1.

Thermography
This is a contact free test that uses an infrared camera to detect surface temperature of objects. It’s also
known as infrared inspection or thermal imaging. As it utilizes a non-contact measurement method, it
exerts zero influence on the measurement objects. It also has a very long service life and requires
little maintenance. Infrared thermography sensor can be used for in-line monitoring as it is
compact and has a very good response time so it can pick up fast and dynamic movements.
Operation;
The infrared sensors measure temperature based on infrared radiation. Infrared radiation is a part
of electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by every object at a temperature above the absolute
zero. The radiation emitted by the object is proportional to its intrinsic temperature. Through the
optics in the thermographer, the beams are focused on a detector element which generates an
electrical signal proportional to radiation. The signals are processed and amplified to generate
output signals that directly translate to temperature. This data can be displayed on a computer or
sent to a control system via connecting interface.

infrared temperature measurement is based on Planck’s radiation law. It describes the correlation
of spectral radiation of a black body into space depending on its temperature and wavelength.
The equation has been simplified as per Stefan-Boltzmann law to define the relationship between
the electrical signal (U) from the detector and object temperature (T). U~εT4.The correlation
shows the significance of the object emissivity (ε) on object temperature. A black body has
emissivity value of 1, but in reality, the emissivity of real objects is less than 1 as it emits less
infrared radiation than black body. Emissivity highly depends on the materials, surface
temperature, wavelength and measuring arrangement. Measurement error of up to 10% may
occur as a result of using wrong emissivity value.

It has the following industrial applications;

1. Non-destructive testing of electrical distribution equipment. It can detect loose connections, poor
contacts, overloading, capacitor breakdowns, unbalanced loads and overheating.
2. Inspection of insulation breakdown in boilers and steam systems.
3. It’s also used in surveillance and security operations.
4. For storage tanks, you can use the technology to determine liquid levels and inadequate
insulation.
5. COLOUR CHANGE(THERMOCHROMISM)
Thermochromism is the property of substances to change color due to a change in temperature.
Thermochromic materials change color at much lower temperatures and for very different reasons that
have nothing to do with incandescence. There are two main types of materials that are widely used to
produce thermochromic effects. Some use liquid crystals (the materials from which your computer or
cellphone display is most likely made); others use organic (carbon-based) dyes known as leucodyes
(sometimes written leuco dyes).

Thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs, as they're known) give a relatively accurate measurement of
temperature within certain bands, so they're widely used in such things as strip thermometers (placed on a
baby's forehead, perhaps, or stuck to the inside of a refrigerator or an aquarium tank). Typically they're
manufactured in the form of microscopic spheres (capsules) embedded in a plastic (polymer).
Leucodyes are organic (carbon-based) chemicals that change color when heat energy makes their
molecules shift back and forth between two subtly differently structures—known as the leuco (colorless)
and non-leuco (colored) forms. The leuco and non-leuco forms absorb and reflect light differently, so
appear very different colors when printed on a material such as paper or cotton.

Unlike TLCs, which shift color up and down the red-violet spectrum as they get hotter or colder,
leucodyes can be mixed in various ways to produce all kinds of color-changing effects at a wide range of
everyday temperatures. Leucodyes are much cruder indicators of temperature than TLCs, generally just
indicating "cold" versus "hot" with one simple color change. That's because all can they do is switch back
and forth between their two different forms (leuco and non-leuco). Like TLCs, leucodyes can be printed
on the surface of other materials in the form of microscopic capsules, but they can be produced more
easily with traditional printing methods such as screenprinting. That's why leucodyes are more widely
used in mass-produced, everyday, novelty items than TLCs, which tend to require special printing
equipment. Leucodyes are also used to make thermal computer printer paper (the slippery, curly paper
used in checkout receipts that fades quite quickly in sunlight) and in "hypercolor" t-shirts that change
color when you touch them.