Earning Outcomes: AC 6 - Basic Electrical Engineering

Course AC 6 – Basic Electrical Engineering
Sem/AY First Semester/2020-2021

Module No. 1
Lesson Title Definition of terms, symbols used and types of circuit elements, circuit variables
and circuit parameters.
Week
2
Duration
Date
This lesson will discuss the basic of Electrical Engineering. Understanding of
Description electricity, the circuit, elements, variables and parameters. Also, the basic SI units,
of the prefixes and units of charge, current, electric potential, resistance, power, energy
Lesson among others will also be discuss.
Learning Outcomes
Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning  To be familiar with the electrical symbols, types of circuit elements, circuit
Outcomes variables and circuit parameters.
 To gain knowledge about the characteristics, uses and application of circuit
elements and their parameters
 To know the factors affecting the resistance on electrical conductors.
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives  differentiate AC from DC
 define charge, resistance, current, voltage, power and other important electrical
quantities and parameters
 recognize the importance of electricity in our daily lives.
Student Learning Strategies
Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in a two-hour class discussion on
Definition of terms, symbols used and types of circuit elements, circuit
Asynchronous) variables and circuit parameters. To have access to the online
discussion, refer to this link: ____________________.
The online discussion will happen on , from
(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)
B. Learning Guide Questions:
1. What are the differences between AC and DC?
2. How to differentiate electrical power and electrical energy?
3. What is Electricity?
Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning Management
System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.
Offline Activities
(e-Learning/Self- Lecture Guide
Paced)
Introduction
Electrical Engineering forms the foundation of Electrical, Electronics,

Communications, Controls, Computers, Information, Instrumentation, Robotics
Engineering, even Mechanical and Civil Engineering. Hence a good grasp of the
fundamentals of Electrical Engineering is an absolute necessity to become a
good engineer in any discipline.
Everybody is familiar with the functions that electricity can perform. It can be
used for lighting, heating, traction, machines and countless other purposes. The
question always arises, “What is electricity?”
Electricity, simply put, is the flow of electric current along a conductor. This
electric current takes the form of free electrons that transfer from one atom to
the next. Thus, the freer electrons a material has, the better it conducts. There
are three primary electrical parameters: the volt, the ampere and the ohm.
In this lecture we will discuss the basic of Electrical Engineering.
Understanding of electricity, the circuit, elements, variables and parameters.
Also, the basic SI units, prefixes and units of charge, force, work, power, electric
potential, resistance, and current among others will also be discuss.
Electrical Elements, Variables and Parameters
Electrical elements
Are conceptual abstractions representing idealized electrical components, such
as resistors, capacitors and inductors, among others, used in
the analysis of electrical networks. All electrical networks can be analyzed as
multiple electrical elements interconnected by wires. Where the elements
roughly correspond to real components the representation can be in the form
of a schematic diagram or circuit diagram.
These ideal electrical elements represent real, physical electrical or electronic
components but they do not exist physically and they are assumed to have ideal
properties, while actual electrical components have less than ideal properties, a
degree of uncertainty in their values and some degree of nonlinearity.
Types of Circuit Elements

There are two types of circuit elements
1. Active Elements- elements that can generate energy such as
generators, batteries, operational amplifiers etc.
2. Passive Elements- elements that are not capable of generating energy
such as resistors, capacitors, inductors etc.
Electrical Variables
The electrical variables as define in the context of circuit definition are the
important electrical quantities such as current, voltages and electric power,
etc. These are the circuit variables that form the basis for communication
between circuit elements.
Electrical Parameters
This pertains to the measurable electrical values or phenomena that
characterize the behavior of electrical circuits, components, or semiconductors.
These parameters are the volt, ampere, ohm, watt, volt-ampere, coulombs etc.
Definition of Terms and symbol

Current- Water Analogy
https://cf.ppt-online.org/files/slide/k/Ko7Ft9JQlW8gABDR3uhMewGzpUsP61iymrSI4E/slide-3.jpg
Fig. 1.1
Types of current
There are two different types of current in widespread use today. They are
direct current, abbreviated DC, and alternating current, abbreviated AC. In
a direct current, the electrons flow in one direction. Batteries create a direct
current because the electrons always flow from the 'negative' side to the
'positive' side.
Alternating current, abbreviated AC, pushes the electrons back and forth,
changing the direction of the flow several times per second. In the United
States, the current changes direction at a rate of 60 hertz, or 60 times in one
second. The generators used in power plants to produce electricity for your
home are designed to produce alternating current. You've probably never
noticed the lights in your house actually flicker as the current changes direction
because it happens too fast for our eyes to detect.
Direct Current – is current that remains constant with time
I
t0
Applications
Almost all electronics projects and parts run on DC. Everything that runs off of
a battery, plugs in to the wall with an AC adapter, or uses a USB cable for power
relies on DC. Examples of DC electronics include:
 Cell phones, laptops

 Flat-screen TVs (AC goes into the TV, which is converted to DC)
 Flashlights
 Hybrid and electric vehicles
Alternating Current – is a current that varies sinusoidally with time.
Applications
t0
Home and office outlets are almost always AC. This is because generating and
transporting AC across long distances is relatively easy. At high voltages (over
110kV), less energy is lost in electrical power transmission. Higher voltages
mean lower currents, and lower currents mean less heat generated in the
power line due to resistance. AC can be converted to and from high voltages
easily using transformers.
AC is also capable of powering electric motors. Motors and generators are the
exact same device, but motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy
(if the shaft on a motor is spun, a voltage is generated at the terminals!). This is
useful for many large appliances like dishwashers, refrigerators, and so on,
which run on AC.
A B
Voltage-Water Analogy
Fig. 1.2
Fig. 1.3a Fig. 1.3b
As you can see in Fig. 1.3a, its shows that, by connecting the batteries in series,
it will add the value of voltage, thus increasing its value. By having a greater
value of voltage, it will lead to increasing in brightness of the lamp connected
across the batteries. Likewise, in Fig. 1.3b, the more water in the tanks creates
more pressure, thus releasing the water far from the tank opening.
Fig. 1.4 Fig. 1.5
NEMA/ANSI- Standard used by America, Japan and their allied countries including the
Philippines.
IEEE- Standard used by European Countries, surprisingly, the Philippines also consider this
standard.
Fig. 1.6
 Resistors are used for:
- Limiting current in electric circuit
- Lowering voltage levels in electric circuit (using voltage divider)
- As current provider
- As sensor (e.g., photoresistor detect light condition, thermistor
detect temperature condition, strain gauge detects load condition,
etc.)
- In electronic circuits, resistors are used as pull-up and pull-down
elements to avoid floating signal levels.
Resistors: Power Rating and Composition
- It is very important to be aware of the power rating of resistor used

in circuits and to make sure that this limit is not violated. A higher
power rating resistor can dissipate more energy than a lower power
rating resistor.
- Resistors can be made of:
o Carbon film (decomposition of carbon film on a ceramic core).
o Carbon composition (carbon powder and glue-like binder).
o Metal Oxide (ceramic core coated with metal oxide).
o Precision metal film
o High power wire wound.
Fig. 1.7
Resistor Labels
 Wire-wound resistors have a label indicating resistance and power
ratings.
 A majority of resistors have color bars to indicate their resistance
magnitude.
 There are usually 4 to 6 bands of color on a resistor. As shown in the
figure below, the right most color bar indicates the resistor reliability,
however, some resistor uses this bar to indicate the tolerance. The color
bar immediately left to the tolerance bar (C), indicates the multipliers
(in tens). To the left of the multiplier bar are digits, starting from the
last digit to the first digit.
Fig. 1.8
RESISTORS COLOR CODES
https://hyperelectronic.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Resistor_4_band_Table.png
Table 1.1
Example 1.
 The first band is yellow, so the first digit is 4
 The second band is violet, so the second digit is 7
 The third band is red, so the multiplier is 102
 Hence, resistor value is 47 x 102 ± 5% Ω
Laws of Resistance
The resistance R offered by a conductor depends on the following factors:

(i) It varies directly as its length, l.
(ii) It varies inversely as the cross-section A of the conductor.
(iii) It depends on the nature of the material.
(iv) It also depends on the temperature of the conductor.
Theraja, B. L. (2005). A textbook of Electrical Technology Volume 1
Neglecting the last factor for the time being, we can say that
R ∝l /A or R = ρ l /A ...(i)
where ρis a constant depending on the nature of the material of the conductor
and is known as itsspecific resistance or resistivity.
If in Eq. (i), consider the cube and we put,
l = 1 metre and A = 1 metre2, then R = ρ
Hence, specific resistance of a material may be defined as the resistance

between the oppositefaces of a metre cube of that material.
Units of Resistivity
From Eq. (i), we have ρ= AR / l
In the S.I. system of units,
Hence, the unit of resistivity is ohm-metre (Ω-m).
It may, however, be noted that resistivity is sometimes expressed as so many

ohm per m3.Although, it is incorrect to say so but it means the same thing as
ohm-metre.If l is in centimetres and A in cm2, then ρis in ohm-centimetre (Ω-
cm).Values of resistivity and temperature coefficients for various materials are
given in Table 1.2.
The resistivities of commercial materials may differ by several per cent due to
impurities etc.
Resistivities and Temperature Coefficients

Effect of Temperature on Resistance
The effect of rise in temperature is:
(i) to increase the resistance of pure metals. The increase is large and fairly
regular for normal ranges of temperature. The temperature/resistance graph is
a straight line below. As would be presently clarified, metals have a positive
temperature co-efficient of resistance.
(ii) to increase the resistance of alloys, though in their case, the increase is
relatively small and irregular. For some high-resistance alloys like Eureka
(60% Cu and 40% Ni) and manganin, the increase in resistance is (or can be
made) negligible over a considerable range of temperature.
(iii) to decrease the resistance of electrolytes, insulators (such as paper,
rubber, glass, mica etc.) and partial conductors such as carbon. Hence,
insulators are said to possess a negative temperature-coefficient of resistance.
Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

Let a metallic conductor having a resistance of R0 at 0°C be heated of t°C and
let its resistance at this temperature be Rt. Then, considering normal ranges of
temperature, it is found that the increase in resistance R = Rt -R0 depends
(i) directly on its initial resistance
(ii) directly on the rise in temperature
(iii) on the nature of the material of the conductor.
or Rt - R0 ∝Rx t or Rt -R0 = α R0 t ...(i)
where α (alpha) is a constant and is known as the temperature coefficient of
resistance of the conductor. Rearranging Eq. (i), we get
If R0 = 1 Ω, t = 1°C, then α= R = Rt -R0

Hence, the temperature-coefficient of a material may be defined as: the
increase in resistance per ohm original resistance per °C rise in
temperature.
From Eq. (i), we find that Rt = R0 (1 + αt) ...(ii)

Capacitor Concepts
 A capacitor is an energy storage element which is analogous to the

spring element of mechanical systems.
 It can store electrical pressure (voltage) for the periods of time.
- When a capacitor has a difference in voltage (electrical pressure)
across its plate, it is said to be charged.
- A capacitor is charged by having a one-way current flow through it
for the period of time.
- It can be discharged by letting a current flow in the opposite
direction out of the capacitor.
Fig. 1.9
Fig. 1.10
Fig. 1.11
Capacitor Variations
 Ceramic capacitors  Electrolytic

- Very popular, - Aluminum, tantalum
nonpolarized electrolytic
- Small, inexpensive, but - Tantalum electrolytic
poor temperature stability capacitor has a larger
and poor accuracy capacitance when
- Ceramic dielectric and a compared to aluminum
phenolic coating electrolytic capacitor
- Often used for bypass and - Mostly polarized.
coupling applications - Greater capacitance butt
poor tolerance when
compared to
nonelectrolytic capacitors.
- Bad temperature stability,
high leakage, short lives.
 Mylar  Mica
- Very popular, - Extremely accurate, low
nonpolarized leakage current
- Reliable, inexpensive, low - Constructed with alternate
leakage layers of metal foil and
- Poor temperature stability mica insulation, stacked
and encapsulated
- Small capacitance
- Often used in high-
frequency circuits (i.e. RF
circuits)
Capacitor Reading Example- I

Inductor Symbols
Inductor-Water Analogy
 Suppose a turbine is hooked up to the flywheel and the water is

supplied to the turbine. The flywheel will start to move slowly.
Eventually, the flywheel will move at the same rate as the current.
 If the current alternates back and forth, the flywheel/turbine will take
some time to build up to the initial direction that the water wants to
flow.
 As the current moves back and forth, the flywheel creates the extra
resistance to the change in current flow, but eventually the
flywheel/turbine will move in the same direction as the current flow.
Electric Power
The rate at which the work is being done in an electrical circuit is called an
electric power. In other words, the electric power is defined as the rate of the
transferred of energy. The electric power is produced by the generator and can
also be supplied by the electrical batteries. It gives a low entropy form of
energy which is carried over long distance and also it is converted into various
other forms of energy like motion, heat energy, etc.
The electric power is divided into two types, i.e., the AC power and the DC
power. The classification of the electric power depends on the nature of the
current. The electric power is sold regarding joule which is the product of the
power in kilowatts and the running time of the machinery in hours. The utility
of power is measured by the electric meter which records the total energy
consumed by the powered devices. The electric power is given by the equation
shown below.
Where V is the voltage in volts, I is the current in amperes, R is the resistance

offered by the powered devices, T is the time in seconds and the P is the power
measured in watts.
Unit of Electric Power
The unit of electrical power is Watt.
V= 1 volts and I = 1 ampere

P = 1 watt
1kW = 1000 W
If, Thus, the power consumed in an electrical circuit is said to one watt if one
ampere current flows through the circuit when a potential difference of 1 volt
is applied across it. The bigger unit of electrical power is the kilowatt (kW), it is
usually used in the power system
Types of an Electric Power

The electrical power is mainly classified into two types. They are the DC power
and the AC power.
1. DC Power
The DC power is defined as the product of the voltage and current. It is
produced by the fuel cell, battery and generator.
Where P –Power in watt.

V –Voltage in volts.
I – Current in amps.
2. AC Power
The AC power is mainly classified into three types. They are the apparent
power, active power and real power.
A. Apparent Power – The apparent power is the useless power or idle power.
It is represented by the symbol S, and their SI unit is volt-amp.
Where S – apparent power
Vrms – RMS voltage = Vpeak√2 in volt.
Irms – RMS current = Ipeak√2 in the amp.
B. Active Power – The active power (P) is the real power which is dissipated in
the circuit resistance.
Where, P – the real power in watts.

Vrms – RMS voltage = Vpeak√2 in volts.
Φ – impedance phase angle between voltage and current.
C. Reactive Power – The power developed in the circuit reactance is called

reactive power (Q). It is measured in volt-ampere reactive.
Where, Q – the reactive power in watts.

Vrms – RMS voltage = Vpeak√2 in volt.
Φ – impedance phase angle between voltage and current.
The relation between the apparent, active and reactive power is shown below.
The ratio of the real to the apparent power is called power factor, and their
value lies between 0 and 1.
Electrical energy
Electrical Energy is the ability of an electrical circuit to produce work by

creating an action. This action can take many forms, such as thermal,
electromagnetic, mechanical, electrical, etc. Electrical energy can be both
created from batteries, generators, dynamos, and photovoltaics, etc. or stored
for future use using fuel cells, batteries, capacitors or magnetic fields, etc. Thus,
electrical energy can be either created or stored.
We remember from our school science classes that the “The Law of the
Conservation of Energy” states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only
converted. But for energy to do any useful work it must be converted from one
form into something else. For example, a motor converts electrical energy into
mechanical or kinetic (rotational) energy, while a generator converts kinetic
energy back into electrical energy to power a circuit.
That is electrical machines convert or change energy from one form to another
by doing work. Another example is a lamp, light bulb or LED (light emitting
diode) which convert electrical energy into light energy and heat (thermal)
energy. Then electrical energy is very versatile as it can be easily converted
into many other different forms of energy.
The basic unit of the electrical energy is the joule (or watt-second).If the
voltage is equal to the one volt, the current is equal to the one ampere and the
time is equal to the one second then the electrical energy is equal to the one
joule. Hence the energy expended in an electrical circuit is said to be one joule
(or watt second) if one-ampere current flows through the circuit for one
second when the potential difference of one volt is applied across it.
The commercial or practical unit of energy is the kilowatt-hour (kWh) which
is also known as the Board of Trade (B.O.T) unit.
1kWh = 1000 x 60 x 60 watt-seconds
1kWh = 36 x 105 Ws or joules
Usually, one Kwh is called one unit
What Does It Mean?

Power lines are used to transmit and distribute electrical energy.
Electrical energy is caused by moving electric charges called electrons.
Electricity is a type of energy that comes from electrical energy.
Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object.
Speedy Summary
Electrical energy is caused by moving electrical charges. These charged
particles are called electrons.
Metric Units and Conversion
Abbreviation Means Multiply unit by Or

p pico .000000000001 10-12
n nano .000000001 10-9
µ micro .000001 10-6
m milli .001 10-3
Unit 1 100
K kilo 1000 103
M Mega 1000000 106
G giga 1000000000 109
Derived SI Units
Quantity Unit Symbol
Energy Joule J
Force Newton N
Power Watt W
Electric Charge Coulomb C
Electric Potential Volt V
Electric Resistance Ohm Ω
Electric Conductance Siemens S
Electric Capacitance Farad F
Electric Inductance Henry H
Frequency Hertz Hz
Magnetic Flux Weber Wb
Magnetic Flux Density tesla T
Engaging Activities
I. Identify the following.
1. It is the fundamental electric quantity. _________
2. Atoms are composed of charge carrying particles called ____________,
___________, _____________.
3. Charge in an electron is equivalent to_____________.
4. It is also known as Potential difference. __________________
5. The behavior of a materials that limit the current flow in a circuit.
____________________
6. What are the types of circuit element? ______________.
7. An energy storage element which is analogous to the spring element of
mechanical system. _______________________
8. It is a passive element that stores energy in the form of magnetic field.
_______________
9. What are the types of Power? ___________________________________
10. The law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
__________________________
II. Give the color code or nominal value for the following of resistances.
Color Bands Nominal Minimum Maximum
Resistance Value Value
Value
Ex. Red, Blue, Red, Gold 2.60kΩ 2.47kΩ 2.73kΩ
1. Red, Yellow, Red
2. Gray, Green, Black, Gold
3. 520kΩ 416kΩ 624kΩ
4. Brown, Brown, Brown
5. 120mΩ 96mΩ 144Ω
Performance Tasks
PT 1
Direction: Write a report/research paper to be submitted the following session. Write it on A4
size paper, either electronically (ms word) or handwritten.
Who do you think is the true father of electricity? Explain and give justifications.
Note:
You also can watch the movie “The Current War” or surf the internet for your report.
Understanding Directed Assess

Rubric for Designing Lesson Plan (PT 1)
Learning Resources
References
Boylestad, R. (2015). Introductory Circuit Analysis, 13th Edition. Pearson.
Hayt, J. e. (n.d.). Engineering circuit Analysis, 7th Edition. 2007: McGraw-Hill Education.
Romeo A. Rojas, J. (n.d.). 1001 Solved Problems in Electrical Engineering.
Sadiku. (2007). Fundamentals of Electric Circuit, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Education.
Theraja, B. L. (2005). A textbook of Electrical Technology Volume 1. S. Chand and Co. Ltd.
V. K. Mehta, R. M. (2008). Basic Electrical Engineering, Revised Edition. S. Chand and Co. Pvt. Ltd.
https://www.slideshare.net/ASMBadrudduza/circuit-variables-and-elements-73223510
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/alternating-current/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-electric-current-definition-unit-types.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/20-4-electric-power-and-energy/
https://ppt-online.org/22777
Disclaimer:
This module is for educational purpose only. Under section Sec. 185 of RA 8293, which
states, “The fair use of a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching
including multiple copies for classroom use, scholarship, research, and similar purposes is
not an infringement of copyright. The unauthorized reproduction, use, and dissemination
of this module without joint consent of the authors is strictly prohibited and shall be
prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including appropriate administrative sanctions,
civil, and criminal”

Earning Outcomes: AC 6 - Basic Electrical Engineering

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Earning Outcomes: AC 6 - Basic Electrical Engineering

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Course AC 6 – Basic Electrical Engineering

Sem/AY First Semester/2020-2021

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

The online discussion will happen on , from

Electrical Engineering forms the foundation of Electrical, Electronics,

Electrical Elements, Variables and Parameters

Types of Circuit Elements

Definition of Terms and symbol

Direct Current – is current that remains constant with time

 Cell phones, laptops

Alternating Current – is a current that varies sinusoidally with time.

Resistors: Power Rating and Composition

- It is very important to be aware of the power rating of resistor used

RESISTORS COLOR CODES

The resistance R offered by a conductor depends on the following factors:

Theraja, B. L. (2005). A textbook of Electrical Technology Volume 1

l = 1 metre and A = 1 metre2, then R = ρ

Hence, specific resistance of a material may be defined as the resistance

In the S.I. system of units,

Hence, the unit of resistivity is ohm-metre (Ω-m).

It may, however, be noted that resistivity is sometimes expressed as so many

Resistivities and Temperature Coefficients

Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

If R0 = 1 Ω, t = 1°C, then α= R = Rt -R0

Theraja, B. L. (2005). A textbook of Electrical Technology Volume 1

 A capacitor is an energy storage element which is analogous to the

 Ceramic capacitors  Electrolytic

Capacitor Reading Example- I

 Suppose a turbine is hooked up to the flywheel and the water is

Where V is the voltage in volts, I is the current in amperes, R is the resistance

Unit of Electric Power

The unit of electrical power is Watt.

V= 1 volts and I = 1 ampere

Types of an Electric Power

Where P –Power in watt.

Where, P – the real power in watts.

C. Reactive Power – The power developed in the circuit reactance is called

Where, Q – the reactive power in watts.

Electrical Energy is the ability of an electrical circuit to produce work by

What Does It Mean?

Metric Units and Conversion

Abbreviation Means Multiply unit by Or

Understanding Directed Assess

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