PHYSICAL SECURITY

I. Purpose: To familiarize the concept of physical security as it is applied in

counterintelligence, and to present the basic measures in providing adequate security to
PNP camps and offices.

II. Definition of Terms

Physical Security - A system of barrier placed between the potential intruder
and the material being protected.
Human Barrier - Person who stands between the intruder and the material
being protected.
Animal Barrier - Usually a dog trained for and used as guard.
Structural Barrier - Constructed feature, regardless of original intent, that tend
to delay intruder. Ex: Door, ceiling, window, cabinet
Energy Barrier - Usually electrical and electronics devices used to provide
assistance to guard personnel. Ex: protected lighting and anti-intrusion device

III. Concept of Physical Security

Enemy agent must have access - In most cases of espionage, acquisition of
information is the ultimate result. The means and the form how information can be
acquired are merely operational details. Normally, information on films or tapes is as
useable as an original document, therefore, in considering access, one should not only
think of physical access but must also think of access to discussion by using listening
devices.
There is no impenetrable barrier - An unfriendly government or organization
will spend and devote money, time, and effort, even personnel, to pass all established
barriers to acquire ultimate result.
Surreptitious vs. Non-surreptitious entry - Surreptitious entry is the greatest
hazed in countering espionage. Surreptitious entry is difficult to be detected and it
makes espionage hard to neutralize.
Each installation is different - Every installation has different physical security
problem. Each system of barrier must conform with the required measures to protect
the installation.

IV. Physical Security Features

Natural Barrier - Natural terrain feature must be considered from the
standpoint of its value as a barrier to the intruder, and from the standpoint of its value to
the intruder as cover and concealment.
Fences - Solid and Full-view
Solid Fence - Constructed in such a way that visual access through the fence
structure is denied.
Full-view Fence - Constructed in such a way that visual access is permitted
through the fence structure.

Advantages of Solid Fence:

 ◘ Denies the intruder with visual access of the installation; and
◘ Denies the intruder with the opportunity to become familiar with the personnel,
activity, and the time schedule of the movement of the guards inside the installation.

Disadvantages of Solid Fence:

◘ Prevents the installation guard to observe the area surrounding the
installation;
◘ Creates shadow which can be used by the intruder as cover and
concealment.

Advantages of Full-view Fence:

◘ Roving patrol and stationary guard are able to keep the area surrounding the
installation under observation; and
◘ Does not create shadow that can provide cover and concealment of the
intruder.

Disadvantages of Full-view Fence:

◘ Allows visual access to the installation, personnel, guard, and activity; and
◘ Allows the intruder to become familiar with the movement and schedule of the
guard patrol and give him the opportunity to pick the most advantageous time to
penetrate.

Minimum Requirements for Fence Used as Security Barrier

● Height - Eight Feet;
● Slack at the Bottom - Not to exceed two inches;
● Wooden Fence Post - Horizontal dimension of 4x4 inches;
● Steel Fence Post - Round type should be at least two inches in diameter
and the horizontal beam type must measure no less than two inches at the smallest
diameter.
● Fence Top - There should be something on the top of the fence to deter the
intruder to go over the fence. Ex: barbed wire overhang. The arms holding the stands
of barbed wire should be two feet long extended at 45 degree angle in the direction of
the expected approach.
● Fence Post - Should be set in concrete or in firm soil to a depth of three
feet. Maximum distance between posts should be 10 feet.
● Fence Area - Should be cleared of trees and vegetation, and debris or other
materials which would offer concealment
● Fence Gate - Should be limited to the number necessary for efficient and
safe operation of the installation.
● Fence Opening - All openings in excess of 96 inches must be locked,
barred or screened in such a way that can only be opened from the inside by selected
personnel.
● Multiple Fence - Should at least be 10 feet apart and the overhang on top of
the inner fence should point inward rather than outward. Maximum distance between
parallel fences should not exceed 150 feet.
V. Guard and Guarding System

a. Four Basic Function of Guarding System

 Detect Intruder
 Sound the Alarm
 Identify authorized person
 Apprehend unauthorized person

b. Human Barrier
1. Guard Procurement (Selection Criteria)
 Must be eligible for a security clearance
 Vigorous and physically able to serve as guard
 Intelligence necessary to accomplish the guard mission
 Loyalty and discretion are required attributes
 Can make rapid decision and react calmly during emergency
 Experience is highly desirable although not usually mandatory

2. Guard Training
 General Orientation
 Instruction in traffic control, riot control, and self defense
 Weapons qualification to include maintenance and safety
 Refresher course and advance training in specific subjects
 Instruction in security procedures in installation, first aid, and
communication

3. Guard Employment
 Fixed Post
 Patrol

4. Guard Supervision
 Personal Supervision - Guard inspection before the tour of duty.
Periodic checking of guard on duty by a senior member of the shift.
 Artificial Supervision -
 Recorded tour - the guard takes with him on his tour of duty a form
which must be time punched at each station
 Supervisory tour - Guard sends signal to the guard headquarters at
every station that he checks

5. Guard Equipment
 Distinctive uniform
 Credentials
 Weapon
 Whistle
 Notebook and pencil
  Flashlight
 Nightstick
 Other uniform or equipment prescribed by SOP

6. Guard Communication
 Primary communication - telephone/radio
 Emergency communication - messenger

c. Animal Barrier - Trained animal is used as guard or provides assistance to

the guard personnel. (guard or sentry dog)
d. Energy Barrier - The use or employment of mechanical, electrical, or
electronics to impose a deterrent. (protective lighting and protective alarm system)

VI. Personnel Control and Identification

a. Personnel Identification
1. Personal recognition (most effective)
2. Artificial recognition (ID card, badges, passes, etc.)

b. Personnel Control
1. Single pass or badge system - less expensive but least secured
2. Pass and badge system
3. Multiple pass system - separate pass for access to different areas
4. Spot magnetized identification pass - metal sheet is spot magnetized
so that a code can be placed in the device. A machine validates the
code in the metal sheet before access to an area is permitted.
5. Access List - List of authorized personnel. Listed personnel are
counter-checked with the individual’s identification card, driver’s
license, etc.

c. Visitor Control
1. Escort - expensive but most secured
2. Time Travel - visitor should be asked to explain when there is delay
in time travel
3. Visitor log - log book should contain identifying data, reason for the
visit, time in and time out, and destination
4. Visitor entrance - separate entrance and exit point for visitor

d. Utility and Maintenance Personnel - If the utility and maintenance

personnel are not regular employee, they should be escorted. If they visit the
installation regularly, the visitor control system must be effected.

e. Package Control - System of checking the package taken in and out of the
installation.
 f. Photography Control - System of exercising control of photograph of
restricted areas and documents to avoid unnecessary photography.

VII. Vehicle Control and Identification - The PNP is regulated by LOI “Kalasag.”

The most common system is to register the vehicles that are given access to the
installation and provide them with bumper decal or wind shield sticker.

For the visiting vehicle, the following procedures must be used:

a. Escort - vehicle is escorted to the area destination
b. Driver pool - Expensive but the most secured. The visiting vehicle is driven
by a qualified entity employee from the entrance gate to the area destination, and after
transacting the business, the vehicle is driven back to the entrance gate.
c. Time Travel - vehicle is checked through a pre-arranged time travel.
Normally used in less sensitive installation.
d. Grid System - The installation is divided into grid squares like a map. Each
grid square is given a letter or number designation. The visitor is given a map and
shown the route to take to destination. (A complicated system)
e. Search of Vehicle - Search of vehicle is conducted anytime at the gate of
the installation

VIII. Fire Fighting System

a. Personnel
o Trained in fire fighting and fire prevention
o Experience is desirable but not usually mandatory

b. Organization
o Usually, the installation engineer acts as the fire marshal

c. Equipment
o Cooling Magnet - water, carbon dioxide, foam extinguisher
o Portable fire extinguisher
o Fire hose
o Fire bucket
o Sand Pails
o Sprinkles System

d. Alarm
o Automatic alarm
o Manual alarm

e. Fire Prevention
o Training Program
o Posters
 PERSONNEL SECURITY

I. Introduction

Personnel Security – includes security measures designed to prevent unauthorized or

unwittable individual of doubtful loyalty to the Philippine government from:

o Gaining access to classified matters or security facilities, armaments,

restricted area/office warehouse supply rooms, power houses and others.
o To prevent the appointment, employment or retention of an employee of such
individual of questionable loyalty
o To protect own personnel from hostile activities of assassinations, sabotage,
subversion, disaffection form opposition.

II. Definition of Terms

1. Security Risk – any person whose character, activities or circumstances of life
might place him in a position where wittingly or unwittingly he would compromise the
security classified matter that endangers the security of the state.
2. Sensitive Position – any position in the Philippine National Police, the holder
of which having occur to classified matters of at least secret in category.
3. National Security – any position in the Philippine National Police, holder of at
least secret in category.
4. Derogatory Information – information which reflect unfavorable on the
character, integrity or reliability of an individual.
5. Personnel Security Investigation – (PSI) is an inquiry into the background of
an individual particularly respect to his character, loyalty, integrity and discretion.
6. Loyalty – faithful allegiance to the Philippine government and the duly
constituted authority.
7. Organic Personnel – All PNP uniformed, non-uniformed personnel who are
assigned, employed, or detached (DS), on the job training (OJT) with the group.
8. Restricted Areas – an area where uncontrolled entry or movement of
personnel is prohibited due to the danger of classified matter.
9. Limited Area – an area where uncontrolled access personnel would allow
access to classified matters/info
10. Exclusion Area – an area where plain access provides access to classified
matters/info
III. Motives Weaknesses that cause people to be Disloyal (JIM-BIC WAR)
o Jealousy
o Ideological Tendency
o Material Gain
o Blackmail
o Increased Personal Prestige
o Close Relatives in Foreign Lands/Heavy Investment in Foreign Lands
o Weakness in Character
o Addiction to Drugs
o Revenge

IV. Two (2) Types of Clearance

o Security Clearance
o Directorate Clearance

V. Security Clearance – Is a certification issued by authority that the person

described has an access to classified matter at the appropriate level on top secret,
secret, confidential and restricted.

VI. Minimum Clearance Requirements:

TOP SECRET – National Agency Check and check of PPF.

The Inspector General File and provided that the applicant/individual has
continuous honorable active duty as police or civilian personnel of the PNP for a
minimum of five (5) consecutive years immediately preceding the date of current
investigation and provided thereafter there is no information available indicating
disloyalty or casting any doubt on the character integrity or discretion on the individual
applicant. Completer Background Investigation (CBI) will be conducted in specific cases
where it is deemed desirable.

SECRET – Check of PPF or CPF, the inspector General’s files and intelligence
files revealing no indication of disloyalty or casting any doubt on the character, integrity
or discretion of the subject. Partial background investigation may be conducted in
specific cases where deemed desirable.

CONFIDENTIAL – National Agency Check – (NAC) is required prior to access to

confidential matters.

RESTRICTED - A Local Agency Check (LAC) plus check of NBI and PNP files
shall be completed on all police and civilian personnel n the PNP. National Agency
check maybe requested by a chief or head of office in specific cases where it is deemed
desirable.

VII. Types of Security Clearance and its Applications

o Interim Clearance – valid for one (1) year
 o Final Clearance – valid for three (3) years.

VIII. Renewal of Security Clearance

o Interim – after satisfying completion of required investigation.
o Final – after completion of national check.

IX. Directorate Clearance

Directorate Clearance: (RIID or DI) is a clearance granted for a specific
purpose upon completion of prescribed records check or background investigation.
(valid for one (1) year from the date of issuance)

X. Four (4) Types of Personnel Security Investigation

o Local Agency Check
o National Agency Check
o Partial Background Investigation
o Complete Background Investigation

XI. Security Control Tag – Area Security Restriction

Policies and Procedures:

a. Restricted Area
-Limited Area
-Exclusion Area

b. Security Tags
1. User Color
o Officer – White
o Non-Officer – Blue
o Civilian – Yellow
o Visitor – Red

2. Access To Area Offices

-Shall be indicated on the boxes with letters on the
security tags.

3. Wearing Security Tags

-The tag shall be worn at all times when inside the
unit compound. It shall be placed on the front breast of the
holders attire

4. Personnel
-All personnel shall be issued security tags. It shall
be worn at all times by organic personnel upon

entry and while inside the compound.

5. Vehicle
-Only organic vehicle to include personnel vehicle shall be
allowed to park inside the compound.

6. Lost of Security Tag

-Lost of security tag shall be reported immediately within 24
hours after the loss by the holder to the security officer

7. Visitors
-Visitors Logbook
-Visitors shall be allowed entry only upon issuance of a visitors
tag in exchange for an ID card when visitors are allowed entry they
shall be properly escorted and upon conclusion of such visit shall
be escorted out directly.
 PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION

Introduction

Security regulations governing classified material and information, provides

that no person is entitled, solely by virtue of his grade and position to have
knowledge or possession of classified defense information or material; that such will
be entrusted only to those individual whose official duties require access to such
knowledge and that all such persons be cleared to receive this material or
information on a “need to know” basis. One means employed to protect classified
defense information and material from alien and enemy penetration is by conducting
personnel security investigation on those persons who have or will have access to
classified defense information to insure that they are unquestioned loyalty, integrity,
discretion and of excellent character.

Definition of Terms

a. Character- It is a trait or sum of traits, which serves as an index to the

essential or distinctive nature of a person. It is that aggregate of distinctive mental and
moral qualities that have been impressed by nature, education and habit upon the
individual.

b. Derogatory Information- It is information, which reflects unfavorably on

the character, integrity, loyalty or reliability or an individual.

c. Discretion- It is the ability or tendency to act or choose with prudence;

that habit of wise judgment and sagacity.

d. Integrity- It is the uprightness in character, soundness of moral

principles; honesty and freedom from moral delinquencies.

e. Loyalty- It is the faithful and true allegiance to the Philippine Government

and its constitutional form of government.

f. Moral- Principles or standards of conduct of an, individual, his ethical

judgment in human relations and his respect to superiors.
 g. Moral turpitude- includes everything, which is done contrary to justice,
honesty, modesty or good moral.

h. National Security- The state or condition under which the nation can
pursue its national objectives without interference. It relates to the protection of the
land, people, institution and way of life from any activity, force, influence, aggression or
phenomena inimical of national security.

i. Security Risk- Any person whose character, activities or circumstances of

life, might place him in a position where wittingly he would compromise the security of
classified matter, which could produce serious consequences ranging from
administrative embarrassment to endangering the security of the state.

j. Sensitive Position- Any position in the Philippine National

Police, the incumbent or occupant of which would have access to matters classified
Secret or Top Secret, or Restricted or which would have a policy making function with
bears a substantial relation to national security.
k. Personnel Security Investigation- It is an inquiry into the background of
an individual, particularly with respect to his character, integrity, loyalty and discretion.
PSI is conducted because of the sensitive position an individual is holding or about to
assume.

l. Partial Background Investigation(PBI)- inquiry in the specific phases of

the life of an individual which are deemed relevant or pertinent to the investigation. PBI
is usually limited to local agency check.

m. Security clearance- a certificate given to an individual authorizing him/her

to have access to classified documents for a certain period of time.

n. Reputation - the opinion or estimation in which one is generally held.

Types of Personnel Security Investigations

Personnel Security Investigations are of three types: National Agency Check

(NAC), National Agency Check and Written Inquiry (NACI), and Background
Investigation (BI). The type of investigation required in any instance will depend upon
the category of classified defense information to which a clearance for access is
required and on the citizenship status of the individual concerned. General principles,
supervision, control and procedures governing the conduct of these investigations are
conducted on foreign nationals in overseas areas, the scope of investigation will be
prescribed by the responsible area commander.

Conduct of Background Investigation (BI)

a. Scope of Background Investigation (BI)

 Most of counterintelligence investigations are background
investigation. Their scope encompasses thirteen component parts of phases, and
covers the last 15-years period of the individual’s life to the date of the investigation, or
from the subject eighteenth birthday to the date of inquiry, whichever is shorter.
1. The education check, which is considered an important part of
background investigation, is conducted without regard to the time and date of birth
limitations indicate above. The restriction on the 13-year coverage of the individual’s
eighteenth birthday, concern the investigator only and that he is not required to
deliberately seek information not within the usual period of coverage unless a
discrepancy develops or such information is given to him during the investigation.

2. There are times when the period of coverage may be extended:

a. In the event that such a step is necessary to prove or disprove derogatory

information; and
b. When extended coverage is required by competent
authority.

b. Phases of a Background Investigation

There are thirteen phases of a background investigation, all of which are

significant in determining an individual’s loyalty and suitability.

1) National Agency Check

The NAC is the first component part of a background investigation.

It consist of a record check or pertinent facts bearing of the loyalty, trustworthiness,
morals, discretion, character integrity and reputation of the individual under
investigation. Whether used as basis for a clearance or as art of a BI, the procedure is
the same. The control office is responsible for designating the agencies to be checked
and for processing the results.

a. The special agent should recommend that a specific agency

be queried for information if there is an indication that such a check will be valuable, but
the approval and transmission of the request are prerogatives of the control office.
Based on study of the Statement of Personal History and other available information,
the control office requests a search of files, which may be expected to contain pertinent
information. The form utilized for this purpose is Report of Agency Check.

b. The Directorate for Intelligence (DI) is a source of valuable

information. The repository maintains files of reports of investigation conducted by PNP
Intelligence Groups personnel and furnishes copies of these files, or documents or
information to persons or agencies authorized to receive such information.
 c. Generally, there are three (3) possible replies to a national
agency check.

(1) No information

(2) No derogatory information. This means that the

agency has information on the subject of administration or routine nature.
(3.) Derogatory information. In this event, the inquiry may
be extended as necessary to obtain additional information.

2. Birth Records

Examination of birth records is normally not included in a BI. If,

however, in the course of the investigation a discrepancy is notice in the date and place
of birth as listed by subject, on his Statement of Personal History, special effort is made
to determine which information is correct.

a. In some cases birth information is falsified, but this may not

necessarily reflect adversely upon the subject. Mothers may falsify a child’s date of
birth so that he can begin school at an age earlier that permitted by law or regulation.
This date of birth may be recorded on all subsequent educational records. To evade
state minimum age work laws, the subject or his parents may falsify his age are often
encountered in the records of female subjects.

b. In establishing the correct date or place of birth the best

information is obtained from an official birth certificate or record maintained by
municipal, state or other government agencies. The designation of the appropriate
agency varies in different areas. Birth records may be kept by a Bureau of Census and
Statistics, Department of Health, or similar agency. The records may be maintained at
state, country, city or township level.

c. Other methods of verifying birth information may be needed

when no official documents are available. In some areas in the Philippines, until the
recent time, no official birth records were issued or kept. In verifying birth data, the
investigator must be careful that the information obtained is a verification, rather than a
repetition. For example, when subject entered the PNP, certain information, including
date and place of birth, was obtain from him or his official files. In most cases, the date
he gave was accepted by the PNP with no Personal History upon which he again
entered a date and place of birth. In this case, consulting his 201 file and other military
records would not be verification but merely a repetition of his original statement. This
situation can also be true of sources outside of the PNP. For instance, in Quezon City,
if an individual gives his age as being over 25, he may obtain a driver’s license with no
further proof of age. If the records of the Land Transportation has obtained his license
after he was 25 years old, the investigator is merely obtaining information previously
given by the subject. It may not be possible to get positive verification of birth. In such
cases, the investigator should try to find the best information available. A doctor’s,
midwife’s or hospital records may be used.

The vital statistics files of a newspaper which carry birth announcements,

especially in rural areas, may be accepted. Baptismal and church reports may provide
verification, as would entries in an old family bible. Incases of adoptions or of
illegitimate births, the verification may require check of court records, or interview with
parents, guardians or lawyers.

3. Education

Usually a check is conducted only of educational institutions which

the subject attended for significant periods of time. However, attendance at the last
school or college is verified. If the last school was attended for only three months, it is
probable that a previous school would also be checked.

a. Time spent in high school or college represents a formative

period of an individual’s life and much can be learned which may not be reflected in the
school records. It is important that in additional to a check of school records, personal
interviews be conducted with teachers or others connected with school who may have
an intimate knowledge of the subject’s activities. Teacher at high school and college
level generally have about four different classes every six months. It can be expected
that a teacher may not be certain that he knows the subject. Most schools publish
yearbooks, which include individual photographs of students which can be used as an
aid identification. Some teachers may have more significant information that others,
and these would be searched out. In these, as in all other interviews, the investigator
should not be satisfied with broad statement such s “Roy was a good student,” or Rex
showed subversive tendencies.” He must obtain facts and details; he should determine
what subject said or did to lead to a conclusion concerning character, integrity and
loyalty. In some areas, juvenile delinquency is not recorded on criminal records but
may be found out in school records.

b. Extracurricular activities, as well as academic achievements

of the subject should be considered. Not only the names of the organizations, but the
subject’s degree or interest and participation should be determined. Mere membership
in a subversive organization is not conclusive evidence of disloyalty.

4. Employment

The records of present and former employers for the past 15 years
or since the subject’s eighteenth birthday, whichever is shorter, will be examined to
verify the period of employment and to determine details regarding subject’s duty and
efficiency. The reasons for termination of employment are also significant.
 a) Subject’s efficiency reflects on his suitability for sensitive
duties as repeated loss of jobs for inefficiency may indicate traits which have a dire ct
bearing upon his suitability for sensitive duties.

b) It is important to substantiate date extracted from records by

obtaining additional information from individuals who may be familiar with circumstances
reflected in records entries. Subject may have formed friendship, participated in lunch
hour discussions or other outside activity connected with his employment. Many
industrial and commercial organizations encourage such activities as bowling teams,
management clubs so forth.

c) Subject’s participation in union activities is of interest and

consideration of the aspect of investigation is sensitive. Unions and labor activity are
primary targets for subversive elements. However, membership in a union known to
have been infiltrated by subversive personnel is not evidenced that the subject
subscribes to objectives inimical to the Philippines. Extremely careful investigation of
union affiliation in such instances is essential in order for responsible authorities to
reach objective and valid conclusions concerning its significance.

5. References

a) Character references. At least three listed character

references are interviewed and an additional three character references are developed.
Each references must be familiar with the individual’s background and his activities.
Contemporaries of younger subjects are acceptable and may be desirable as developed
references.

b) Conduct of Character Investigation.

1) Character investigation are conducted by accredited

criminal investigators on applicants for entry into CI service. The responsibility for
the control of character investigations, as well as the preparation of undeveloped
leads and completed or closed character investigation reports is assigned to the CI
unit of ISAFP. The information upon which these reports are based is developed by
field activities in response to undeveloped leads received from the Commanding
Officers of the CI unit.

2) Centralization of the character investigation process

permits a more rapid analysis of applications, the targeting of undeveloped leads which
specify the precise information sought, and relieves field activities of final report
compilation requirements.

3) When interviewing character reference, the

investigator conducting the interview establishes the proper atmosphere. He begins by
identifying himself and explaining the purpose…that the applicant has applied for a
position of trust with the PNP. The investigator is careful not to alarm the interviewed,
so the essential information is not withheld because of fear.

c) Credit Reference. In addition to checking all listed credit

references, credit agencies and/or bureaus are conducted in those areas where the
applicant has resided for periods of 9 months or more. Interviews in connection with
other investigative phases stress the applicant’s financial responsibility. Credit checks
need not be made during the period of time when the applicant was 15 years of age or
younger. Generally, all checks should go back to the age 15 or when the applicant
began high school.

6. Neighborhood check

These interviews are component part of most background

investigations. Although regulations state that neighborhood checks will be conducted,
“when deemed necessary or expedient to substantiate or refute derogatory or adverse
information as to suitability,” they frequently are essential. The barracks check on
members of the PNP is in effect a neighborhood check conducted in the “military
neighborhood” of the subject. The background investigation is normally overt and it is
assumed that the subject will know that he is being investigated. However, to eliminate
the possibility of embarrassing sources as result of the subject observing or overhearing
the discussion, it is best to contact barracks mate away from the unit area.
Neighborhood investigation normally need not include the period of the applicant’s
childhood (up to 12 years of age), places, where the applicant reside less that 6 months,
or on-post military residences, the occupancy of which has been terminated for more
that one year. It is sometimes beneficial to have photograph of the applicant to assist
the memory of a potential character witness in instances where a face would be more
likely to be recalled than a name.

7. Criminal Record

In some counterintelligence units, criminal records checks are

made y specially designate liaison personnel who work closely with the local police
department. In many areas, juvenile delinquency is not made a matter of criminal
record. However, early criminal tendencies may be revealed in other checks such
as education, employment, and neighborhood. In these, as in all records checks,
attempts are made to substantiate or verify the neighborhood. In these, as in all
records checks, attempts are made to substantiate or verify the recorded information
with testimony, evidence and statements. Police records may show possible
involvement in a crime, but court records may reveal that the subject was acquitted.
On the other hands, acquittal may be based upon a legal technicality or upon a
faulty indictment. Scrutiny of the actual trial record is important to obtain significant
information, which may be derogatory to the subject or may provide leads for further
inquiry. While the investigator seeks the best evidence, facts and definite
information, he is interested in rumor, hearsay and opinion if they are pertinent to the
investigation and lend themselves to further development leads.
 8. Marriage

Dates and places of marriage are also verified. A local police

records check is conducted of the applicant’s wife at all location of married residence
for a period 90 days or more and a determination made as to whether she has a
police record or moral reputation which might affect the applicant’s effectiveness as
a criminals investigator. In addition, the service conducts an NBI records check of
the applicant’s wife.

9. Military/Services

The service of the individual in the Armed Forces and type of

discharge will be verified. The verification of an individual is present service is
accomplished by a check of the local unit’s and major unit’s personnel files in
addition to interviewing the immediate supervisor and co-workers. Past service and
type of discharge received are components of the National Agency Check (NAC).

10. Foreign Connections

The investigation must consider both material and personal

interest in foreign areas.

a) The amount of investments in a foreign corporation must be

determined. It is important to determine whether the investment is in an area under
hostile control or in friendly country.

b) The nature of relationship with persons in foreign areas must

be ascertained during the investigation since coercion or pressure may be put upon an
individual through relatives. This does not necessarily indicate that an individual is
untrustworthy, but does constitute a factor to be considered for the protection of both
security and the individual.

11. Citizenship Status

The citizenship status of the individual must be established

in every background investigation.
a) Filipino citizenship may be acquired in two ways:

b) Citizenship by birth. Record check of the individual’s birth will

establish this type of citizenship; and
c) Naturalized citizen. When the individual or his parents are
naturalized citizen, the date and place of birth, as well as naturalization, of the individual
is verified through records of the appropriate RP court. The records of commission on
Immigration and Deportation, but is granted in a court.
d) In verifying citizenship, the investigator should be familiar
with the terms “alien” and “immigrant alien.”
(1) An alien is any person who is not a citizen of the
Philippines.
(2) An immigrant alien who legally entered the country
under an immigration visa for permanent residence. During a BI, the records of the
commission on Immigration and Deportation, Manila should be search to verify the date
and place of legal entry into the Philippines and to ascertain whether the individual has
made a formal declaration of his intention to become a citizen of the Philippines.
(3) In all cases when the subject is not a citizen by birth,
the investigator should show that he is a naturalized citizen or that he is an alien.

12. Travel

a) If an individual has traveled outside the Philippines within the

last fifteen years, except in military of naval service, records of the Departure of Foreign
Affairs (DFA) will be checked to determine the reasons for travel.

b) Department of Foreign Affairs records may have such

information as dates of departure and return, destination and possible activities in which
the individual was involved while abroad.

13. Credit Record

Credit agencies and references will be contacted in those places
where individual has resided for substantial periods of time during the past 15 years or
since his 18th birthday, whichever is the shorter period. A credit records check is made
to determine integrity and suitability rather than loyalty.

14. Organization

During the course of a background investigation, and by an

examination of the Personal History Statement and other records, efforts should be
made to determine whether or not the individual has “membership in or affiliation or
sympathetic association, movement, group, or combination of persons which is
totalitarian, Fascist, Communist, or subversive, or which has adopted or has shown a
policy of advocating or approving the commission of acts of force or violence to deny
other persons their rights under the Constitution of the Philippines, or which seeks to
alter the form of Government of the Philippines, or Subversive Organization List of the
Intelligence Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines identify organizations considered
to be subversive. Membership in affiliation with, or sympathetic association with any
foreign or domestic organization, association, movement, is established in fact and not
inferred from rumor, gossip, or hearsay, should be included in the report of background
investigation. Counterintelligence units do not adjudicate the frequent defense for
participation in subversive activities, based on claims of immaturity, misplaced idealism,
exercises of intellectual freedom or youthful impulsiveness. The investigator must
report all information reflecting on the subject and leave the determination of its
significance to the action agencies.

FACTORS THAT ARE USUALLY CONSIDERED IN THE CONDUCT OF BI:

1. Morality
2. Integrity
3. Discretion
4. Loyalty
5. Character
6. Reputation

Five Common Motives of Disloyalty:

1 Revenge- one of the strongest motivation- a real or fancied wrong can
create a hatred that will stop at nothing to obtain revenge against the
perceived offender.
2 Material Gain- some people are so avid with material gain that they will
stop at nothing to obtain the gain.
3 Personal Prestige – this motivation applies to those whose main desire
is for power.
4 Friendship- through close attachment to another person, many people
otherwise of high integrity, will do things inimical to their country’s
interest.
5 Ideological Belief/Tendency/Leaning – if a person holds belief inimical
to his country, he is vulnerable to the approaches of subversive groups
or agents.

Weaknesses Making People Susceptible to Pressure:

1. Jealousy
2. Weakness in character
3. Close Relatives in Foreign Lands
4. Heavy Investment in Foreign Lands
5. Gullibility
6. Addiction to drugs
7. Blackmail
 Requisites of PSI
 Reason for the conduct of investigation.
 Type of investigation desired.
 Category of classified matter the subject will be given access.

Types of Security Clearance

Interim= temporary clearance given to an individual to have access to specific
documents pending result of CBI. This is valid for two years.
Final = clearance given to an individual whose CBI is completed. This is valid for five
years.

IV. EVALUATION:
1. How does National Agency Check influence National Security?
2. Differentiate security risk from Personal Security Investigation?
3. Factors that are usually considered in conducting complete background
investigation?
4. Three types of Personal Security Investigation?
5. Discussed how BI is being conducted?
 (Format)

PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION (PSI)

COMPLETE BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION (CBI)

I. PERSONAL DATA:

Name:
DOB:
POB:
Sex:
Civil Status:
Religion:
Blood Type:
Build:
Height:
Weight:
Complexion:
Ethnic Group:

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

Elementary Location Date of Attendance Year Graduated

High School
 College

 MILDCR

III. PLACES OF RESIDENCE FROM DATE OF BIRTH:

Inclusive Date Address

IV. EMPLOYMENT RECORDS:

Agency/Company Address Type/Nature of Nr. Of Yrs Reason for

Employment of Service leaving

V. Name of Spouse (if married):

DOB:
POB:
Nationality:
Religion:
Date of Marriage:
Place of Marriage:
Occupation:

Name of Children Relationship Date of Birth Place of Birth

VI. FAMILY HISTORY:

Father’s Name DOB POB Occupation Address

Mother’s Name

Brothers/Sisters

VII. NEIGHBORHOOD CHECK

VIII. CREDIT REPUTATION

IX. Local and International Organization

X. Principal Amusement
XI. National Agency Check:
a. Directorate for Intelligence – No derogatory information
b. DCS for Intelligence/J2, AFP – No derogatory information
c. National Bureau of Investigation – No Criminal Record
d. Department of Foreign Affairs – No record of travel abroad
e. Department of Immigration – No record of travel abroad
f. Department of Justice – No Criminal Record

XII. Use of intoxicant/drugs:

XIII. Analysis:

XIV. Recommendation: