald, and SSRN. We only collected papers that were written in English, and ere
journal articles, conference papers, or working papers. The search was conducted in December 2018.
either journal articles, conference papers, or working papers. The search was conducted in December
Then,
2018. 468
Then, documents were searched
468 documents from above
were searched nine
from databases.
above Then we obtained
nine databases. Then we 468 documents
obtained 468
and read 468 authors or titles to remove 180 duplicates that appear in different databases. Second, we
documents and read 468 authors or titles to remove 180 duplicates that appear in different databases.
analyzed 288 remaining documents. We read abstracts and exclude 141 articles where the keywords
Second, we analyzed 288 remaining documents. We read abstracts and exclude 141 articles where the
are considered in the non-innovation or non-management domain. Besides, we found an additional
keywords are considered in the non‐innovation or non‐management domain. Besides, we found an
22 articles that are cited in the reviewed literature and supplement them. We ended up with 169
additional 22 articles that are cited in the reviewed literature and supplement them. We ended up
articles
with 169 onarticles
resource-constrained innovation.
on resource‐constrained Third, weThird,
innovation. read and
we searched
read and for abstracts,
searched for keywords,
abstracts,
definitions, and conclusions
keywords, definitions, and of 169 articlesof and
conclusions 169 get words,and
articles phrases, sentences,
get words, etc., associated
phrases, sentences, with
etc.,
the resource-constrained innovation. We were particularly interested in how resource-constrained
associated with the resource‐constrained innovation. We were particularly interested in how
innovation was successfully implemented. Then we obtained a total of 56 items for factors and
resource‐constrained innovation was successfully implemented. Then we obtained a total of 56 items
for factors and characteristics used in 169 articles, as summarized in the third column of Appendix A
Table A1. Forth, we searched for synonyms of 56 items via WordNet that uses sets of synonyms, and
provided many types of relationships among concepts [19]. We classified similar words or phrases
5
characteristics used in 169 articles, as summarized in the third column of Appendix A Table A1.
Forth, we searched for synonyms of 56 items via WordNet that uses sets of synonyms, and provided
many types of relationships among concepts [19]. We classified similar words or phrases according to
semantic similarity. Then, the resource-constrained ways and attributes were summarized by using
categories, as shown in the second column of Appendix A Table A1. Finally, we invite two experts
in the field of innovation methods. They matched the resource-constrained ways and attributes to
TRIZ inventive principles. Then we proposed eight resource-constrained innovation approaches that
are defined, as shown in Table 1. Each approach contained several TRIZ inventive principles and the
resource-constrained principles.
Table 1. Definition of resource-constrained innovation approaches.

Resource-Constrained
TRIZ Inventive Principles Resource-Constrained Principles
Innovation Approaches
Segmentation
Decomposition and removal
Taking out
approach
Universality
Local quality Local optimization principle which is defined to overcome a
Partial optimization approach Asymmetry system’s weak links and optimize the system state by
Partial or excessive actions improving local components.
Merging
Permutation and combination Nested doll
approach Preliminary anti-action
Intermediary
Copying
Cheap short-living objects
Mechanics substitution
Cheaper substitution principle is defined to reduce time,
Porous materials
materials and human effort by replacing with cheaper labour,
Substitution and changing Color changes materials and local services.
approach Parameter changes Theory substitution principle is defined to optimize system
Phase transitions efficiency by use of interchange of the light field, sound field,
Thermal expansion force field, electric field, magnetic field or mechanic field.
Strong oxidants
Inert atmosphere
Composite materials
Dynamics
Another dimension Re-use principle which is defined to make full use of waste
Dynamic approach Periodic action materials and energy or parts to provide service for the system
Continuity of useful action itself so as to maximize the use of system resources.
Skipping
Anti-weight
Turn Lemons into Lemonade
Self-service and balance approach Feedback
Self-service
Discarding and recovering
Friendliness and coordination Spheroidality-curvature Consistency principle which is defined to combine systematic
approach characteristics, allocate system resources to maintain
Homogeneity
consistency and achieve best system efficiency.
Self-Analysis principle is defined to load data processing
software into the system so that it can automatically analyze
Intellectualization approach
and process data to improve its decision-making speed.
Sharing principle is defined to share R&D knowledge or
information among innovators to control costs and accelerate
product design cycle.
Note: The definition of TRIZ inventive principles are in The TRIZ Journal.
3.2.2. Module 2: Developing the Resource-Constrained Innovation Dimensions

This paper aims to explore the process of NPD and design product architecture to foster
resource-constrained innovation under emerging markets or sustainability. Developing the
resource-constrained innovation dimensions mainly consists of three phases: Patents collection,
data analysis, and define dimensions. The detailed steps for developing the resource-constrained
innovation dimensions are shown in Figure 3.
This paper aims to explore the process of NPD and design product architecture to foster
resource‐constrained innovation under emerging markets or sustainability. Developing the resource‐
constrained innovation dimensions mainly consists of three phases: Patents collection, data analysis,
and define dimensions. The detailed steps for developing the resource‐constrained innovation
dimensions are shown in Figure 3.
Deciding what technology is suitable for resource-

constrained innovation
Selecting a target technology
Inviting technical experts and patent examiner
Creating a search strategy by opinion

Collecting patent documents in DII
Exporting full records from all patent documents in DII
Extracting DMCs from full records
Extracting and cleaning DMCs Arranging DMCs by occurrence frequency
Eliminating unrelated DMCs to the target technology
Constructing a DMCs co-occurrence matrix

Constructing a technology map
Generating a DMCs co-occurrence network
Clustering theme-related technological fields by degree

centrality measure
Clustering technology morphology
Defining technology morphologies and shapes
Defining resource-constrained innovation dimensions by

Matching innovation dimensions with experts' participation
target technology morphologies Developing a morphology matrix that consists of
dimensions and sub-dimensions

Figure 3. Detailed steps for developing the resource-constrained innovation dimensions.
Figure 3. Detailed steps for developing the resource‐constrained innovation dimensions.
First, it was necessary to investigate just what technology is suitable for resource-constrained
First, it was necessary to investigate just what technology is suitable for resource‐constrained
innovation. We invited both technical experts and patent examiner to select a target technology. They
innovation. We invited both technical experts and patent examiner to select a target technology. They
provided professional consultation of patent retrieval and analysis for the target technology. Second,
provided professional consultation of patent retrieval and analysis for the target technology. Second,
according
according to to experts’
experts’ opinion,
opinion, we
we created
created aa search
search strategy
strategy that
that is
is either
either topic,
topic, title,
title, or
or keywords
keywords
search from a patent database, such as Derwent innovations index (DII). DII collects
search from a patent database, such as Derwent innovations index (DII). DII collects a large number a large number
of the patents from more than 40 patent organizations all over the world. Patents are rewritten into
of the patents from more than 40 patent organizations all over the world. Patents are rewritten into
English for facilitating to classify patent information. Derwent selects their contents from the whole of
English for facilitating to classify patent information. Derwent selects their contents from the whole
patent documents and splits them up into chemical, mechanical and electric patents. We exported full
of patent documents and splits them up into chemical, mechanical and electric patents. We exported
records from from
full records all patent documents
all patent in DII. in
documents FullDII.
records
Full include
records patent
include number,
patent title, abstract,
number, title, inventors,
abstract,
International Patent Classification (IPC), Derwent Manual Code (DMC),
inventors, International Patent Classification (IPC), Derwent Manual Code (DMC), etc. etc.
In DII, all of patents were assigned a so-called Derwent class (a rough one letter, two-digit code).
Different areas of technology are then further classified, and patents get indexed deeper with what is
7
known as DMC. DMCs are applied to the inventive/significant features of an invention. The codes
are assigned by analysts who have specialist knowledge in each of technology areas with which they
are concerned. DMCs are superior to the International Patent Classification (IPC) in several ways,
which are the best known and most widely spread classification of patents. DMCs are more clearly
worded (they call a mobile phone a mobile phone), they are much more up to date with respect to the
latest technology (e.g., many fields to do with automotive electrics), and they are much more detailed
in many areas [44]. Third, DMCs are extracted from full records of the collected patent documents.
Derwent Data Analyzer (DDA), a patent analysis tool, is used for DMCs extraction, grouping and
cleansing. DMCs are arranged in accordance with occurrence frequency preferentially. Frequency is an
indicator that reflects the major innovation elements of the target technology. The occurrence frequency
of DMCs is the number of times a DMC appears in all patents. Then, unrelated DMCs are eliminated
according to technical experts’ opinion. Forth, a DMCs co-occurrence matrix is constructed by use of
DDA. If two DMCs appear in the same patent, then the two DMCs have a relationship of co-occurrence.
The co-occurrence represents the important relationship among these innovation elements in each
patent. Then a technology map based on the DMCs co-occurrence matrix is constructed by using social
network analysis in a software Ucinet that is a software package for the analysis of social network
data. Ucinet comes with a Netdraw network visualization tool. Fifth, the technology map is a symbolic
representation of technological fields that are associated with relevant themes. Technological fields are
positioned on the map so that similar fields are situated nearby.
These technological fields contribute significantly to divide innovation dimensions. Then, several
technology morphologies and shapes are clustered by means of degree centrality measure in Netdraw
software. Moreover, the target technology morphologies and shapes are defined by the use of
MA. The idea of MA is to break the subject down into a number of fundamental dimensions that
describe the subject as completely as necessary [35]. MA begins by identifying and defining the
dimensions of the problem complex to be investigated, and assigning each parameter a range of
relevant “values” or conditions [37]. In this sense, MA provides a strong advantage in structuring
and analyzing technological, organizational and social problems by breaking the subject down into a
number of fundamental dimensions [35,45]. In the existing literature, Yoon and Park (2007) described
a morphology matrix of a patent as four dimensions: Material, forming process, bonding process and
form [46]. Yoon and Park (2005) exemplified a morphology matrix of a specific patent as five dimensions:
Process, Energy, Structure, Function and Material [47]. Duczynski (2017) summarize security and
law enforcement capabilities into seven dimensions: Decision-making, leadership, Resources, Ethos
and professional practice, Capability objectives, Interactions and relationships, Security and law
enforcement architecture [48]. Therefore, in the last step, we suggest a morphology matrix that consists
of several dimensions through the above-mentioned co-occurrence, clustering, network analysis, MA,
and experts’ participation. The use of DMC-based MA generates a large number of dimensions and
shapes compared to traditional MA. Then, we match the resource-constrained innovation dimensions
with the target technology morphologies. The various shapes of each morphology are categorized as
sub-dimensions of each resource-constrained innovation dimensions.
3.2.3. Module 3: Generating Creative Ideas

We create an innovative matrix to solve how to generate creative ideas for new product development
for the resource-constrained innovation. We can learn matrix thinking mode in TRIZ contradiction
matrix and MA [30,37]. For any object to be innovated, the resource-constrained innovation problems or
demands can be solved or satisfied by means of combining corresponding innovation dimensions and
suitable resource-constrained innovation approaches to get a resource-constrained innovation solution.
The resource-constrained innovation problem’s analytical framework is shown in Figure 4. In the
resource-constrained innovation matrix, the vertical coordinate represents the innovation dimension,
and the resource-constrained innovation approach is in the horizontal coordinate. The intersections
in the matrix between the innovation dimension and approach are creative ideas. In the face of
inventive problems of resource-constrained innovation, innovators choose innovation dimensions
of target technology firstly. Then innovators select the resource-constrained innovation approaches
to solve the resource-constrained innovation’s inventive problems. Detailed solving procedures of
resource-constrained innovation are discussed as follows. First, a core technology problem of the
resource-constrained innovation needs is defined. The innovation needs can be a technology or product.
For example, if a firm wants to develop a new technology under resource-constraints contexts or
emerging markets, the core problem should be a technology conflict that cannot satisfy the savings of
resource, time and cost. Second, the resource-constrained innovation dimensions and sub-dimensions
are chosen after defining the core technology problem. In the case of choosing dimensions, domain
experts’ participation is necessary to decompose the constituents of the target technology, thus, can
be used for dimensions of morphology. Third, after identifying dimensions, one should combine
each dimension with the eight resource-constrained innovation approaches, respectively, and generate
creative ideas. The creative ideas are the foundation of next-step solution analysis, such as NPD
technology under resource‐constraints contexts or emerging markets, the core problem should be a
technology conflict that cannot satisfy the savings of resource, time and cost. Second, the resource‐
constrained innovation dimensions and sub‐dimensions are chosen after defining the core
technology problem. In the case of choosing dimensions, domain experts’ participation is necessary
to decompose the constituents of the target technology, thus, can be used for dimensions of
morphology. Third, after identifying dimensions, one should combine each dimension with the eight
resource‐constrained innovation approaches, respectively, and generate creative ideas. The creative
ideas are the
and patent foundation
application. If of next‐step
creative ideassolution
cannot analysis,
be reachedsuch
via as
theNPD
above and patent innovators
process, application.
can If
creative innovation
re-define ideas cannot be reached
dimensions fromvia the above
a different process, and
perspective innovators can
re-start the re‐define innovation
introduction of creative
dimensions from a different perspective and re‐start the introduction of creative ideas. Module 3 is
ideas. Module 3 is to have comprehensive thinking of the resource-constrained innovation problems
to have comprehensive thinking of the resource‐constrained innovation problems from a systematic
from a systematic perspective. It enables a problem solver of resource-constrained innovation to get
perspective.
deeper into the It problem
enables a problem
and solver of resource‐constrained
better understand a process to match theinnovation to get deeper into
resource-constrained the
innovation
problem and better understand a process to match the resource‐constrained innovation approaches
approaches to innovation dimensions of the matrix.
to innovation dimensions of the matrix.

Figure The resource‐constrained
Figure 4.4. The resource-constrained innovation
innovation problem’s
problem’s analytical framework.After
analytical framework.After the the
abovementioned three modules, the creative ideas are evaluated by three criteria, such as
abovementioned three modules, the creative ideas are evaluated by three criteria, such as substantial substantial
cost cost reduction,
reduction, concentrationon
concentration oncore
functionalities, and optimized
and optimized performance
performance levellevel
[23]. [23].
First,First,
concerning criterion 1, the resource-constrained innovations have a significantly lower purchase
concerning criterion 1, the resource‐constrained innovations have a significantly lower purchase price
or lower total cost of ownership from a customer perspective. Second, the criterion 2 is not a way to
price or lower total cost of ownership from a customer perspective. Second, the criterion 2 is not a
reduce costs. Concentrating on core functionalities can also have the purpose of making a product easy
way to reduce costs. Concentrating on core functionalities can also have the purpose of making a
to use, of saving resources, of having a lower impact on the environment, and of meeting a specific
product easy to use, of saving resources, of having a lower impact on the environment, and of
lifestyle or consumer behavior. Third, in view of criterion 3, the resource-constrained innovations must
meeting a specific lifestyle or consumer behavior. Third, in view of criterion 3, the resource‐
meet the performance level that is needed for its actual purpose and the local conditions, covering the
constrained innovations must meet the performance level that is needed for its actual purpose and
performance of all functionalities and engineering characteristics, such as speed, power, durability, and
the local conditions, covering the performance of all functionalities and engineering characteristics,
accuracy. Agarwal and Brem (2017) also acknowledged that higher focus is required on exploring the
such as speed, power, durability, and accuracy. Agarwal and Brem (2017) also acknowledged that
principles of resource-constrained innovation for designing a solution with minimal use of resources to
higher focus is required on exploring the principles of resource‐constrained innovation for designing
attain core functionalities and optimal performance [49].
a solution with minimal use of resources to attain core functionalities and optimal performance [49].
4. Illustrative Example: Idea Generation for CBM Extraction Technology in China
4. Illustrative Example: Idea Generation for CBM Extraction Technology in China
4.1. Background
4.1. Background
To illustrate the process of executing and utilizing the proposed RCIM, we will provide a case
of Chinese coal-bed methane (CBM) extraction technology. China is rich in coal resources and has
To illustrate the process of executing and utilizing the proposed RCIM, we will provide a case
become the largest coal producer and consumer in the world [50]. In the process of coal mining, gas
of Chinese coal‐bed methane (CBM) extraction technology. China is rich in coal resources and has
accidents, which are usually caused by gas explosions and outbursts, are still threatening miners’
become the largest coal producer and consumer in the world [50]. In the process of coal mining, gas
lives [51,52].
accidents, The CBM extraction
which are usually technology
caused is the main
by gas explosions measure
and affecting safety
outbursts, are still production
threatening and
miners’
reducing greenhouse gas emissions in coal mines. Therefore, the research and application of CBM
extraction technology is a key technical problem in a Chinese coal mine. The successful creation,
9
development, and commercialization of a resource-constrained innovation require proximity to the
local markets throughout the value chain, team formulation, and marketing [49]. Chinese CBM
extraction technology is a prime example of how the RCIM can play a significant role in generating
creative ideas for resource-constrained innovation. We follow Weyrauch and Herstatt (2016) [23], and
use three criteria to determine that Chinese CBM extraction technology can be developed by the RCIM.
Firstly, criterion 1 for resource-constrained innovation is substantial cost reduction. This criterion
must always be met from a customer perspective. China is a developing country and an emerging market.
Chinese coal mines have high production costs and frequent gas accidents for the following reasons.
Coal-beds in most Chinese coal mines have local characteristics, such as micro porosity [53], low gas
permeability [54], and high gas adsorption. However, conventional CBM extraction technologies have
many limitations, such as high rock-drivage costs and high drilling requirements, consequently leading
to high extraction cost [55]. It is necessary to adjust CBM extraction technology to localization and
emerging market in terms of cost savings and security. Concerning criterion 1, the resource-constrained
innovations of Chinese CBM extraction technology should meet a significantly lower purchase price or
lower total cost of ownership for the emerging market.
Secondly, criterion 2 for resource-constrained innovation is the concentration on core functionalities.
Historically, CBM problems lead to high intensity research efforts, large expenditures, determined
attempts to control gas, and extensive drainage time [55,56]. Especially Chinese unsuccessful CBM
extraction technology is attributed to the lack of sufficient training and support, experienced operators
and adequate maintenance provision [55]. Concentrating on core functionalities can also have the
purpose of making a product or service easy to use [57], of saving resources and of saving time.
Thirdly, criterion 3 for resource-constrained innovation is optimized performance level. Coal
resources are widely distributed and deeply mined in China [55,58]; the differentiation of CBM
extraction technology is huge. It needs to respond to customer’s requirements quickly. Concerning
criterion 3, the resource-constrained innovations of Chinese CBM extraction technology should meet
the performance level that is needed for its actual purpose and the local conditions, covering the
performance of all functionalities and engineering characteristics.
In view of this, we will apply the proposed RCIM to develop CBM extraction technologies for
preventing gas outbursts in Chinese coal mines. Before data collection, three researchers in the field
of CBM and one patent examiner from the patent examination department are invited. Three CBM
researchers come from China University of Mining and Technology (CUMT) and Henan Coal Society
(HCS). One patent examiner comes from the Intellectual Property Office of China (SIPO). The above
four experts provide professional consultation of patent retrieval and analysis for this research.
4.2. Patents Data Collection and Preprocessing

In the data collection phase, according to experts’ opinion, we create a search strategy “TS=
(coalbed OR coal-bed OR coal bed) AND TS= (gas OR methane) AND TS= (extraction OR drainage OR
mining OR exploitation OR control)” in DII databases from 1963 to 2018. The search was conducted
in February 2019. Then we collected 1588 patent documents and exported full records that were
downloaded on February 22, 2019 (contact the author at zfliu@shmtu.edu.cn for getting data set). In the
data preprocessing phase, DMCs are extracted from 1588 patent documents. Most patents contained
more than one DMC, such as patent US20180087368A1 which contained seven DMCs, as follows:
H01-B03B3, H01-C01, H01-C10, H01-D04, H01-D12, Q49-A, and Q49-V35. With the splitting, cleansing
and grouping of 1588 patents, 1037 independent DMCs were arranged in accordance with occurrence
frequency. We invited three CBM experts who analyzed 1037 DMCs, one by one, and eliminated
910 unrelated DMCs. For example, they suggested eliminating general terms so that Q49-V28 is
expressed as “Coal”, A12-W10 as “Mining, oil wells”, and X25-D02 as “Mining (Covers rock or ground
testing)”, etc. In addition, we removed some drilling and measuring equipment, such as Q49-C05,
Q49-H, X27-A03, H01-C11, H01-D12, and H01-C06, etc. After patents preprocessing, cleaning and
consolidation, we finally achieved 127 DMCs covering “CBM extraction technology”. Then, 127 DMCs
are constructed into a 127 × 127 co-occurrence matrix, as shown in Table 2. The cater-corner represent
occurrence frequencies of single DMC, and the rest of intersections express the number of patents
where two DMCs appear together.
4.3. Technology Map Construction and Clustering

After data preprocessing, a DMC co-occurrence network is generated based on the co-occurrence
matrix by using the Netdraw network visualization tool, as shown in Figure 5. The network shows all
127 DMCs by means of degree centrality measure that represents technological distances and groups
of technologies in each of the technological areas. Label and color related settings are adjusted to
produce a reasonably clear map and facilitate its examination. The technology map suggests three
broad technology morphologies of the CBM extraction technology. The left side of the map represents
extraction modes which contain ten shapes, such as drilling, fracturing or fracking, water flooding,
vibrations, thermal or heating, using bacteria, blasting, pressure and separation, chemical methods,
and cutting. The right part of the map is materials of displacing CBM, such as steam, noble gas,
CO2 , N2 , bacteria or microorganisms, and other drilling fluids. The upper portion of the map is
primarily concerned with locations of CBM extraction. In Figure 5. The red ellipses in the technology
map indicate ten shapes of technology morphology for CBM extraction modes (represented by a red
rectangle). The purple ellipses in the technology map indicate five shapes of technology morphology
for CBM extraction materials (represented by a purple rectangle). The locations of CBM extraction are
framed by a blue rectangle. Because the automated method has a limitation in that it may fail to reflect
the intrinsic features of technology, this process must be supported by domain experts. In this regard,
the technology map can help experts define the morphology of technology [47].
Table 2. 127 × 127 DMCs co-occurrence matrix of Chinese coal-bed methane (CBM)
extraction technology.
H01-B03B3 H01-C03 H01-D03 --- X25-E03 --- H01-D13 --- X25-L01A

H01-B03B3 127 7 23 3 1 0
H01-C03 7 87 10 1 0 0
H01-D03 23 10 63 1 0 0
.. ..
. .
X25-E03 3 1 1 24 0 1
.. ..
. .
H01-D13 1 0 0 0 5
.. ..
. .
X25-L01A 0 0 0 1 0 1
Q49-E01
S02-A08C Q49-E
S02-A10F
Space
dimension ⅰ
S02-A08B J01-E
E31-J ⅱ
C05-C04
D04-A01J H01-D13 ⅲ E31-N05C
H01-D06C
6
H01-C03 C05-C01
2 s03-E07C
ⅳ E31-H03
A12-W10C a12-W10B 4 s02-J08
s03-C01B
Q49-B01D
S03-C10
S03-C04 7 B04-F01
s03-C01C5 Q79-A09
s01-D07A
h01-A02C h01-A01A
s03-C01X
A12-W11L
b04-F10
ⅴ
X25-E02 B11-A01A
h01-A01
S03-C01A s03-E08X
p43-A B11-C08E1
S03-C05 X24-D08A J01-E03
Q56-C01 H01-C05
V06-V01N S03-F06B
h01-B03 3 X25-E03
8 H06-X02
J01-E03C
J01-E03E
H06-X01
A12-W10A
h01-B03A1
H01-B04
H01-B03C2
Q49-C03 H01-D06
h01-D03 q75-F h01-D07
E11-Q01B
ⅵ
H01-B03C1 H09-A H01-B06A
H04-E04 J01-G02
1 h01-B03A3
h01-B03B2
X25-L03A
H01-D06B
H01-D04 J01-E03D c05-C08 a05-G01E2
h01-B03B3 H01-B06
h01-B S03-C02B S03-C02X
S03-C02A
H01-B05A J01-E02B A08-S02
H01-B05 V03-C06A
H01-B03C3 h01-A02A S03-C07A J04-E04
t01-J15H
H01-B05B
h01-B03A S01-E01
h01-B03A2 X25-B X25-B04
H01-B03B S03-E04
h01-B03B1 H01-D08
A11-A05A T06-D12
X25-E01
X25-E
A11-C01A X25-B01H
S03-E01
9
E11-N E11-Q01 Material dimension
E11-Q01A
W05-D07H
q49-B01B
q49-A01A
h01-B03C
5 X25-C02
X25-B02B X25-L01A j04-X H01-D09
x25-B02 q74-A02A D04-A01P1
V04-T03J
X25-C X24-D03
Mechanism dimension Q49-B01C
10

Figure 5. DMC mapping and clustering.
Figure 5. DMC mapping and clustering.
4.4. Defining the Resource-Constrained Innovation Dimensions

4.4. Defining the Resource‐Constrained Innovation Dimensions
Next,
Next, wewe invite
invite three
three CBM CBM experts
experts in thein field
the of
field
CBM of extraction
CBM extraction
to defineto innovation
define innovation
dimensions
dimensions
that that with
are matched are matched with CBM
CBM extraction extraction
technology technology morphologies.
morphologies. The innovation The innovation are
dimensions
dimensions are developed by text analysis from the DMCs on existing technology and by experts’
participation [19,59]. This research suggests that the CBM extraction technology is multi‐dimensional
with three perspectives: Mechanism, material and space. As shown in Figure 6.
 The mechanism dimension focuses on basic physical, chemical or biological effects that release
pressure and gas in the coal‐bed.
 The material dimension includes solid states, liquid states and gas states.
with three perspectives: Mechanism, material and space. As shown in Figure 6.
 The mechanism dimension focuses on basic physical, chemical or biological effects that release
pressure and gas in the coal‐bed.
 The material dimension includes solid states, liquid states and gas states.
 The space dimension focuses on the location sub‐dimension that represents the location from
where the CBM extraction technology is carried out. The locations, including ground, coal
reservoir, surrounding rock and tunnel above/below the coal‐bed.
developed by text analysis from the DMCs on existing technology and by experts’ participation [19,59].
Figure 6 shows the list of DMCs and sub‐dimensions for three innovation dimensions. The sub‐
This research suggests that the CBM extraction technology is multi-dimensional with three perspectives:
dimensions are represented by numerical symbols in Figure 5. Each sub‐dimension includes one or
Mechanism, material and space. As shown in Figure 6.
more DMCs.
CBM extraction technology
Innovation dimension: Mechanism dimension (Me) Material dimension (Ma) Space dimension (S)
Sub-dimension: MeD MeF MeW MeV MeT MeU MeB MeR MeM MeC MaS MaG MaC MaN MaB MaF MaW SC SG SS ST
H01-B05A, H01-D06, H01-D08, Q49-B01D, H01-D09, H01-D06B H01-D06C, B04-F10, A12-W10A, H01-B03C (subsurface), Q49-E01
Representative DMCs: W05-D07H, H01-C05 X25-B04, Q79-A09 D04-A01P1, E31-N05C, B04-F01 H01-B06A (Surface), S02-A08B, S02-A08C
X25-E X25-B01H, J04-X C05-C04
H01-C03, P43-A, X25-B02B H01-D13, H01-D04, Q49-B01C H01-D06B C05-C01,
Q56-C01 S02-J08, B11-C08E1 H01-D07, E31-H03
Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW S03-C01A V03-C06A 4 of 23
Abbreviations in the figure: Drilling (MeD), Fracturing, fracking (MeF), Water flooding (MeW), Vibrations (MeV), Thermal, heating
(MeT), Using bacteria (MeU), Blasting (MeB), Replacement (MeR), Chemical methods (MeM), Cutting (MeC), Steam (MaS), Noble
step-by-step processes
Sustainability 2020, 12, x FORfor a non-typical problem, which is considered as an epitome of the whole
gas PEER
(MaG), CO 2 (MaC), N2 (MaN), Bacteria, microorganisms (MaB), Other fracking fluids (MaF), Water (MaW), Coal reservoir (SC4
REVIEW of 23 ),
Ground (SG), Surrounding rock (SS), and Tunnel above/below the coal-bed (ST).
Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW
process. Unlike some of the literature where grassroots innovation
4 of 23
is based on learning
step-by-step processes
Figure 6. by doing
for
Linking a and
non-typical
innovation improvising
problem,
dimensions by trials
which
and DMCs [39],
is we consider
considered
of
Figure 6. Linking innovation dimensions and DMCs of CBM extraction technology. CBM as
extractionanthat the
epitome RCIM
technology. of must
the whole be
taken into
step-by-step account
resource-constrained the following
processesinnovation issues:
process.problem,
for a non-typical Unlike some which of the literature where
is considered grassroots
as an epitome ofinnovation
the whole

is A
basedThe mechanism
method
on to layby
learning
resource-constrained dimension
emphasis
doing and
innovation focuses
on the on
savings
improvising
process. basic
Unlike physical,
ofbyresource,
some trials chemical
time
[39],
of the weand orcost
biological
consider
literature whereinthat
the effects
process
the RCIM
grassroots that release
of must
product
innovation be
taken pressure
development
into and
account gas
under
the in the
following coal-bed.
issues: context and sustainability;
is based on learning by doing and improvising by trials [39], we consider that the RCIM must be

takenA The
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
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
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 deduce
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 Figure
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3.2.
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The detailed process
Sustainability 2020, 12, 917 the RCIM is shown ininnovation Figure 1, and approaches.
the framework is13 of 23
mainly
3.2. Research
composed Framework
of three modules. ToCBMbeginExtraction
with, before the main modules start, literature documents on
4.5. Generating Creative Ideas for Technology
3.2.4.5. Generating Creative Ideas for CBM Extraction Technology
Research
The detailedFramework
resource-constrained processinnovation are retrieved
for developing the RCIMfromisjournal
showndatabases,
in Figure 1,and andpatents are collected
the framework from
is mainly
After defining the target technology’s innovation dimensions and identifying sub-dimensions for
patent
composed databases. In
of threeprocessthe
modules. first module, the
To begin with, resource-constrained
beforeisthe innovation
maininmodules
Figure 1,start,
TheAfter defining the target technology’s innovation dimensions and identifying sub‐dimensions
detailed for developing the RCIM shown approaches
and theliterature are developed
documents
framework is mainly on
each dimension. The heterogeneity combination of innovation dimensions and approaches significantly
to deduce
for each creative
composed ofdimension. ideas
three modules. based
innovation
The To on aresuccess
begin retrieved
heterogeneity factors,
with,combination
before characteristics,
from the
journal
main databases,
modules
of innovation attributes
and
start, and ways
patents are
literature
dimensions of resource-
collected
and documents
approaches from on
affects the result of the creative ideas generation. The recombination of multiple innovation dimensions
constrained
patent databases.
significantly innovation
In the
affects the and
first TRIZ
module,
result of inventive
the
the principles.
creative ideas In the second
innovation
generation.
resource-constrained innovation are retrieved from journal databases, and patents are collected from The module,
approaches
recombination the
are
of innovation
developed
multiple
similar to MA is hard to apply to ideas extension, which is achieved through differentiation and
dimensions
patent are categorized
databases. Inideas
the firstbasedto structure
on success
module, thefactors,
targeting technology
characteristics,
the resource-constrained by
innovation dimensions similar to MA is hard to apply to ideas extension, which is achieved through
to deduce creative means
attributes
innovation of
andMA
approaches and
ways areoftechnology
resource-
developed
heterogeneity. While differentiation is related to the extension of sub-dimensions, and heterogeneity
map
to basedcreative
deduce on collected
innovationideas patents.
and
basedTRIZ on Insuccess
the third
inventive module, the creative
principles.
factors, ideas are
differentiation and heterogeneity. While differentiation is related to the extension of sub‐dimensions,
constrained In the second
characteristics, attributes generated
module,
and ways the offor NPD by
innovation
resource-
is concerned
and with theis upgrading
heterogeneity concerned and
with conversion
the upgrading of dimensions
and through
conversion of the resource-constrained
dimensions through
combining
dimensions innovation
are categorized dimensions
to with
structure the
the resource-constrained
constrained innovation and TRIZ inventive principles. In the second module, the innovation byinnovation
means of approaches.
MA and Inthe
technology this
innovation approaches.innovation
resource‐constrained To addressapproaches.
this defect, this To researchthis
address alsodefect,
providesthis multipath
research procedures
also provides for
module,
map based
dimensions a resource-constrained
on
arecollected
categorized patents. innovation
In
to structurethe third matrix
module,istechnology
the targeting designed
the creativefor problem-solving
ideas
by meansare of MA andof
generated for resource-
NPD by
technology
themultipath procedures for the creative ideas generation, as shown in Figure 7. Thus, the creative ideas
creative ideas generation, as shown in Figure 7. Thus, the creative ideas for CBM extraction
constrained
combining
map innovation
based innovation
on by
collecteddimensionstaking In
patents. advantage
withthird
the theofmodule,
matrix thinking.
the creative Finally, after
innovation
ideas theapproaches.
main modules,
are generated for NPD the
In thisby
technology proliferate.
for CBM extraction technology proliferate.
creative ideas are evaluated
module, a resource-constrained
combining innovation dimensions by three criteria,
innovation
with the matrix such as substantial cost
is designed forinnovation
resource-constrained reduction,
problem-solvinga concentration
of resource-
approaches. In thison
constrained
module, innovation andby
a resource-constrained antaking
optimized performance
advantage
innovation of matrix
matrix level [23]. Finally,
isthinking.
designed after the main modules,
for problem-solving of resource- the
creative ideas are evaluated by three criteria, such as substantial
constrained innovation by taking advantage of matrix thinking. Finally, after the main modules, the cost reduction, a concentration on
creative and an optimized
ideas are evaluated performance
by three criteria, such as level [23].
substantial cost reduction, a concentration on

Figure 7. Multipath procedures for the creative ideas generation of CBM extraction technology.
Figure 7. Multipath procedures for the creative ideas generation of CBM extraction technology.
Figure 7 shows that after innovation dimensions for CBM extraction technology are identified,
the sub‐dimensions of each innovation dimension are first combined internally. For example, Patent
No. CN102022134B shows a combination of three mechanism sub‐dimensions: Drilling, fracking and
vibrations. Patent No. CN106121604B indicates a technique to remove CBM using two hybrid
material sub‐dimensions: CO2 and modified water. If combinations between sub‐dimensions can
generate ideas that are absent from the existing patents database, these are selected as new ideas. If
not, users can identify and investigate the total set of possible relationships or “configurations”
Figure 7 shows that after innovation dimensions for CBM extraction technology are identified,
the sub-dimensions of each innovation dimension are first combined internally. For example, Patent
No. CN102022134B shows a combination of three mechanism sub-dimensions: Drilling, fracking
and vibrations. Patent No. CN106121604B indicates a technique to remove CBM using two hybrid
material sub-dimensions: CO2 and modified water. If combinations between sub-dimensions can
generate ideas that are absent from the existing patents database, these are selected as new ideas. If not,
users can identify and investigate the total set of possible relationships or “configurations” contained
in the CBM extraction technology by using MA, as shown in Figure 8a. Similarly, if combinations
between dimensions can generate ideas that are absent from the existing patents database, these are
also selected as creative ideas. If not, users can obtain upgraded sub-dimensions by making use
of the resource-constrained innovation approaches and repeat the first procedure. The process of
upgrading sub-dimensions and re-generating creative ideas are as shown in Figure 8b. The detailed
steps from original ideas to updated ideas for CBM extraction technology are shown in Figure 9.
First, we choose the CBM extraction technology and define the core problem. Then we analyze the
problem is analyzed and determine the innovation dimensions. We obtain several original ideas of
CBM extraction technology by use of the resource-constrained innovation approaches according to
multipath procedures in Figure 7. Next, we choose one original idea that is very difficult to satisfy the
requirement and continue to define the core problem of this original idea. Finally, we repeat the above
steps until obtaining updating ideas via the resource-constrained innovation approaches.
Creative ideas relationship:

f
Original ideas Updated ideas
dimension
dimension
Material
Material
f={Decomposition and removal, Partial optimization, Permutation and
combination, Substitution and changing, Dynamic algorithm, Self-
service and balance, Friendliness and coordination, Intellectualization}
Bacteria Bacteria
Tunnel above/below
Tunnel above/below
N2 N2
Surrounding rock
Surrounding rock
Coal reservoir
Coal reservoir
CO2 CO2
the coal-bed
the coal-bed
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(a) (b)
Figure 8. Generating creative ideas for CBM extraction technology. (a): Original Ideas, (b):
Figure 8. Generating creative ideas for CBM extraction technology. (a): Original Ideas, (b): Updated
Updated Ideas. Ideas.
The CBM extraction technology
Defining the core problem
Determining the innovation dimension

Original ideas using resource-constrained
innovation approaches
Choosing ideas for updating

Updated ideas using resource-constrained
Figure 9. Detailed steps from original ideas to updated ideas for CBM extraction technology.
sio is
sio is
en n
en n
n
n
m ha
m ha
di ec
di ec
M
M
(a) (b)
Figure 8. Generating creative ideas for CBM extraction technology. (a): Original Ideas, (b): Updated
Ideas.
The CBM extraction technology
Determining the innovation dimension

Original ideas using resource-constrained
Choosing ideas for updating

Updated ideas using resource-constrained
Figures 8 and 9 delineate examples of differentiation and heterogeneity for the CBM extraction
Figures 8 and 9 delineate examples of differentiation and heterogeneity for the CBM extraction
technology development. This research shows updated ideas compared to original ideas by using the
technology development. This research shows updated ideas compared to original ideas by using the
resource-constrained innovation approaches, as shown in Table 3.
resource‐constrained innovation approaches, as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Updated ideas vs. original ideas for CBM extraction technology.
Table 3. Updated ideas vs. original ideas for CBM extraction technology.
Example Updated Ideas Resource-Constrained Approaches
Resource‐Constrained Original Ideas
Original
Example Updated Ideas
(1) substitute MeD with MeC + SC Approaches
Dynamic, Substitution, Removal MeD + Ma W + SC
Ideas
combine MeF with Me U + mix C + SC
Dynamic, Substitution, MeD + MaW
(1) substitute Me D with Me Combination, Friendliness
(2) environment-friendly MaB in MaF + SG Removal MeF + Ma F+
+ S C SG
combine MeMe
simultaneous F with Me
F in U + mix environment‐
adjacent Wells + Combination, Friendliness MeF + MaF +
Self-service
(2) MaF + SG B in MaF + SG
friendly Ma
SG
simultaneous Me
Me F in adjacent Wells + MaF + SG
D with remote intelligent monitoring
Self‐service
Intellectualization
(3) system + MaW + SG
MeD with remote intelligent monitoring system MeD + MaW + SG
Intellectualization
+ Ma + S
MeD horizontal Wells in SC and MeD
W G MeD + MaW
(3) Partial optimization, Combination
vertical Wells from SG + MaWC+
MeD horizontal Wells in S SC , SG D vertical
and Me Partial optimization, + SG
MeR + material is partially optimized to
Wells from S G + Ma W + S C, S G Combination
(4) Partial optimization MeR + MaN + SC
liquid N2 + SC
14
4.6. Validation in China

Whether the applicability of the suggested RCIM conforms to resource-constrained innovation
needs to be validated. This section mainly explains the updated ideas in Table 3 and evaluates these
ideas by the resource-constrained criteria. We take (1) for example and explain it in detail under
emerging markets. In China, current technologies for extracting CBM during coal excavation are
drilling through the coal reservoir to decompression [54,55,60]. Due to the relatively large area, a large
number of drilling holes are needed to guarantee the effects, thus, enlarging construction period, cost,
project quantity and workload [52]. It needs to adjust technologies to localization and meet the savings
of resource, time and cost. Figure 10 shows the analysis process of Example (1).
ideas by the resource‐constrained criteria. We take (1) for example and explain it in detail under
emerging markets. In China, current technologies for extracting CBM during coal excavation are
drilling through the coal reservoir to decompression [54,55,60]. Due to the relatively large area, a
large number of drilling holes are needed to guarantee the effects, thus, enlarging construction
period, cost, project quantity and workload [52]. It needs to adjust technologies to localization and
meet the savings of resource, time and cost. Figure 10 shows the analysis process of Example (1).

Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW
Figure 10. The analysis process of Example (1).
Figure 10. The analysis process of Example (1). 4 of 23
step-by-step
The coreprocesses
problem isfor thata non-typical
the coal reservoirs problem, havewhich is area,
a large considered
but need
The core problem is that the coal reservoirs have a large area, but need a huge number of voids as aan
hugeepitome
number of of
thevoids
whole to
release innovation process.
CBM. It involves a coal reservoir (SC ) sub-dimension
to release CBM. It involves a coal reservoir (S Unlike some of the literature where grassroots
in space dimension. Three original ideas
C) sub‐dimension in space dimension. Three original
innovation
is
arebased on learning
generated by combiningby doing
ideas are generated by combining S SC and
withCimprovising by trials [39],innovation
the resource-constrained we consider
with the resource‐constrained innovation approaches. that the RCIM must be
approaches.
taken
 into account
Using multiple thesmall‐sized
following issues: drills to work at the same time. We combine the SC with the
 AUsing
method multiple
to lay small-sized
emphasis ondrills to work
the savings of at the same
resource, time time.
decomposition and removal approach. Thus, the segmentation principle divides an object into We combine
and cost in the processthe SCof with the
product
decomposition
development and removal approach. Thus, the segmentation principle divides an object into
independent under parts and resource-constraints
makes it easy to context and sustainability;
disassemble. We can decompose the large‐diameter
 Aindependent
method to partson
focus and makes itcreative
generating easy to ideas
disassemble.
for NPD; We can decompose the large-diameter
drilling equipment into multiple small‐sized drills to work at the same time. The small‐sized
 Adrilling
method equipment
to put into multiple
emphasis small-sized
on drills
problem-solving to work
of at the same time. The small-sized
drills mean compact and portable, easy to maintenance and replacement, ease to transportation innovationdrills by
mean compact
integrating
[61]. This
Sustainability 2020, 12,the and portable,
advantages
original
x FOR idea
PEER
easy
is ofalready
REVIEW TRIZ andto maintenance
a MA; and replacement, ease to transportation
resource‐constrained end‐solution for Chinese 4 CBM [61].
of 23
 AThis original
structured idea
method is already
to develop a resource-constrained
innovation dimensions end-solution
from for
existing
extraction technology. Using multiple small‐sized drills can largely shorten the construction Chinese
patent CBM extraction
documents and
technology.
deduce
step-by-step creativeUsingideas multiple
by means small-sized
of drills can
resource-constrained largely shorten
innovation
processes for a non-typical problem, which is considered as an epitome of the whole
period and cut cost compared with the large‐diameter drilling equipment. Resource‐constrained the construction
approaches. period and
cut cost compared
innovation has been with
innovation the large-diameter
process.
achieved. Unlike
There drilling
is no some equipment.
of theon
analysis Resource-constrained
literature
developing where the grassroots
small‐sized innovation
innovation
drilling
3.2.based
is Research
has been
on Framework
achieved.
learning by
equipment in this article. There
doing is
and no analysis
improvising on developing
by trials [39], the
we small-sized
consider drilling
that the equipment
RCIM must be in
taken
 The this article.
intodetailed
accountprocess
the following issues: the RCIM is shown in Figure 1, and the framework is mainly
Applying chemical, physical or biological reactions to make the coal‐bed internal self‐cracking.
for developing
 AApplying
method
We combine
composed
Sustainability 2020,
chemical,
to lay
12, xSmodules.
of three C with
FOR
physical
emphasis
PEERthe on or the
biological
Tosubstitution
REVIEWbegin savings
with, reactions
and
before the to
ofchanging
resource, make
main time theand
approach.
modules coal-bed
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Thus,
start, internal
in the self-cracking.
the theory
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literature of productWe
substitution
documents 4 of on
23
combine
development
resource-constrainedS with
C under the substitution
innovation and changing
are retrieved context approach.
from journal Thus,
and sustainability; the theory substitution
databases, and patents are collected from principle
 Amakes
method
step-by-step
patent the tocoal-bed
focus
processes
databases. In theforon internal
firstgenerating
a module, self-cracking
non-typical creative
the by which
ideas
problem, useforof
15
force
NPD; field, electric
is considered
innovation anfield,
asapproaches
epitomemagnetic thefield
of developed
are whole or
 Amechanic
method
to field.
deduce creative ideasto These
put reactions
emphasis
innovation
based on change
on
process. the pressure
problem-solving
successUnlike
factors, some of coal-bed
of and release
of the literature
characteristics, whereand
attributes the gas.
grassrootsHowever,
innovation
ways ofinnovation there
resource-by
is is
based noon existing
integrating the
learning technology
advantages
by doing toof
and decompose
TRIZ and
improvising CBM
MA; by chemically
trials [39],
constrained innovation and TRIZ inventive principles. In the second module, the innovation or
we biologically.
consider thatResource-constrained
the RCIM must be

taken Ainnovation
structured
into account hasthenot
method beento
following achieved.
develop
issues: innovation dimensions
dimensions are categorized to structure the targeting technology by means of MA and technology from existing patent documents and

map AConducting
deduce
method
based creativelarge-area
ideas
to lay emphasis
on collected bycontinuous
means
patents.on In theof operating
the savings to
resource-constrained replace
of resource,
third module, drilling
innovation
time and
the creative holes.
ideas We
approaches.
costare
in the combine
processfor
generated S
of C with
product
NPD bya
dynamic
development
combining approach.
innovation Thus,
underdimensions the continuity
with theofcontext
resource-constraints useful action principleinnovation
and sustainability;
resource-constrained advocates to work continuously
approaches. In this
3.2.
 Research
A method Framework
module, a resource-constrained innovation matrix is designed for problem-solving of to
and eliminate
to all
focus idle
on or intermittent
generating actions.
creative ideas Wefor can
NPD;carry on continuous operating replace
resource-
 Aindependent,
constrained
The method to
innovation
detailed one
putby
process byfor one
emphasis
takingand intermittent
on the
advantage
developing drilling
problem-solving
of matrix
RCIM work.
ofin Figure
thinking.
is shown Conducting
Finally, after
1, and the large-area
the main
framework continuous
innovation
modules, by
the
is mainly
operating
integrating
creative ideas
composed can
the fulfill
are evaluated
of three modules. byone-time
advantages of
To three and
TRIZ continuous
and
begincriteria, MA;
such the
with, before work by utilizing
as substantial
main modules existing
cost start,
reduction,cutting equipment
a concentration
literature documents on [62].

core ASavings
structuredof time
functionalities,
resource-constrained method
andand ancost
innovationto have
develop
optimized achieved
innovation
performance
are retrieved resource-constrained
from dimensions
level [23].
journal innovation.
from existing
databases, and patentspatentThis originalfrom
aredocuments
collected idea
and
should
deduce be further
creative ideasdiscussed
by means in the
of stage of updating
resource-constrained ideas.innovation
patent databases. In the first module, the resource-constrained innovation approaches are developed approaches.
to deduce creative ideas based on success factors, characteristics, attributes and ways of resource-
constrained innovation and TRIZ inventive principles. In the second module, the innovation
dimensions are categorized
The detailed process forto structure the
developing the RCIM
is shown by 1,
in Figure means of framework
and the MA and technology
is mainly
map based on collected patents. In the third module, the creative ideas are generated
composed of three modules. To begin with, before the main modules start, literature documents for NPD on by
combining innovation
resource-constrained dimensions
innovation are with the from
retrieved resource-constrained
journal databases,innovation
and patents approaches.
are collectedInfrom
this
Since using multiple small-sized drills is already a resource-constrained end-solution for Chinese
CBM extraction
Sustainability technology,
2020, 12, x FOR PEERwe analyze the next stage that begins with conducting large-area continuous
REVIEW 4 of 23
operating. However, existing drilling technologies are very difficult to satisfy the requirement of
step-by-stepand
“large-area processes
continuous”for a operating
non-typical problem,Therefore,
[54,55,60]. which is considered
we define the as core
an epitome
problemofthatthedrilling
whole
holes are very difficult innovation
to satisfyprocess. Unlike some
the requirement of the literature
of “large-area where grassroots
and continuous” innovation
operating. Two
is based on learning by doing and improvising by trials [39], we consider
updating ideas are generated by better use of the resource-constrained innovation approaches. that the RCIM must be
taken into account
Sustainability 2020, 12, x the
FORfollowing
PEER REVIEW issues: 4 of 23
 AIncreasing
method to thelaydrill diameteron
emphasis to the
enlarge the drilling
savings area. We
of resource, timeuse thecost
and partial optimization
in the process ofapproach.
product
Thus, the
development
step-by-step local
processes optimization
under principle
forresource-constraints
a non-typical overcomes
context
problem, theis
and
which drilling equipment
sustainability;
considered is weak and
as an epitome optimize
of the whole
 them by increasing
A method to focus
resource-constrained the drill
on generating
innovation diameter.
process.creativeMoreover,
Unlikeideas
some the
forofNPD;super-large-diameter drilling equipment
the literature where grassroots innovation
 based
is Aenlarges
method the to
on learning drilling
put area. However,
emphasis
by doing it may easily
on problem-solving
and improvising result
by trials ofin resource-constrained
[39], coal-bed collapse
we consider that and
the lead to must
fatal gas
innovation
RCIM by
be
accidents
takenintegrating
into account [52].
thetheResource-constrained
advantages
followingof innovation
TRIZ and MA;
issues: cannot be achieved this way.
 AReplacing
structured
method drilling
to method
lay with tocutting.
emphasis develop
on the We use theof
innovation
savings substitution
dimensions
resource, and
time changing
from
andexisting approach.
cost in patent Theof
mechanics
documents
the process and
product
substitution
deduce creative principle
ideas bychanges
means operating
of mode for
development under resource-constraints context and sustainability; coal-bed from
innovation static to
approaches. movable fields or
 Afrom
methodunstructured
to focus on fields to thosecreative
generating having ideas
structure. Thus, we can change the direction of voids
for NPD;
3.2. Research
 AfrommethodFramework
vertical toto put
horizontal.
emphasis Theon drilling is vertical, butoftheresource-constrained
problem-solving cutting is horizontal. innovation
The horizontalby
cutting
integrating can
The detailedthe largely increase
advantages
process the operating
of TRIZ and
for developing area at one go-off, decrease project quantity
MA; is shown in Figure 1, and the framework is mainly
the RCIM and reduce
 Aconstruction
structured cost.
method A new
to cutting
develop
composed of three modules. To begin with, before system which
innovation is combined
dimensions
the from
main modules with existing
existing
start, cutting
patent
literature equipment
documents
documents of
and
on
coal-bed
deduce will
creative save the
ideas cost
by and
means time.
of Resource-constrained
innovation can be
approaches.
resource-constrained innovation are retrieved from journal databases, and patents are collected from achieved this way.
patent databases. In the first module, the resource-constrained innovation approaches are developed
In fact,Framework
3.2.deduce
Research the suggested RCIM has successfully been validated by the application case of
to creative ideas based on success factors, characteristics, attributes and ways of resource-
resource-constrained innovation in Chinese CBM extraction technology. Moreover, the updated idea of
constrained innovation and
The detailed TRIZ inventive principles. In Figure
the second
1, andmodule, the innovation
replacing drilling process for developing
with cutting the RCIM
has been applied is shown
three patentsinfor invention. the framework
The first patent is mainly
disclosed
dimensionsofare
composed categorized
three modules. to
To structure
begin the before
with, targeting
the technology
main by means
modules start, of MA and
literature technology
documents on
a pressure relief and outburst elimination method for a coal mine by liner cutting of micro-releasing
map based on collected
resource-constrained patents. are
innovation In the third module,
retrieved from the creative
journal databases, ideas
and are generated
patents are for NPD
collected by
from
layer [63]. The second patent discloses a system and method for coal mine pressure relief outburst
combining
patent innovation
databases. In the dimensions
first with the resource-constrained innovation approaches. In this
elimination of circulating typemodule, the resource-constrained
micro liberated seam linear cuttinginnovation approaches
and CBM exploitation are developed
[64]. Moreover,
module,
to deduce a creative
ideas based oninnovation
success matrixcharacteristics,
factors, is designed for problem-solving
attributes and ways of
of resource-
the third patent discloses a coal mine pressure relief and outburst elimination and CBM exploitation
constrained innovation
innovation by taking
and TRIZ advantage
inventive of principles.
matrix thinking.
In the Finally,
second after the main
module, themodules, the
innovation
system and method for reciprocating linear cutting micro-liberation layer [65].
creative ideas
dimensions areare evaluated to
categorized bystructure
three criteria, such as substantial
the targeting technologycost reduction,
by means of MAa concentration
and technology on
core
map functionalities,
based on and
5. Discussion and an
collected optimized
patents.
Conclusions In theperformance
third module,level
the[23].
creative ideas are generated for NPD by
combining innovation dimensions with the resource-constrained innovation approaches. In this
This research attempted to establish a concept of the resource-constrained innovation method
module, a resource-constrained innovation matrix is designed for problem-solving of resource-
and problem-solving process, based on a systematic literature review, text mining, patent analysis,
constrained innovation by taking advantage of matrix thinking. Finally, after the main modules, the
social network analysis, MA and TRIZ inventive principles. Although extensive research on
creative ideas are evaluated by three criteria, such as substantial cost reduction, a concentration on
resource-constrained innovation has been conducted by scholars and practitioners, the broader
question about actual NPD and idea generation under extreme resource-constraints or sustainability
has received comparatively less attention. Furthermore, the existing research on generating ideas
for resource-constrained innovation is limited in the traditional innovation methods. As a result,
the solution process of resource-constrained innovation is over-engineered and non-repeatable. In
response to this limitation, this research proposed the RCIM that lays emphasis on the savings of
resource, time and cost in the process of the idea generation under extreme resource-constraints or
sustainability. The proposed method has three contributions.
Firstly, based on the SLR and text analysis of the existing literature, this article focuses on developing
the resource-constrained innovation approaches that are defining by the TRIZ inventive principles. The
innovation approaches are a set of innovation tools to analyze the non-typical problem situations of the
resource-constraints and to provide effective solutions by using the TRIZ inventive principles. This is
different from previous literature that concentrated mainly on the characteristics, success factors, and
ways [12,23,24,43,66]. Furthermore, eight resource-constrained innovation approaches are consistent
with some common understanding of resource-constrained innovation [1,8,39,67,68], and strongly
support that the most promising research area for the emerging and developing countries is the frugal
approach to innovation [43,61,69–71].
Teоpия Peшeния Изобpeтaтeльcкиx Зaдaч in Russian, Theory of Inventive Problem Solving in
English.
3.2.1. Module 1: Developing the Resource-Constrained Innovation Approaches

Secondly, the innovation dimensions are developed to foster resource-constrained innovation

under resource-constraints contexts based on text analysis, social network analysis and MA of patents
and DMCs. We construct the technology map that consists of several dimensions through the
above-mentioned co-occurrence, clustering, network analysis and MA. The use of DMC-based MA
generates a large number of dimensions and sub-dimensions of the target technology compared to
the traditional MA. However, the construction of the innovation dimensions in this paper is different
from the previous literature on MA [45–47,59,72]. Since the recombination of multiple innovation
dimensions similar to MA are hard to apply to the creative ideas extension, which is achieved through
differentiation and heterogeneity. This research places emphasis on the upgrading, extension and
conversion of sub-dimensions through the resource-constrained innovation approaches. Thus, the
creative ideas for the target technology of the resource-constrained innovation proliferate.
Thirdly, the proposed RCIM is the step-by-step processes for the non-typical problem, which is
considered as the epitome of the whole resource-constrained innovation process. This process is not only
different from the mainstream methods that advocate the over-engineered, fully functioning, overall
performance-optimized, premium and high-priced products [23], but also distinct with the learning by
doing and improvising by trials that are put forward in the existing literature on resource-constrained
innovation [39]. Moreover, it is successfully validated by an application case of resource-constrained
innovation on Chinese CBM extraction technology.
The proposed RCIM can be extended to the following applications. On the one hand, it is able
to act as a tool for forecasting and planning technology or product that satisfies the resource-scarce
emerging markets. It will be useful for researchers and policymakers who belong to the department
of R&D organization to discover R&D areas for developing potential the resource-constrained or the
sustainable technology to satisfy the local needs. In particular, the creative ideas generated by the RCIM
can contribute to the industrial distribution of government and the patent strategy of the research
agency. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of individual firms that include the SMEs and the
multinational corporations (MNCs), the SMEs are short of R&D engineers and funds, while the MNCs
are facing increasingly shorter innovation cycles. They begin to consider developing an innovative
method to easily operate and provide direct guidance for achieving resource-constrained innovation
and sustainability. These applications deepen our understanding of how innovators or designers can
produce the novel ideas to drive innovation in conditions where resources are becoming increasingly
constrained and widely sacrificed and where products are friendly and affordable to the customers.
Nonetheless, this study has several limitations. Firstly, eight resource-constrained innovation
approaches represent the rule adopted in the process of resource-constrained innovation. They are
not all validated in the illustrative example. More resource-constrained cases are worth studying
in the future. Secondly, developing innovation dimensions based on DMCs requires much cleaning
and analyzing task. Future research should focus on quantitative text mining or specific technology
dictionaries to provide more scientific value for dimension building.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, Z.L.; Formal analysis, Z.L.; Methodology, J.F.; Project administration,
J.W.; Resources, Z.L.; Supervision, J.F.; Writing–original draft, Z.L.; Writing–review and editing, Z.L. All authors
have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation of Ministry of Education in
China with grant number 17YJC630091; and Innovation Method Fund of China with grant number 2018IM020300.
Acknowledgments: In this section you can acknowledge any support given which is not covered by the author
contribution or funding sections. This may include administrative and technical support, or donations in kind
(e.g., materials used for experiments).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Appendix A
Table A1. Success factors, attributes and approaches of resource-constrained innovation.
Resource-Constrained Resource-Constrained Ways and

Success Factors and Characteristics Used in Literature
Innovation Approaches Attributes
Keep it simple, cut corners [57]; Minimize the use of material and
financial resources in the complete value chain [5]; Reducing the
complexity, lean, minimize the use of extensive resources [73];
Decomposition and removal
Minimizing Minimize inessential costs, low input of resources [74]; Highly
approach
scalable products which have reduced functionalities, while reducing
costs [75]; Avoiding obesity [76]; Simplification, minimalist features
and functional requirements [1].
Cost innovation [17]; Cost engineering, the reduction of raw materials
costs, as well as conversion and logistics in getting products into retail
channels [77–79]; Good enough, limited features [67]; Bare essentials,
Concentration on core functionalities
eliminate unessential functions, reduce the complexity, tailored for
less, provide insights into required features and functions, functional
requirements of the user [78]; Core product modification [80].
Decomposition of multipurpose machines by using established
technology [81]; Eliminating unessential functions [74]; Provide the
Functional and focused on essentials
essential functions people need [82,83]; Strip the products down to
their bare essentials rather than add ever more bells and whistles [84].
Unnecessary frills stripped out [85]; Basic no frills product to
Compact design with a no frills minimize unnecessary feature, swarms of low-cost simple products
structure perform complex tasks in unison, small and compact products
comprised of cheap parts [79].
Create families of parts that share common characteristics, reduce
Partial optimization approach Modularity development costs for future generation of products and provide the
innovator with speed to customize products [43,61,86–90].
Manufacturing processes, process parameters, labor, supply-chain
logistics and other relevant manufacturing variables that could be
Process optimization optimized for achieving lower costs [8]; Where expensive
capital-intensive processes can be streamlined [17]; Rigorous design
procedure [91].
Developing markets, emerging markets, exploration of local needs,
end to end localization, core value identification, proximity to the
Location
local markets [67]; Provides information on local operational
conditions and infrastructure [80]; Use of local resources [1].
Mix and match [67]; Recombination of established technologies into a
Permutation and combination new product [81,91]; Reconfiguration of an established system to link
Architectural innovation
approach together existing components in a new way without changing core
technology or know-how [61,69].
Combining existing materials at hand, leveraging existing innovation
Bricolage processes, using existing resources, use of limited raw materials
[68,92,93]; Leveraging existing products, inputs and services [1].
Combining Proven technologies from other industry domains [39].
Within-industry analogies, cross-industry analogies, bionic analogies
Substitution and changing
Inventive analogies [94,95] [96], transferring solutions from nature, transferring solution from one
approach
industry domain to the other field of physical, chemistry and biology.
Making do with resources at hand, easily available physical materials,
Bricolage
non-material resources [92].
Do not have sophisticated technological features [74]; Using
homegrown or self-created technologies [97]; Meeting the desired
Instead of using good-enough or objective with a good-enough, economical means [98,99]; Substitute
economical materials cheaper materials for the expensive [17]; Use of cutting edge
technology [8]; Careful consideration of the materials [78,79]; Reduces
material use [4].
Upcycling, remanufacturing, organic materials [91]; Reduce use of
Dynamic approach Re-use of existing components
limited raw materials, reuse of existing components [8].
Products can be repaired and maintained at the local level [61]; Light
Self-service and balance approach Easy to repair and service and highly manufacturable, as well as robust and low maintenance
[99].
Provide ways for customers to eliminate the need for expensive
Self-service
personal service without forgoing the value of the service [68].
Lightweight: Portable for varying transportation options [1]; Human
centric design [1]; Pleasing to the eye, easy to use, highly portable, and
adaptable to an ever-growing range of accessories [78,79]; User-centric
Friendliness and coordination innovation; Eco-friendly [100]; Sustainable [23]; Green technologies:
User-friendly and easy to use
approach Powered by renewable resources [1]; Affordability and sustainability
[101]; Draw sparingly on raw materials and minimize environmental
impact [102]; Low carbon footprint [74,103]; Tailor made [47,97];
Reducing the use of scarce resources [9]; Factor of safety [91].
Intellectualization approach Mobile enabled solutions: Connectivity anytime, anywhere [1]
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Resource-Constrained Innovation Method For Sustainability: Application of Morphological Analysis and TRIZ Inventive Principles

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sustainability

Abstract: Extensive research on resource-constrained innovation has been conducted by scholars

Keywords: resource-constrained innovation; innovation method; sustainability; innovation

Sustainability 2020, 12, 917; doi:10.3390/su12030917 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

3. Proposed Method for Resource-Constrained Innovation

3.1. Research Concept

Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 23

The resource-constrained innovation approach is a set of innovation tools to analyze non-typical

First, we collected literature on resource-constrained innovation via systematic literature review

Table 1. Definition of resource-constrained innovation approaches.

3.2.2. Module 2: Developing the Resource-Constrained Innovation Dimensions

Deciding what technology is suitable for resource-

Creating a search strategy by opinion

Extracting DMCs from full records

Extracting and cleaning DMCs Arranging DMCs by occurrence frequency

Eliminating unrelated DMCs to the target technology

Constructing a DMCs co-occurrence matrix

Clustering theme-related technological fields by degree

Defining resource-constrained innovation dimensions by

3.2.3. Module 3: Generating Creative Ideas

4.2. Patents Data Collection and Preprocessing

4.3. Technology Map Construction and Clustering

H01-B03B3 H01-C03 H01-D03 --- X25-E03 --- H01-D13 --- X25-L01A

4.4. Defining the Resource-Constrained Innovation Dimensions

CBM extraction technology

Creative ideas relationship:

The CBM extraction technology

Defining the core problem

Determining the innovation dimension

Defining the core problem

The CBM extraction technology

Defining the core problem

Determining the innovation dimension

Defining the core problem

4.6. Validation in China

3.2.1. Module 1: Developing the Resource-Constrained Innovation Approaches

Secondly, the innovation dimensions are developed to foster resource-constrained innovation

Table A1. Success factors, attributes and approaches of resource-constrained innovation.

Resource-Constrained Resource-Constrained Ways and

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