Darwin Simplified

SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF
SLENDER REINFORCED CONCRETE

COLUMNS
by
El don F. Mockry
David Darwin
A Report on a Research Project Sponsored by

The Marley Cooling Tower Company
Mission, Kansas
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
July 1980
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report is based on a special project submitted by Eldon F.

Mockry in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the MSCE degree.
The work was supported by The Marley Cooling Tower Company, Mission,
Kansas.
iv
This report is intended to be used only by professional personnel

competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of the report
and who accept responsibility for the application of the report.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
l. INTRODUCTION
l.l General
1.2 Code Equations
1.3 Object and Scope 3
2. FORMULATION OF THE TECHNIQUE 4
2. l General 4
2.2 Single Columns 5
2.3 Multiple Columns in Unbraced Frames 10
3. RESULTS 20
3. l Slender Column Interaction Diagrams 20
4. EXAMPLES 23
4.1 Braced Column 23
4.1.l Slender Column Interaction Diagram Method 24
4.1.2 ACI Design Handbook Approach 26
4.1.3 Discussion 28
4.2 Unbraced Frame 28
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 33
5.1 Summary 33
5.2 Conclusions 33
REFERENCES 34
APPENDIX A: NOTATION 36
APPENDIX B: SLENDER REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN DESIGN AIDS 39

vi
LI ST 0 F FI GU RES
FIGURE PAGE
3. l Modified Slenderness Ratio vs Moment Magnifier 35
B. l Single Column Flow Chart 40
8.2 Unbraced Frame Flow Chart 41
B.3 Critical Stress Aid 42
Seri es R4-60 Interaction Di a grams 43
Series RS-60 Interaction Di a grams 61
Series R6-60 Interaction Diagrams 79
Seri es E4-60 Interaction Diagrams 97
Series E5-60 Interaction Diagrams 115
Series E6-60 Interaction Diagrams 133
Seri es L4-60 Interaction Di a grams 151
Series L5-60 Interaction Di a grams 169
Series L6-60 Interaction Di a grams 187
Series S4-60 Interaction Diagrams 205
Series $5-60 Interaction Di a grams 223
Seri es $6-60 Interaction Diagrams 241
Seri es C4-60 Interaction Diagrams 259
Series C5-60 Interaction Di a grams 277
Seri es C6-60 Interaction Diagrams 295
CHAPTER l
INTRODUCTION
l.l General
The task of accounting for slenderness effects in reinforced concrete
columns can be a tedious experience. The designer may have difficulty in
making initial assumptions, which may lead to inefficient iteration. There-
fore, a design procedure providing good initial assumptions or leading to
a direct solution is desirable. The purpose of this report is to develop
design aids and methods of solution for slender reinforced concrete columns
in accordance with American Concrete Institute Standard 318-77, Building
Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (AC! 318-77) (l ).
1.2 Code Equations

The following is a summary of the design equations from AC! 318-77,
Section 10.ll - ''Approximate evaluation of slenderness effects.''
AC! Eq. (10-6)
in which Mc is the "factored moment to be used for design of compression

member''; M2 is the "value of larger factored end moment on compression
member calculated by conventional elastic frame analysis, always positive";
and o is the "moment magnification factor."
AC! Eq. (10-7)
in which Cm is "a factor relating actual moment diagram to an equivalent

2
uniform moment diagram"; Pc is the "critical load"; Pu is the "factored
axial load at given eccentricity< ¢P "· P is the "nominal axial load

- n ' n
strength at given eccentricity"; and cp is the "strength reduction factor."
AC! Eq. (10-8)
in which EI is the ''flexural stiffness of compression member''; k is the
''effective length factor for compression members''; and tu is the ''unsup-
ported length of compression member."
AC! Eq. (10-9)
or conservatively
AC! Eq. (10-10)
in which Ec is the "modulus of elasticity of concrete"; Es is the "modulus
of elasticity of reinforcement"; lg is the "moment of inertia of gross
concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement"; Ise is
the "moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of member
cross section''; and Sd is the ''ratio of maximum factored dead load moment
to maximum factored total load moment, always positive."
Section 10.11.5.3 states, ''In Eq. (10-7), for members braced against
sidesway and without transverse loads between supports Cm may be taken as
Ml
cm = 0.6 + 0.4 M AC I Eq. ( 10-11)
2
3
but not less than 0. 4. For a11 other cases, Cm sha 11 be taken as l. 0."
M1 is the "value of sma 11 er factored end moment on compression member
calculated by conventional elastic frame analysis, positive if member is
bent in single curvature, negative if bent in double curvature"; and M2
is the "value of larger factored end moment on compression member calcu-
lated by conventional elastic frame analysis, always positive."
For unbraced frames, Section 10.11.6.2 states, "In Eq. (10-7), Pu and
Pc shall be replaced by the summations EPu and EPc for all columns in a
story."
1.3 Object and Scope

The object of this report is to develop design methods and design aids
for slender reinforced concrete columns of known geometry, without requir-
ing an initial estimate of the reinforcing ratio. For single columns (in-
cluding columns in braced frames), the design method yields direct solutions
for the reinforcing ratio. For unbraced frames, the design method provides
an approximate solution for the reinforcing ratio by treating columns within
a story as a single equivalent column.
The design aids are in accordance with ACI 318-77 and include five
column configurations: l) rectangular tied columns with equal reinforce-
ment in all faces, 2) rectangular tied columns with equal reinforcement
in the end faces (parallel to the neutral axis), 3) rectangular tied columns
with reinforcement in the lateral faces (perpendicular to the neutral axis),
4) rectangular spiral columns, and 5) circular spiral columns.
Only uniaxial bending is considered.
4
CHAPTER 2
FORMULATION OF THE TECHNIQUE
2.1 General
The development of slender reinforced concrete column design aids
involves the incorporation of slenderness effects into the column inter-
action diagrams. The most useful design aids allow the interaction dia-
grams to be expressed in terms of the axial load and the (unmagnified)
moment obtained from an elastic frame analysis. Design aids of this type
can be constructed in a straight forward manner, as will be demonstrated
in the following sections, because slenderness effects are manifested in
the form of a magnified moment, and the degree of magnification is a func-
tion of axial load and geometry, which are known for each point on an
interaction diagram.
Conventional interaction diagrams (2) generalize the axial and bending
capacities in terms of stress to negate the requirement for individual
interaction diagrams for specific cross sections. The generalized capaci-
. <jlP n q,Mn
ti es, the axial load index and the moment mdex, a re A and Ah , respec-
g g
tively. This generalized approach is, also, desirable for slender column
interaction diagrams. To do this, the slenderness effects must be expressed
in terms consistent with the generalized capacities. Since conventional
interaction diagrams are plotted for specific reinforcing ratios for each
column configuration, in this development, expressions for the moment mag-
nifier are, also, written as functions of the reinforcing ratio and the
column configuration, as well as the column slenderness. By dividing the
bending capacity of a section by the corresponding moment magnifier, axial
load index-moment index relations are used to produce interaction diagrams
5
<Pp n
expressed in terms of the axial load index, - , and an index reflecting
M2Cm Ag
the unmagnified moment, - -
Agh
2.2 Single Columns

Expressions for the critical load and the corresponding moment magnifier,
written consistently with the axial load and moment indices, are developed
in this section.
The expression for the critical load is
ACI Eq. (10-8)
EI may be taken as either
EI =(Ecig/5)+Esise
ACI Eq. (10-9)
i +sd
or
EI = Ecig/2.5
ACI Eq. (10-10)
1+sd
Selecting the larger value for EI from ACI Eqs. (10-9) and (10-10)
results in a larger critical load, giving a more economical design. ACI
Eq. (10-9) is dependent on the column reinforcement. When this equation
is used for design, the conventional approach is to (l) assume a reinforc-
ing ratio, (2) calculate the critical load, (3) calculate the moment mag-
nifier, (4) magnify the moments, (5) select the reinforcing ratio from
the conventional interaction diagrams, (6) compare the reinforcing ratio
with the assumed value, and (7) revise, if necessary, by repeating steps
6
(1) through (6). To eliminate the need for assuming an initial rein-
forcing ratio and the subsequent revisions to the solution, the moment
magnifier, 6 (which depends upon Pc, and thus the reinforcing ratio), is
incorporated into the interaction diagrams.
To express the critical load in terms consistent with the axial index,
the flexural stiffness, EI, must be "generalized." The contribution of

the re"inforcing steel to the moment of inertia, Ise' may be written as
= C pA y 2 h2 ( 1)
se g
in which Cse is a characteristic coefficient for each reinforcing config-

A
uration; p is the total reinforcing ratio = f; y is the ratio
g
of the distance between the centroids of the reinforcement in opposite
faces parallel to the neutral axis of bending to the column depth, h, as
shown in Fig. B.3, and is called the geometric index; Ag is the gross area
of the cross section; and h is the depth of the cross section (i.e., the
dimension perpendicular to the neutral axis of bending). For different
reinforcing configurations, Cse may be shown (2) to be:
1. 1
~for rectangular columns with equal reinforcement distributed
in each face as a thin plate,

1
2. 4 for rectangular columns with equal reinforcement distributed
in the end faces,
1
3. T2 for rectangular columns with equal reinforcement distributed
in each lateral face as a thin plate,
1
4.
8 for rectangular or circular columns with the reinforcement
distributed as a uniform cylinder.
The moment of inertia of the gross cross section, Ig' may be expressed
7
as
I = C A h2 (2)
g g g
in which Cg is a characteristic coefficient based on the shape of the gross

cross section. For rectangular and circular gross cross sections, Cg is
1 1
12 and 16 , respectively.
Using AC! Eq. (10-9), EI may be written
aA h2
EI= _g_ ( 3)
i +sd
E C
in which a = ___£_JJ_
5
+ E C py 2
s se ·
Pc
The critical load is generalized as the critical stress, , which
Ag
can be written as
(4)
kJ!,u
To further generalize the expression, the slenderness ratio, ~
r
is
introduced. r, the radius of gyration of the gross cross section may be
expressed as Crh, in which Cr is a characteristic coefficient based on the shape of
the gross cross section. For rectangular and circular cross sections, Cr is
/ 112 : .2887 and i,
respectively. AC! 318-77 allows the former coef-
ficient to be approximated as 0.30. However, to be conservative, the
theoretical value is used in this development.
The critical stress may now be written as
(Sa)
8
or
(Sb)
kl',
in which\=/T+Iid - u and is called the modified selenderness ratio. For
r
a given cross sectional shape, reinforcing ratio, p, and modified slender-
p
ness ratio, \, the critical stress,
Cm g
rt,
is constant.
The moment magnifier, o = 1- ( p ; cp p) >- 1.0, may be expressed in terms
Pu u c
of the "factored stress," Ag , and the critical stress.
c
(6a)
pm ¢P ) '.: l.O
u/Tg
1- ( A
g
Since the factored axial load, Pu, must be less than or equal to the design
axial strength, cpPn, equating the factored load to the design strength
(Pu = ¢Pn) will provide a conservative approximation for the moment
magnifier, o.
cm (6b)
o = -(-cp~P-n-¢~P-c-) '.: l. 0
l-T/T
g g
This form of the expression for o is consistent with the generalized

column capacities.
The moment index of conventional interaction diagrams is written in
terms of the design moment, (¢Pne = ¢Mn), divided by the product A h.
9
Rewriting AC! Eq. (10-6) in similar terms gives
9
( 7)
in which Mc is the magnified factored column moment used for design (Mc;
Mu; ~Mn),and M2 is the larger of the factored end moments obtained from
the elastic frame analysis. Dividing both sides of Eq. (7) by the moment
magnifier and substituting ~Mn for Mc gives
(8)
By using the expression for the moment magnifier, Eq. (6b), Eq. (8) may be
rewritten.
(9)
Since Cm varies with the particular column constraints and loading, it is

more useful to incorporate C on the left side of the equation in a "slender
m
column moment index," which is defined as
( l 0)
To develop a slender column interaction diagram, the axial load and

. d' ~pn d ~Mn
moment in ices, A an Ah , are determined for various locations of the
g g
neutral axis for a particular column geometry and reinforcing ratio, in
the normal manner. The value of the moment index is then modified using
Eq. (10) to obtain the slender column moment index. The locus of points
10
represented by the axial load index and the slender column moment index
p
represent the interaction diagram for the column. Since Ac is a function
g
of the modified slenderness ratio, ;\, as well as geometry and material
properties, separate interaction diagrams must be constructed for each
combination of\, fy, f~, column shape and steel arrangement. The details
of the interaction diagrams are discussed in Chapter 3.
When Cm is less than l, the moment magnifier can be less than l.
Therefore, the moment magnifier should be checked to prevent the design of
an inadequately reinforced column. Rewriting Eq. (8), the moment magnifier
is
( 11 a)
or in terms of the slender column moment index,
( 11 b)
Once the reinforcing ratio, p, has been determined from the appropriate
slender column interaction diagram, the corresponding magnified moment
¢Mn
index, J\h , may be back calculated by entering the interaction diagram
g
for a short column (modified slenderness ratio, A = O) with the given
. <PP n
axial index, A , and reinforcing ratio. The moment magnifier is then
g
checked using Eq. ( 11 b).
2.3 Multiple Columns in Unbraced Frames

Since the lateral movement of unbraced frames is dependent upon the
total lateral stiffness of the structure, AC! 318-77 requires the moment
11
magnifier, 8, to be based on all of the columns in a given story. For

slender columns in unbraced frames, the approach is to approximate the
unbraced story with a single equivalent column subject to a single equiv-
alent load. The moment magnifier, 8, for the equivalent column is then
determined as outlined in Section 2.2 for single columns. The equivalent
column moment magnifer approximates the value of 8 for the story and is
applied to the column moments, M2, to obtain approximate column reinforc-
ing ratios using short column interaction diagrams (!c = 0). A more accu-
rate moment magnifier is then calculated for the columns in the story in
the normal manner, using the approximate reinforcing ratios obtained during
the first trial. If necessary, the design is revised.
The development of the equivalent column approach follows:

For n columns in a single story, the moment magnifier is
8 = ( 12)
n
l: p .
i =l UJ
l -
n
<jJ l: p .
Cl
i =l
The moment magnifier is maximized when the summation of the factored axial
loads is maximized. If all columns are simultaneously loaded to their de-
n n
sign strengths, l: (¢P ). may be substituted for l: P . in Eq. (12)
i=l n 1 i =l Ul
giving
8 = ----'---- ( 13)
p .
Cl
i =1
12
or in terms of stresses,
6 = ---------- (14)
n n
l: (¢Pn) I l:Ag1.
1
i=l
---------
i i=l
The concept of the "equivalent column" is now introduced to obtain an

(¢P )
equivalent column modified slenderness ratio, A , axial load index, An m
(M 2Jh) rn gm
and moment index A m Each of these is derived below.
gm
Frorn Eq. (14), the equivalent column axial load index is defined as
n
l:
(cpPn)m i =1 (¢P n) l.
= n ( 15)
Agm
i:: A .
i =1 g1
The interaction diagrams establish a relationship between the axial load

index and the moment index for values of the reinforcing ratio. This re-
lationship may be defined as
( 16)
Cm is not shown because, for an unbraced frame, Cm is unity. Using the

design assumptions of ACI 318-77, Section 10.2 (1) (linear strain distri-
bution and equivalent rectangular concrete stress block) for a specific
strain distribution, the axial load index and moment index (A= 0) vary
13
linearly with the reinforcing ratio, p. This may be observed by studying

values of the axial load index and moment index in which the reinforcement
furthest from the extreme compression fiber is at zero strain (or stress),
at half of the yield strain (or stress), and at the yield strain (or
balanced condition) (2). By inspection of the slender column interaction
diagrams, the curves appear to be flat between the axial load index axis
and the balanced condition, particularly for high modified slenderness
ratios, A, for which the moment magnification is the greatest. The curves
are approximately uniformly spaced, where ACI Eq. (10-9) (as opposed to
ACI Eq. (10-10)) is used to calculate the flexural stiffness, EI.
Approximating the interaction diagrams as a family of straight lines,
Eq. (16) is rewritten
( 17)
in which c2 is the slope of the lines and C(p) is the intercept of the
axial load index axis. The axial load index axis intercept, C(p), may be
written as a linear equation,
( 18)
in which cl is the change in the intercept divided by the change in the

reinforcing ratio and C0 is the intercept constant. Combining Eqs. (17)
and (18) gives
( 19)
14
Eq. (19) multiplied by A is

g
(20)
For a column, i, the axial load capacity, moment capacity, reinforc-

ing ratio, and gross cross section area are denoted by (¢Pn)i,(M 2/h)i' Pi
and Agi' respectively. Taking the summation of n columns, Eq. (20) is
n n n n
z = c2 z (M /h). Z P· Ag1. + C0 z Ag1. ( 21 )
i =l i =l 2 l . l
J=
1
i=l
The second term on the right side of Eq. (21) must be modified to derive an
expression in terms of an equivalent column:
n n cl nn n
l: (¢P n ) . > C2 z (Mz/h) 1.+ - l: P1· Z A . + c0 I: A .
g1
(22)
i =1 1 i=l n i=l i = 1 gl i =1
The effect of the modification can be determined using Chebyshev's

Inequality (3):
n n n
n i: > ( z (z (23)
j= 1 j= 1 j= 1
Applying Chebyshev's Inequality to the second summation on the right side

of Eq. (21) shows that the modification underestimates the summation of
axial load capacity. While this particular simplification is somewhat
unconservative, additional modifications will help insure that the over-
all procedure is satisfactory.
Defining the mean reinforcing ratio as
15
1 n
p = - l: P· (24)
m n i=l i
substituting Eq. (24) into Eq. (22), and dividing by the summation of
gross cross sectional areas gives the following inequality:
n n n n
l: (¢P n) . l: (M2/h) i z A. z A.
g1
i=l l > c2 i=l cl Pm i=l g1 co i =l
+ + (25a)
n - n n n
l: Agi z Agi l: Agi z A.
gl
i=l i =l i =l i =1
or
n n
l: ( ¢P n) i z (M 2/h);
i =1 i =1 (25b)
n > c2
- n + cl Pm + co
l: Agi l: Ag;
i =l i =1
As defined by Eq. (15), the equivalent column axial load index is

n
( <i>P n) m
z ( ¢P n) i
= i =l
n
( 15)
Agm
l: Ag1.
i =l
Similarly, the equivalent column moment index is defined from Eq. (25b) as
n
(M2/h)i I:
(M2/h)m i=l (26)
Agm = n
l: A .
i =l gl
The equivalent column modified slenderness ratio is consistently

derived with the previously defined equivalent column axial and moment
indices. For n columns, the summation of critical
16
loads is
n n2(EI)i
= l: (27)
i = l (k£u)i2
Based on AC! Eq. (10-9), EI varies linearly with reinforcing ratio and may
be written similarly to Eq. (3) for the i th column as
(28)
EcC
in which a2 =~and b = Es Csey 2 • For simplicity, the geometric index,
2
y, is treated as constant for all columns in a story. Combining Eq. (28)
and Eq. (27) gives
n n (a 2+b 2pi)A ; h~l

9 (29a)
Pei =
l: 1[2 l: 2
i =1 i =1 (l+Sdi) (kR.u)i
or
n 1[2 n (a 2+b 2p;) Ag;
l: Pei = r-z- l: (29b)
i =l Cr i=l A.2.
l
or
n 1[2 n A. n A
l: pci = CZ- [a2 l: -92_ + b
2 l: p. ~] (29c)
i =1 l A..l
2
i=l r i=l A.;
Eq. (29c) can be conservatively modified using Chebyshev's Inequality (3)

to give the following inequality:
17
b n n
+ - 2 l: l: (30a)
n i =l i =l
This modification helps to counteract the lack of conservatism in Eq.
(22). The summation of the reinforcing ratio in Eq. (30a) is consistent
with the mean reinforcing ratio, Eq. (24), used in describing the equivalent
column axial load index and moment index interaction. Eq. (30a) is re-
written
n 1T2 n Agi
l: Pc. ~ C7 [a2 + b2 Pm] l: ( 30b)
i =l l r i =l \~
1
or
n 1T2 n Agi
l: p > C7 Clm l: ( 30c)
i =l Ci - r AZ
i=l l
in which a= a 2+b p = E C /5 + E C p y 2 (see Eq. ( 3)). Eq. (30c)

m 2 m cg ssm
written in terms of the equivalent column critical stress is
n n Agi
l: p E
i =l Ci 1T2 i =l
7 l
> ci:- Clm n ( 31 )
n -
l: A r l:
gi Agi
i =l i =l
Eq. (5) written for the equivalent column critical stress and denoted
with subscript, m, is
2
pcm _ 1T am
-A - ~--"'
C" AL (32)
gm r m
18
Equating the right sides of Eqs. (31) and (32) and solving for the equiva-
lent column modified slenderness ratio, \m' is
n
z A .
gi
i =l
\m = ( 33)
n
z A ./"A~
gi 1
i =1
The geometric index, y, is treated as a constant in the preceeding

derivation. For many applications, the geometric index is a constant or
very close to a constant. The moment of inertia is influenced by the
square of the geometric index. However, the bending capacity for a partic-
ular axial load is influenced by the change in moment arm of the reinforce-
ment which for end face reinforcement is linear with the geometric index.
Since the moment of inertia and the bending capacity have different order
relationships with the geometric index, the mean column geometric index is
arbitrarily taken as
n
z
i =l
n
( 34)
z
i =l
The equivalent column parameters, axial load index, moment index,

modified slenderness ratio, and geometric index, are defined in Eqs. (15),
{26), (33), and (34), respectively. The equivalent column is treated as a
single unbraced column. The approximate moment magnifier is determined
from the procedure leading to Eq. (llb). The approximate moment magnifier
is applied to individual column moments and the columns are designed using
19
the short column interaction diagrams (A= O). The actual moment magnifier
for the story is calculated using the columns just designed, and, if neces-
sary, the designs are revised.
20
CHAPTER 3
RESULTS
3.1 Slender Column Interaction Diagrams

Slender column interaction diagrams are plotted for column types as
follows:
l. rectangular tied columns with equal reinforcement in all
faces
2. rectangular tied columns with equal reinforcement in the
end faces (parallel to the neutral axis)
3. rectangular tied columns with reinforcement in the lateral
faces (perpendicular to the neutral axis)
4. rectangular spiral columns
5. circular spiral columns
The diagrams are limited to the following range of parameters:
l. material strengths, f'c = 4,5,6 ksi and f Y = 60 ks i
2. geometric index, y = 0.6, 0.75, 0.9
3. modified slenderness ratio, A= 0,30,45,55,65,70,75,80,85,
90,95,100.
Designation of the interaction diagrams is similar to the AC! Design
Handbook (3) designation. The first character represents the column type,
as shown in Fig. 8.3, followed by the concrete compressive strength, f~,
the yield strength of the reinforcement, fy, the geometric index, y, and
the modified slenderness ratio, ), (i.e., Type f~ c fy y - A).
The values of the modified slenderness ratios, A, are selected such
that the change in \ 2 for consecutive values is approximately equal (the
critical stress is inversely proportional to A2 ) . linear interpolation
21
between values of the slenderness index is conservative, as shown in Fig.

3.1. ACI 318-77 limits the slenderness ratio to a maximum of 100 using
the provisions of Section 10. l l. As Sd approaches 1.0 the maximum al low-
able modified slenderness ratio approaches 100 IZ. However, the diagrams
plotted are limited to a maximum value of\ of 100.
The column strengths are based on linear strain distributions and equiv-
alent rectangular concrete stress distributions as described in Section 10.2
of ACI 318-77. The reinforcement is characterized using a uniform thin
wall distribution. Interaction diagrams are plotted in l percent increments
of the reinforcing ratio, p, from l to 8 percent. Strength reduction factors,
¢, of 0.7 for tied columns and 0.75 for spiral columns in compression, and
0.9 for members in pure bending and tension are incorporated in the inter-
action diagrams. The tension portion of the column capacity interaction has
been included for the short column interaction diagrams (slenderness index,
\ = 0). For column splice considerations, points are plotted on the inter-
action curves at which the reinforcement furthest from the extreme compres-
sion fiber is at zero strain (or stress), at half the yield strain (or
stress), and at the yield strain (or balanced condition).
Discontinuities in the shape of the interaction curves may be observed
in the region of small eccentricities. In portions of this region, the
equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution extends over the en-
tire cross section. The change in the axial load and moment indices is a
result of the changing stress distribution in the reinforcement only. For
higher eccentricities, the equivalent rectangular concrete stress distri-
bution extends over a portion of the cross section and influences the
change in the axial load and moment indices. A transition between these
22
two portions is expected. Discontinuities in the shape develop because

too few points are plotted in this region. Columns, however, are designed
with minimum eccentricities greater than the eccentricities corresponding
to the discontinuities, and therefore, the discontinuities are of no con-
sequence to design.
23
CHAPTER 4
EXAMPLES
4.1 Braced Column

The slender column interaction diagram approach is compared to the
procedure illustrated in the ACI Design Handbook ''Columns Example 2 -
Selection of reinforcement for a rectangular tied column with bars on four
faces (slenderness ratio found to be above critical value).'' ''Columns
Examp 1e 2" is stated as fo 11 ows:
For a 22 x 20 in. rectangular tied column with bars equally distributed
along four faces, select the reinforcement
Given: Loading
Factored axial load Pu= 560 kips
Factored end moment at top of column Mu= M2 = +3920 in.-kips
Dead load moment unfactored at top of column Md = 1120 in.-kips
Factored end moment at bottom of column M1 = +2940 in.-kips
No transverse loading on member
Materials
Compressive strength of concrete f~ = 4 ksi
Yield strength of reinforcement f y = 60 ksi
Nominal maximum size of aggregate = 1 in.
Design conditions
Unsupported length of column tu = 27.5 ft.
Column braced against sidesway
24
DJ I h=22 in.
1-b=20in.~
4.1.l Slender Column Interaction Diagram Method:
Step l. Determine column section size (same as Columns Example 2)
Given: h = 22 in.
b = 20 in.
Step 2. Check whether slenderness effect must be considered (same
as Columns Example 2 or alternately)
a. Calculate the slenderness ratio
For column braced against sidesway, k = 1.0
r = f,J; h = 1Tz 22 = 6. 35 in.
ki
_u = l. (27 .5xl2) = 52 0
r 6.35 ·
k9,
b. Compare~ with 34-12 M1;M 2
34-12 M /M 2 = 34-12 (2940/3920) = 25
1
k9,
~ > 34-12 M1;M 2
Slenderness effects must be considered.

Step 3. Determine reinforcing ratio and steel required.
a. Determine the axial load index and moment index
pu 560
bh = Z0\22T = 1.27 ksi
Since there is no transverse load on the column,

25
Cm= 0.6+0.4(M1;M 2 ) = 0.6+0.4 (~~~~) = 0.9
M2Cm _ 3920(. 9) _ .
bfiT - 20 ( 22 )2 - 0.364 ks1
b. Determine appropriate interaction diagram(s).

Estimate Y ::: ;f- = 2
~z 5 = 0.77
Use y=0.75
Calculate the modified slenderness ratio
Bd = (l · 4M a.)/M u = l.4(1120)
3920
= 0 4
·
ktu
A= ll+Bd -r- = 11+0.4 52.0 = 61.5
Interpolate between modified slenderness ratios of 55

and 65 for f~ = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, y= 0. 75, and
equal reinforcing in all faces.
c. From interaction diagram for;\= 65, p = 0.034.
From interaction diagram for A = 55, p = 0.027
Interpolating for A= 61.5
61.5-55
p = 0.027 + (0.034-0.027) 65-55 = 0.032
d. Since Cm is less than 1.0, check moment magnifier.
¢P p
From interaction diagram for A = 0 with b~ = b~
¢Mn
at p = 0.032, W = 0.59
¢Mn M2 Cm
6 =cm wl--w = 0.9(0.59/0.364) = 1.46 > 1.0.
e. Compute steel required

Ast = pbh = 0.032(20)22 = 14. l in 2
Step 4. Select reinforcement (same as Columns Example 2)
26
4.1.2 ACI Design Handbook Approach:

Step l. Determine column section size
Given: h = 22 in.
b = 20 in.
Step 2. Check whether slenderness ratio is less than critical value

a. Compute M1/M2 and read critical value of kiu/h from
Columns
2940
Ml /M2 = 3920 = 0.75
Critical H/h = 7.5
b. Determine k
For columns braced against sidesway, k = 1.0
c. Compute kiu/h and compare with critical value
kiu/h = 1.0(27.5)12/22 = 15 > 7.5
Slenderness effects must be considered.
d. Determine moment magnification factor
Determine appropriate moment magnifier graph.
For rectangular tied column with f~ = 4 ksi, use
Columns 5.2
Compute Sd = (l.4Md)/Mu = 1.4(1120)/3920 = 0.4
Compute Pu (l+13d)/A g =560(1.4)/(22x20) = 1. 78 ksi
Since there is no transverse load, compute Cm from
cm = 0.6+0.4(M 1;M 2) = 0.6+0.4(2940/3920) = 0.9
5 2
Estimate y :: \; = ~z 5 = 0. 77 :: 0. 75
Determine appropriate interaction diagram.
For rectangular tied column with steel along four faces,
f'c = 4 ksi, f y = 60 ksi, and y: 0.75, use R4-60.75.
27
Assume trial values of p 0.02 0.03 0.04

Read h/h l.00 l. l 0 l.20
13.60 12.50
Read 6/Cm from graph l. 91 l. 64 l. 49
Compute 6 = C (6/C ) l. 72 l.48 l. 34

m m
e. Compute 6Mu, in.-ki ps 6740 5800 5250
Step 3. Determine reinforcing ratio and steel required.
a. Compute Pu/Ag= 560/440 = 1.27 ksi
Assumed p 0.02 0.03 0.04
b. Compute 6Mu;A h 0.696 0.599 0.542
9
c. Read p for Pu/Ag and
6M/Agh 0.042 0.032 o. 027
Compare with assumed
p ;i0.02 :::0.03 ;i0.04
Repeat from Step 2d, assuming pg= 0.033
Read he/h = 1.13
Compute kiu/he = 13.3
Read 6/Cm = 1.60
Compute 6 = 1.44
Compute 6Mu = 5640 in~kips
Compute 6Mu;A h = 0.583

9
Read p = 0.031 ::: 0.033
Use p = 0.031
d. Compute required Ast= pgAg = 0.03lx440 = 13.6 in 2
Step 4. Select reinforcement
28
4.1.3 Discussion
The proposed method shows considerable computational savings over the
method outlined in the ACI Design Handbook. The Handbook procedure
is an iterative process requiring initial assumptions for the reinforcing
ratio, followed by successful trials. The slender column interaction method
is a direct method, requiring no initial assumptions regarding the reinforc-
ing ratio. The example calculations show that the proposed method provides
results in a single solution which can be achieved only after several itera-
tions using the method illustrated in the ACI Design Handbook.
4.2 Unbraced Frame

To illustrate the slender column interaction diagram approach, the
example below has been condensed as follows:
An unbraced structure consisting of 5 columns requires consideration
of slenderness effects. The columns have been preliminarily sized.
Combining the maximum live load with dead load and lateral load will
control the design of all columns. A summary of all columns is as
fol lows:
Column 2 3 4 5
b, in. 20 20 20 20 20
h, in. 20 24 28 26 22
y assumed . 75 . 75 . 75 .75 .75
A = /f+Sd k,Q, / r 80 75 65 70 85
Pu, kips 240 576 1008 l 040 704
M2 , in.-kips 2375 4026 5529 5189 4543

f' = 4 ks i f = 60 ks i
c ' y
Determine the reinforcing ratio of each column.
29
Step l. Determine the values of the equivalent column parameters for

slenderness, axial load, and moment
a. equivalent column modified slenderness ratio
5
l: A .
Am = _i=~5l'--_91__
l: A ./\2
gl 1
\ i =l
5
Z A . = 20(20) + 20(24) +20(28) +20(26) +20(22) = 2400 in 2
i =l gi
5
l: A ·/"A~ = 20(20)/80 2 + 20(24)/75 2 + 20(28)/65 2 +20(26)/70 2 +
i =l g1 1
20(22)/85 2 = 0.4474
"'m = 12400/.4474 = 73.24
. h. h pu q,P n
b. Equivalent column axial load index in w lC A= A
g g
5
l: ¢p
= 240 + 576 + 1008 + 1040 + 704 = 3568 kips
i =l ni
5
I: (¢Pn)i
(<PP n )m i=l 3568 = 1.49 ksi
= 5 = 2400
Agm
l: A .
i =l gl
c. Equivalent column moment index
5
I: M2 ./hi = 2375/20 + 4026/24 + 5529/28 +
i =l 1
5189/26 + 4543/22 = 890 kips
5
I: M2 ./hi
(Mz/h)m
A
= i=
5
l 1 890
= 2400 = 0.. 371 ks i
gm
l: Agi
i=l
30
Step 2. Determine the equivalent column reinforcing ratio by inter-

polation between appropriate slender column interaction
diagrams using the axial load index and moment index calcu-
lated in Step 1.
For f~ = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi and modified slenderness ratio of
A = 70 pm = 0.047
A = 75 p
m
= 0.052
By interpolation
A = 73.24 Pm = 0.050
Step 3. Determine the moment index for a modified slenderness ratio
of zero given the equivalent column reinforcing ratio, and
calculate the equivalent column moment magnifier.
a. For f ~ = 4 ks i, f y = 60 ks i and A = 0.
M
cm= .74
Agm
M M
b. om= /m!Agm=0.74/0.371 = 1.99
gm gm
Step 4. Determine preliminary reinforcing ratios and calculate
corresponding moment magnifier
Column 2 3 4 5
a. Cal cul ate p/bh 0.60 1. 20 1.80 2.00 1.60
Calculate M/m/bh 2 .297 . 349 . 353 . 384 .469
Ca 1cu late Mc/bh 2 . 591 .695 . 702 .764 .933
Determine p from 0. 031 0.041 0.051 0.061 0. 071
f'c = 4 ksi , f y = 60 ks i,
y = 0. 75, A = 0
31
b. Calculate critical stresses

From Critical Stress Aid (Fig. B. 3)
For f'c = 4 ks i, kc = 7116
For rectangular col umns with reinforcement in a 11
faces and f
y
= 60 ks i , k/PY 2 = 572400
2
Pc/Ag = 2 Kc /A for Kc->K s
Pc/Ag = ( Kc +K s ) /A 2 for K <K
c- s
C 1T 2 E 1TzE C PY2
in which Kc = c 2 9 and s se
SC r Ks =
Cr
Column l 2 3 4 5
Kc = 7116 7116 7116 7116 7116
Calculate Ks 9981 13201 16421 19640 22860
>K >K >K >K >K

c c c c c
Pc/bh 2.• 671 3. 612 5. 571 5.460 4. 149
Pc 1069 1734 3120 2839 1826
5
I Pc= 1069 + 1734 + 3120 + 2839 + 1826 = 10588 kips
i =l
0 = --r ·l - - = --~~~-
l
=l.93<1.99
5 3568
I p l - ~.7~(~l0=53=3~)
u
i =l
l ----
For design,the procedure can be terminated. However, to

evaluate the equivalent column approximation more closely,
the moment magnifer is further refined.
Step 5. Revise magnified moments, revise column reinforcing ratios
and recalculate moment magnifier
32
a. Use the average of the equivalent column moment magnifier

and the moment magnifier calculated from the preliminary
reinforcing ratios.
Assume 6 = l. 9 ~+ l. 93 = l. 96
b. Column l 2 3 4 5
Calculate Mc/bh 2 .582 .684 .692 .753 .919
p /bh 0.60 l.20 l.80 2.00 l.60
u
Determine p 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070
c. Cal cu late Ks 9659 12879 16099 19 319 22538
>K >K c >K c >K c >K c
c
p/bh 2. 621 3.555 5.495 5 .395 4. 104
Pc 1048 1706 3077 2805 1806

5
E Pc = 1048 + 1706 + 3077 + 2805 + 1806 = 10442 kips
i =l
6 = l = = l. 954 - l. 96
5 l - . 7(3568
E Pu l 0442)
i =l
l - 5
<jJ E Pc
i =l
The equivalent column moment magnifier overestimates the actual moment magni-
fier by less than 2 percent. Although assuming a constant geometric index,
y, the example is exaggerated by using diverse loadings on 5 different
column cross sections. Since the results are favorable for this example,
the method should provide good estimates of the reinforcing ratio, p, for
more uniform geometry and loading.
33
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY A11D CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Summary
For single slender reinforced concrete columns (braced or unbraced),
a technique to obtain the reinforcing ratio without requiring an initial
estimate of the reinforcing ratio is presented. By reducing unbraced frames
to equivalent single columns, slenderness effects in unbraced frames may be
estimated. The provisions of ACI 318-77, Section 10.11, ''Approximate evalu-
ation of slenderness effects," are utilized.
Conventional interaction diagrams are modified by a non-dimensional
parameter characterizing column slenderness. The abscissa is modified to
an index reflecting the (unmagnified) moment obtained from an elastic frame
analysis, M2 . The slender column interaction diagrams provide direct solu-
tions for the reinforcing ratio for single columns (braced or unbraced).
5.2 Conclusions
Slender interaction diagrams, applied to the design of single slender
columns (braced or unbraced), lead directly to the solutions of the rein-
forcing ratio. The designer does not have to contend with making initial
reinforcing ratio assumptions or with making iterative calculations. For
braced frames with slender columns, the equivalent column technique pro-
vides useful approximate reinforcing ratios. The slender column inter-
action diagram approach wi 11 be usefUl to designers of reinforced concrete
structures.
34
REFERENCES
1. Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (318-77),

American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 1977.
2. Design Handbook, American Concrete Institute, SP-17A(78), Detroit,
Michigan, 1978.
3. Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards,
Appl. Math:""" Ser. No. 55, 1964.
35
l.O
0.9 ;/
/
/
. Pu /
0.8 Given A ,:\ /
g /
----- --:;;-(
0.7 //II
~/ I
~~ 0.6
/I
/ I
I
I
Cl..~ I I
0.5 I I
II I I
u
I I
:v
,-<
---.. 0.4 Actual o/Cm
,-< I I
I I
0.3 Interpolated o/Cm
0.2
I >-c = :\ at fu = f i
Ag Ag
I
I
0. l I
I
I
0
0 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
o/Cm = ~u ~Pc = 1-(>-/>-cJZ

l- Ag I Ag
Fig. 3.1 - Modified Slenderness Ratio Versus Moment Magnifier

36
APPENDIX A
NOTATION
Ag =gross area of column cross section

Ast ="total area of longitudinal reinforcement," (1)
c0 = intercept constant of Eq. (18)
c1 = change of the intercept divided by the change of the reinforcing
ratio, p, Eq. (18)
c2 = slope of the interaction lines, Eq. (17)
Cg = chatacteristic coefficient for calculation of the gross moment
of inertia, I g
Cm "a factor relating actual moment diagram to an equivalent uniform
moment diagram,'' (l)
Cr =characteristic coefficient for calculation of the radius of
gyration, r
C(p) = function describing the intercept of the axial load index
axis, Eq. (17)
Cse = characteristic coefficient for calculation of the reinforcing
steel moment of inertia, Ise
e =eccentricity of axial column load
Ec = "modulus of elasticity of concrete," (l)
Es = "modulus of elasticity of reinforcement," (l)
EI = ''flexural stiffness of compression member,'' (l)
f'c = "specified compressive strength of concrete," (l)
fy = "specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement," (l)
h = dimension of the cross section in the direction perpendicular
to the neutral axis of bending
37
i =subscript used to denote a specific column
lg = "moment of inertia of gross concrete section," (l)
lse = "moment of inertia of reinforcement," (l)
j = subscript used to denote terms, Eq. (22)
k ="effective length factor for compression members," (l)
9,u = "unsupported length of compression member," (l)
m = subscript used to denote mean parameters of the unbraced frame
equivalent column
Mc = "factored moment to be used for design of compression member," (l)
Mu = factored moment
M = "value of smaller factored end moment on compression member cal-

1
culated by conventional elastic frame analysis, positive if
member is bent in single curvature, negative if bent in double
curvature," (l)
M2 = "value of larger factored end moment on compression member calcu-
lated by conventional elastic frame analysis, always positive,''
(l )
="critical load," (l)
= "nominal axial load strength at given eccentricity," (l)
="factored axial load at given eccentricity<¢P ," (l)

- n
r = radius of gyration
Cl =function combining terms of El, Eq. (3)
= "ratio of maximum factored dead load moment to maximum factored
total load moment, always positive," (l)
y = geometric index, ratio of the distance between the centroids of
the reinforcement in opposite faces parallel to the neutral axis
of bending to the column depth, h, as shown in Fig. 8.3

38
6 = "moment magnification factor," ( 1 ) , or moment magnifier

kJ!,u
71 = modified slenderness ratio = /l+Bd
r
A
p = total reinforcing ratio = ~t
g
<j> = "strength reduction factor," ( 1 )
39
APPENDIX B
SLENDER REINFORCED COIKRETE COLUMiJ DESIGN AIDS
The procedures developed for the design of slender reinforced concrete

columns are presented in condensed form for convenience in design. For
single columns, a logic flow chart is presented in Fig. B.l. For unbraced
frames, Fig. B.2 is a logic flow chart and Fig. B.3 is for convenience in
calculating the critical load index for individual columns.
40
:~~
Given:
p u ,Ml'M2, Sd k:'.'.J Ml
I /ITT2h rec. - > 34-12-M braced
r - 2 No
f~,fy,A ,h,Q,u
9 ; .25h circ. > 22 unbraced +'
0
"''- <lJ
k, trans. load?
"' "' <lJ
·~
"'"' "'
Yes ~ "'
(LJ
u
0
Ml Yes k<l.O~ I "'

c ; 0.6+0.4 -M w/o trans ;~•-----11 !. ; ,\ ;
0
m 2 0 .4 '2 load / .
(// '----
t No
1.0 ~--------------'
Enter di a gram s
for p
c
m < 1.0
Enter di a gram s
Yes ' w/ \ ; 0., Au,

MC
g
p
p la
I
;
cm t c (_L_ni_)
_1_!!1_;
Ayh
MC
A9 h ).;Q
fl
J
No
- - - - - for (_L_ni_)
optional A h ,\;Q
9
Enter diagram s
j
Pu M2Cm
w/ !. ; O.,A'Ah
g g
Yes ,L~~
for p ,/
No
Fig. B. l Single Column Flow Chart

41
k .2~
k .
Ul
Q, •
Ul Any Ul ui >~ No
ri -
ri
r=/l712 h rec.
= .25 h circ.
Yes
'-~
-
Enter Diagram(s) with "m - I k71~
pum (M/h)m
I gi 1
, .= ~
k . Q,
Ul
•
Ul
"m'Ym' A'-A~- '' 1 "''">:id r.
gm gm ZA .Y. 1
gi 1
y =
m rn gi.
l
Enter Diagram(s) with
pum ZM 21./h.1
>c=O,ym'A ' Pm
gm ZA gi.
(M2/h)m
for ( A )
gm >c=O
Enter Diagram(s) with

Mc _ omM21. PUl. MC
,\=O,Y.,-A
1 . 'A . h .
Agihi - Agihi gi gi 1
o=~l I~
p .
Cl
ZPu
- -p See Fig. B.3.
'--_ _ _z_c_ _I I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,
0 ~ 0 _Ye_s_ _ _-..i Check braced condition,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

~ See Fig. B. l
kb = effective length factor
l for braced column
Y
Assume new om
ku = effective length factor
for unbraced column
Fi3. B.2 Unbraced Frame Flow Chart

42
CRITICAL STRESS
kt 2
(ll+sd -fl
Kc + Ks
k Q, 2 ,
(ll+Sd -fl
2
TI EC
in which Kc ; c g and
5 cr2
TI2E C py2
s se
Ks ;
cr 2
CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
f'c' ksi Kc, ks i Column Type K/PY 2 , ksi

4 7116 Rectangular
5 7956 a 11 faces 572400
6 8715 end faces 858700
lateral faces 286200
spiral 429300
Circular 572400
h
JO
_j_ I 0100
all faces end faces lateral faces spiral circular
R E L s c
Fig. B.3 Critical Stress Aid
mttttffifttttf!ittll IIIIIIll l lJUJ!tlJUUI IJllllJHJHillt!Hl~~.lli6~n~~HHFllI!lllmlllHJHLiHIJfff1~HHllllttl
,, l lHJJI 111mrrH-~JJ9!1il11·1~~~
•
i• o:
-:t 11-l'f.!-lft>\J,lj~fH-H++H-H+l+HfH I I 11 I I 111 I 11111111111111 HH~H++ttt-l*H+ttttttttl+l-+H+Httt+H 111111 Ht\
''+"W+-N+-l'l+l'l.!+1'.lfl'fH-lll 111 fl n I IT rlTH+H+H-H+H+!+H.l:'.11-fR-ttf\;H-AfH-l'ld+l+l+l-t+t+HH-++I -~L

--•-1 IU-ll
lfi':I ~-•-
.I _,,,
f++l-+1+1+1- w
,I ·1 1r
"1 +--
r I
II~
o;oo o:oo
rmJtffittrn 1;40
0;20
MotiE~rr I~DEX. ~
0
ihcM/sHi 00
KSI
1;20 1;-40 0;20
MotENT I~DEX ~ i%CM/BH~ KsI
0 00 1:20
Fig. R4-60.60-0 - Interaction Diagram Fig. R4-60.60-30 - Interaction Diagram

~~~~-·rTTT-rrr~'"'rm-rm-rrrrm-rrrrnT~m-.,..,.rmTn-rM"T-rrnrm-,-m-rrrrnnTTTrm-rl-rrmTTT1rm-rrnTTTrmTITnTTTTT1Trrn~TITnTTTTT1-rrt·rrnon-rTTTrmTm
" - .. - - -
l+l+l+l-l-ll+l+l+l-l++.J++++HH+H-H- ·
' ·
-
•
,
1mr
-·.
- - -
I
•
'•I
l
,
· fu ·· . ·
t
•• - - . --·- - I
-- . . - -
- I -- - -· - - .- ·- - ---
- .. ---
I - - -·- _··_,-_
t+ttH-++++++ ++tt-rt-H·tt-t-1 l+H H+H+t+H-ll+t+ttH+t+H+t+t+t+t- - -- - ·- -· - - -· -

- --
-
·=·
-l+l-l-l\fH'<f-1-1'!-·H~H-!J Hofll+t+t+ttH-+tti+H·H +t-++Hl-t+H- - - .I ~
I ~ .. - - -- -- .- ,._ - -· . •- t- .-
-. '""': - : I - I -
-- . -
-- ··-- -- -- - -·- -·- --··- --

~
LLLLLllJJ"'.;+.!,JjLLµ.JiL-':+._l(Jlt1-4LljLl+lJiU.f>.l.lfLl:.l~lf-Cl¥Jlllft1iW-fJ]j!J,µljl:,l\.L4LJ-il.4L1.+L4µ+!JJJ_jl ~
o.oo 0.20 9,40EN erD60EX o,l\O . t·oo 1.20 1.40 o.oo 0.20 9.,40 o.60 0 1\° . t·oo 1.20 1.40
M M T 11~
110 - M:!Cu/BH2 KSI MOMENT INDEX - 1M2Cw/BH 2 KSI •
'
''
.. . .
.
. .
. . . . . . . . . ..
.
.. . . .
- -- - ..
.
. ''
'
..
. . . .I
. .
..
.
.
- -- . .
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.
. . . ..
..
' .. . . I . -- . - -
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.
- - - - .. .
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.
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.
-
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.,,.
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.
~
.. . .
. .
.. .
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'
' . . . .
..
. .. I
i
.
' I
. .
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I~
.
~
. . . . . . . . . . .. .
.. . . .. ... . .. . .
tl
. .
I
o.oo oso - oso .ro o.oo .ro
M2Cu/B H:oo MOM.roENT I Nso
DEX - oM2CulB ij·oo
0.20 1.20 1•
MOMr NT Il\IOEX
0.20 1.20 1•
2 Ksr 2 Ksr
•
++++++++l++l·l+H+H+++IH+l+H++~H++HffiHNtilttm~i5i+lli+Ul !JI Ilfl:ltUH-ll#tll#llittl-ltlltl+J1tU+ml-ffi~ff-ltttltll·~ ~~1mr~~!~rJU]tHtl
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-.r
Hl++l+H+HH+l+I g;
-..~
l~V..J
~
tfffH!~*'l'Ql'Kl IIIII IIII Illlll II IIIII II llLllltltlJI llllJlll llJILUJJI llt1Hlmr--~ 111111IJI1111111111111flllH+H1111111111111 lt+ITT
--r ·-
r
~
'!-
H-H-H++t+I HHHH+l'IH+fH+l·d'.
,,
J'f.l I 11
o:oo o:oo
0:20
MO~ENT INDEX. ~ ~cu/8i-t:! KSI
0 00 1:20 1:40 0:20
MO~ENT INDEX 0
~ ~cu/si-t~ KSI
00 1:20 1:40

• •
)tl.:f;l=
!•
" '/
'
,......,
.I· l:f"t':I-'·
_j .,,,
·•H-
~ ,_
1'·
"
L,
~r
!+ ·"f-1+tJ;m
+-
o;oo 1;MJ
MOtE~rf I~O>f:X- ~ ~CwlBHi Ksr
0 00
I~DEX- ~ ~CwlB~t~ KsI
0 00
0;20 1;20 l;MJ 0~00 0;20
MOtENT 1;20

.
ii :s1
"t~~
z
ll~I · l '!-+'!
-·- 6;
-Hffi-Jl+l+FN+l'kH
tfflH·i'¥1 HFHI NJ ll'kl N~lfl 1111111111IllTI111111111111 rtll lll!Tll III II lltl lllll llrl 1-l+m-P~~TifBilmm+++l-HI 111111111111111111111111111111!11!:111111!
1"'-'\l ""'' m1m.Hu
~QI
J_
o;oo 0~20 o;oo 1;20

I. 1;40
MO~ENT I~DEX. ~ itCwfBHi MO~ENT I~DEX ~
1;40 0;20
0 00
Ksr
1;20 0
itCwlBHi 00
Ksr
Fig. R4-60.60-95 - Interaction Diagram Fig. R4-60.60-l00 - Interaction Diagram

I
1-1,
'• (il
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MO~ENT I~DEX- ~ ~cw/s~i Ksr
0 00 1;20
MO~ENT I~DEX- ~ ~Cw/B~i Ksr
0;20 0 00 1;20 1;40 0;20

"'•I
11
11,. I
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i~oE:x· ~ ~£u/8Hi Ksr
0 00 1~20
I~DEX ~ ~cu/BH~
0 00
0;20
MOMENT KSI
1:20 1;«1 0;20
MOMENT
J
•·
- -•-•-!+
I
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MO~ENT I~DEX ~ ~CM/BH~ Ks1
0 00 0;20
MOMENT INDEX - ~CMIBH KsI
200

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1.20 1.-ID
MO~E NT If\fDEX
0.20 1.20 1.-IO
80 2 KSI
II
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MOMENT INDEX - M2Cw/BH2 Ksr MOMENT INDEX - M2Cw/BH 2 KSI
' I
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H,I
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MO~ENT I~DEX ~ itcuiBH~ Ksr
0:20 0 00 1:20 0~00 0:20 1;20
MOMENT It~DEX - M£ulBH2 KSI

i •·
L
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Mo~rNi-' i~i'.fEx .~ !%c~/sHi KsI
1 25 1;so 1;75 o;oo 0;25
.
Mo~rNi-. i~DEX ~ !%c~/sH:i2 KSI
1 5 1;50· 1;75

I
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MOMtNT I1~uEX - M£ulBW Ksx MOMtNT I1~DEX - M2Cu/BH2 Ksx
-
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MO~E NT I ~75
0.25 o 75 1 oo H:.25 1.50 1.75 0.25 1.50
1M°
MO NT INDEX - M2Cu/B 2
KSI DEX - £u/B K225K5I
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11
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o:OO' o;2l 1;50' 1;75 o.oo Ni!! ~r1s 1 qo . t,25 1.so 1.75
MO~~NT. i~rfEX .~ ~£~1Bi-f~2SKsr
1 0.25
MOMtNT I1~DEX - 1M£MIBH2 KSI
11JlTJ1...ttllhr 1,i
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o;oo 0;2s-
.
MO~~NT. i~DEX ~ i%c~/sf-ti25"KSI
1 1;50 1~75 o;oo 0;2s-
MO~~NT. i~rJEX .~ i%CMIBKi2~sr
1 1;50 1;75

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o;oo 0;25" 9\~ 1;00 1;75 o;2?f 1 25 1;00 1;75
MOMtNT
I1~DEX - M2Cu/BH2 KSI
c!
n ' . 1r I
tl
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t"\!'11-1\Pi
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1
o;oo o;oo 1;20
MO~ENT I~DEX. ~ ~cMiB~ KsI
0 00
MO~ENT I~DEX ~ ~cMisf-ti KSI
0;20 1;20 1:-1a 0:20 0 00 1:-1a
Fig. RS-60.60-0 - Interaction Diagram Fig. RS-60.60-30 - Interaction Diagram

ttHMlrHll~ .
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1
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o;oo o;oo 9;1Q . . ~i60 . . Oi'l° . , t;oo 1;20

MO~ENT I~DEX ~ ~CMlB~i Ksr
0;20 0 00 1~20 1;40 0.20 1;40
MOMtNT I1~DEX - M2CMIBH 2 KSI
Fig. RS-60.60-45 - Interaction Diagram Fig. R5-60.60-55 - Interaction Diagram
+.
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MO~ENT I~DEX. ~ ~cw/BH~ Ksr
0;20 0 00 1;20 0;20
MOMtNT Ir-iDEX - M2Cw/BH 2 Ksr
J
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0.20
IJ'till Jfllilol'l°DjillJji[tfilUI IJI l,l Ij 11,1111•.roll~;
1.00 1.20
OMENT r-iDEX - M2CM/BH2 Ksr MOMENT INDEX - M2Cu/BH2 Ksr
Fig. R5-60.60-75 - Interaction Diagram Fig. RS-60.60-80 - Interaction Diagram

.1111111rmrmnHt+IUlllll llTHlll1111111111111111111111111111111111H I II I I I Ill II Ill I I I I II Ill I I II I I II II I I I I I I I I I II I I Ill
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o;oo 0 00 1;40
MO~ENT I~DEX ~ ~cu/sf-f:! ._T
o;oo 0;20 1;20
MO~ENT I~DEX. ~ ~cw/sf-fi KSI
0~20 0 00 1;20 1;40

• I I
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MO~ENT i~oE:x' ~ i%culBK~
0~20 0 00
MO~ENT I~DEX ~
0:20 1:20
0
i%culsf-fi 00
KSI
1:20
KSI

-·1
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o;oo 0;25· 1;75 o;oo 1;50· 1;75

Mo~fNT· 1Ni1iEx ·~ 1Zcu/BKi ~sr
1 2 1;50
Mo~fNT· rNi1iEx ·~ 1%c~/BKi Ksr
0;25 1 25

:i+!++HtftlH+t++ttl+HHtl 11111 ITI 111 tfttftl-H-~t·l·HtiiitttHHHtttttt<irlrh!+lilit-ltH '-H+l 1111 I I I It H·rttitii •-H~-
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1 2 1~50 1;75 0;25· · · · 1;75
MOMENT INDEX - M2CMIBH 2 KSI
I
1,1.: .
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0;25 1 5 0;25
MOMENT INDEX - M2Cw/BH2 KSI
~
~
·1,_ l
1-'-
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1 1;50 1;75 o;oo 0;25 9;!i!i . . . ~i75 . . ·
MOMtNT lt'IDEX - M2Cw/BH2
qp . . : t;25
Ksr
1;50 1;75

r JI
-H-+++HH+H, n1111111H-+Hl-1i+H-+iwoo+5f.ltgirnmJmHw+H+111nu1-ui-1 IHHI ttJMHUH~Mw~iu+1w+nrr11~li8!: .· ii
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I
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MOMtNT I1~DEX - M2CMIBH2 KSI MOMENT ItlDEX - M2CMIBH 2 KSI
Fig. R5-G0.75-85 - Interaction Diagram Fig. RS-60.75-90 - Interaction Diagram
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MO NT INDEX - M£u/B ~ KSI Ksr

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1 25
MOMtNT INDEX - M2Cw/BH' Ksr
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MO ENT INDEX - M2Cw/B 2 KSI - 100
M2Cw/B
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K5I MOMtNT Ir~DEX - M2Cu/BH 2 K5I

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MO NT INDEX - M2Cw13 i K5I
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MO~E1 NT INDEX
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MO~E NT INDEX
0.25 ~50 0 75 1 00 ff.25 1.50 1.75 0.25 075 1.50
MO ENT INDEX - M£M/B 2
KSI - 100 f-t25
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K5I

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Fig. E4-60.60-0 - Interaction Diagram Fig. E4-60.60-30 - Interaction Diagram
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INDEX DEX 2
KSI
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0
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1;20 1;40 0;20
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0
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2
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1.20 1.40 0.20 MM> ' o.w'
MO ENT INDEX -
oM2Cu/B~f.oo
2
KSI
1.20' 1.40
Fig. E4-60.60-95 - Interaction Diagram Fig. E4-60.60-l00 - Interaction Diagram

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MOMENT
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I1~DEX
v• 1~
MOMtNTM2CM/BH2 -
.&a
Ksr
1.00 1~ o~ oa ~
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2
M2Cw/BH Ksr
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2CM/B
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Ksr MO ENT INDEX - M£u/BH 2
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" MOMENT I1~DEX - 1M2Cw/BH2 K5I MOMENT I1~DEX - M2Cw/BH2 K5I

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MO ENT INDEX -
075 ·100 125
M2Cu/BH2 KSI
1.50 1.75 o.oo 0.25 M50 o 15 1 oo H225
MO ENT INDEX - M2Cu/B Ksr
'
1.50 1.75

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MO~.toENT I NDEX
o.oo o.oo I.SO 1.75
M2Cw/B ~f"25
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MOMENT INDEX - M2Cw/BH2 Ksr - 1.00 2
Ksr
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MOMooENT INDEX
0.40 0.40 1.20 1.60
1.20
- 1M°£u/B ~2 00KSI MO ENT INDEX - M2Cu/BH 2 KSr
Fig. E4-60.90-0 - Interaction Diagram Fi~. E4-60.90-30 - Interaction Diagram
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MOMENT I~DEX
00 1 2;60 0;40
- M2Cu/BH2 Ksr
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l[ +fillTI
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DEX - 1M2CM/BH2.00
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INDEX - 0itCN/BH200Ksr
I
1020
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1;50 1;75 o;oo 0 25
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MOM NT INDEX - M2CM/B 2 KSI
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MOMENT I1~DEX - M2Cu/BH 2
K5I MOMENT I1~DEX - M2Cu/BH Ksr

i.·
t··
'-H+i+t+ 1-H+t-H+t+t+++H-l+t+H+H+t+ H +1-H I I I I Ii I I I I I
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MOMENT I1~uEX - M2CM/BH2 Ksr MOMt.NT I1~DEX - M2CMIBH2 KSI
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MOMENT INDEX - 1%CMIBH200KSI
o.40
DEX - 1M°£u/BH2.00
I
2
o.40 KSI

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MOM!:.NT I1~DEX - M2Cu/BH· KSI MOMENT I1~DEX - 1M2Cu/BH2 KSI
Fig. ES-60.90-95 - Interaction Diagram Fig. ES-60.90-100 - Interaction Diagram

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o.oo o.20 MOMENT INDEX - 0
~Cu/B~ 00Ksl 1 20
'
1040
~Cu/BH200Ksl
1 20
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MOMENT I1~DEX - M2Cu/BH2 KSI MOMENT I1~DEX - M2Cu/BH 2
KSI
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MOMENT INDEX - M2CM/B 2 KSI
0.00 0.15 0.30 0.45 OM° O. 75 0.90 1.05
MOMENT INDEX - 2CM/BH2 KSI
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o.oo o.oo
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DEX - OM2Cw/B H:.75
0.15 0.90 1.05 0.15 0.90 1.05
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j -lill+Ri-llH-· '-·-··-~-··- '" , _,_, '-·-··· 1\
o;oo
1 I
MOij~NT -I~DEX - ~Cw/BH? KSI
0~00 0 5 0;90 1;05
MOij~NT -I~DE-X -_ ~CM/BH:i ~s1
0 15 0 1 0;90 - 1;05 15
; - o; -

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MOMENT INDEX - M2CMIBH2 Ksr MOMtNT lr~DEX - M2CMIBH Ksr

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MO ENT INDEX -
0.45 0 60 If
M£u/13 2
75
KSI
o.90 1.05 o.oo 0.15
DEX - OM£u/B1-f:·275KSI
MO~JOENT I N45
0.90 1.05

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MOMENT INDEX - itCM/BH2 KsI Mo ENT rNoEx - M2CM/m Ksr
I - , II
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MOMtNT I1~DEX - M2CM/BH 2 KS!
I I
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MO~t°ENT INDEX
0.20 1.20 1.00
o.60 - oM2CM/B f-f·oo
2
KSI MO ENT I DEX - M£M/BH 2
KSI

.
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MOMENT INDEX - M2Cw/BH KSI MOMtNT I1~DEX - M2Cw/BH2 Ksr

Fig. L5-60.90-75 - Interactio11 Diagram Fig. L5-60.90-80 - Interaction Diagram
'j'r - 1 l l - - . .. - . -. . I ~
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o 'l" . 1.00 1;40
MO~ENT I~DEX ~ ~Cu/BH~ Ksx
o.ao 0.20 o.40 1.20 1.40 0~00 0;20 0 00 1.20
M2Cu/BH 2 Ks!
1
MOMENT I1~DEX -
Fig. LS-60.90-85 - Interaction Diagram Fig. LS-60.90-90 - Interaction Diagram
1
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i
o.oo 0.20 M40
MO ENT INDEX
0.60 OM 1.00
- £u/BH 2 KSI
1.20 1.40
MOMENT INDEX - M£w/BH2 KSI
I I ll I\ .
• '_ j' - .. - ~ - - - - - .. fi~ijfH
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o.oo o.1s · 9,:io Pr•5 o fj0 • y,.15 o.90 1,05 o.oo 0.15 9.,30 o.45 0 1\D • y,.15 o.90 1.05
MOMENT I1~DEX - 1M2Cu/BH 2 KS! MOMENT INDEX - 1M2Cu/BH 2 KS!

... -~JUmJHflllllffllllffil~[l[]mJJllll[lrL
o.oo o.1s 9,JO o.45 o !j0 o.1s o.90 1.os o;oo 0;15 9;'!!1 · · o·~s · · o·oo · · , 9.·1s 0;90 1;05
MOMENT INDEX - 1M2Cu/BH2 KSI MOMtNT INDEX - M2Cu/BH2 KSI
• .
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MOMENT I J\IDEX - M2Cu/B
0 60 H:.75
2
0.90 1.05
MOMENT INDEX - 2Cu/B 2 Ksr KSI

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- o~2Cu/B H:i!75K5I
0.90 1.os o 45 o 60 H:.75
o 45
MO ENT INDEX - M£u/B 2 K5I
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[ ' I ' .:
MJO N45 '
45 0 600 0.75 0.90 1.05
MOM~NT I NDEX - M2Cu/BH2 KSI
o.oo 0.15 o.60 o. 75 0.90 1.05 o.oo 0.15
MO ENT I DEX - M?Cu/BH2 Ksr
- •
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DEX - OM2Cu/B H:·2 75KSI

o.oo o.oo 1.05
MOM~NT INDEX - ~CMIBH KSr
0 275 0.90
MO ENT I N45
0015
0.15 'MJO 0.90 1.05

1. +·•-·-·-· ....~·- l++H+H+l-H+l+f-1+·1·•-· -···~ ttn-1J,\.
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o.oo 0.20 MOOM."°ENT rPr60 01'1° 1.00 1.20 1.'40 o.oo 0.20 9,40 Pr6D 01'1° 'i·oo
M2Cu/BH 2 Ksr
1.20 1.'40
1~DEX - M2Cu/BH 2 Ksr . MOMENT I1~DEX -
I I j) m-; j'Ii r
)~.,1,tl
i ~. I
1' I 'I :
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o;oo 0.20 q;•o · · · 0;60 · · · oi'l" · · ', i;oo 1;20 1;40

• _;::E1Jtl
o.oo
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0.20 q•.•o o1'l° , i.oo 1.20
~r60
IlrtlIIl.4oIll
MOMENT INDEX - M2Cu/BH 2 Ksr · MOMENT l1'lDEX - M2Cu/BH 2 KSI

•·
"
'I
+++H++l-J+J.·l++l+++·tH++H-•- ++++H+H-H+Hl+ff!:HflllHfHi\l,/,f~+hMI-'- ·W.-H-1-1·1-i-LL~l l+ill-i-L•.
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MOMENT I1~DEX - M£M/BH· KSI MOMENT INDEX - M2CM/BH2 KS!
-!l
11
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I
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o.oo 0.20 l 9.,40 o.oo o '1° . t·oo
MOMENT INDEX - 1M2Cu/BH2 KSI
.~ 1.20 1.40 o.oo 0.20 9,40
MOMENT
p1oo
I1~DEX
o.ao
- M2CulBH2 KSI
1.00 1.20 1.40

' , ,rrTmfffltrnT1T1·rrn,-n1rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrnTT·rrrrTTTITTTI-.-.-n-rmrn-r~•-rrr
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MOMENT INDEX - M£M/BH2 KSI MOMENT I1~DEX - M2CMIBH 2 KS!
!~
.. .. . .. . j '~, .
i 11 ' I '
Ti LI I~ :~1
' 1111
l .
ltH+lfrn:l+ttt++++H++·H+H+++H+!.J++++H+l+t+++J+j!+l+J.j.+.J.W+i:J+W_j_u.w.!.!U.UJllWJl !+H+l~f+++.i+l+l-l+++++l+t+l+l+l+w+i-w:.i+.w-4-1-1.l.U,.W.I t' T 11I 'Ill
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· ___ . I . . . . . _. .. ··. .... _ I~ J _.

i
:
_
~ oa 9•
MOMtNT
~
I1~DEX
o~
- M2Cw/BH 2
.~
KSI
1a 1~
i
o~ oa ~ oa
,
MOMENT INDEX - M2Cw/BH 2

II
o~ 1~
I
Ksr
I
1a 1~
_

I,. . I
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o.oo 0.20 0.40
MOMENT INDEX - M£u/BH
0 60 0 60 1.00
2
Ksr
1.20 1.40 o.oo 0.20 ito
MO ENT
o.60
INDEX -
oM
£u/BH
1.00
2
Ksr
1.20'
'
1.40

T I
iliH!i
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MOMENT INDEX -
0 200
!ZCw/BH Ksr
• -
1•tf.I
' 1I 1.1Di-1
I
. 1. 1;20·1
I!.!1 I i1
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1. 1q11
l.llJll_i
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MOMENT INDEX - M2Cu/BH· Ksr
.
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,
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0 00
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1.20
1 40
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~Cu/B~l200Ksr 1.20 t.40

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Fig. S5-60.75-65 - Interaction Diagram Fig. 55-60.75-70 - Interaction Diagram
1;20 L40

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0:20 0 00 1:20
MO~ENT I~DEX ~ if£u/AJi
0:20 0 00 1:20 1;40
Ksr
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ftllll II11Hllll fll lllllllHl IH-lllllltl ll!IHHI InmJ'-l1m+uumnnTn-ITlllf+1f!lIUtffHIHIH+llllllllHHllHHI 1111 HHI IIll mtll ~Im IUllitH ITHI'
I
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J..
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I 0;20
MO~ENT I~DEX ~ ikcM/AJi
Fig. C6-60.75-75
0
00
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MOMENT If;IDEX - M£MIAJI KSI
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l •
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.1~11'~11'M.
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Fig. C6-60.75-85 - Interaction Diagram Fig. CG-60.75-90 - Interaction Diagram

! I
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en
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MOMENT Ir~DEX - 1M2Cu/Act11 Ksr • MOMENT INDEX - 1.'.kCM/AcR Ksr • •

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Fig. C6-60.90-85 - Interaction Diagram Fi9. C6-60.90-90 - Interaction Diagram

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I· MOMENT I1~DEX - M2CMIAGM KSI MOMtNT I1~DEX - M2CwlAGM Ksr

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SIMPLIFIED DESIGN OF

SLENDER REINFORCED CONCRETE

A Report on a Research Project Sponsored by

This report is based on a special project submitted by Eldon F.

This report is intended to be used only by professional personnel

2. FORMULATION OF THE TECHNIQUE 4

2.2 Single Columns 5

2.3 Multiple Columns in Unbraced Frames 10

3. l Slender Column Interaction Diagrams 20

APPENDIX B: SLENDER REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN DESIGN AIDS 39

1.2 Code Equations

AC! Eq. (10-6)

in which Mc is the "factored moment to be used for design of compression

AC! Eq. (10-7)

in which Cm is "a factor relating actual moment diagram to an equivalent

uniform moment diagram"; Pc is the "critical load"; Pu is the "factored

axial load at given eccentricity< ¢P "· P is the "nominal axial load

AC! Eq. (10-8)

in which EI is the ''flexural stiffness of compression member''; k is the

''effective length factor for compression members''; and tu is the ''unsup-

ported length of compression member."

AC! Eq. (10-9)

AC! Eq. (10-10)

in which Ec is the "modulus of elasticity of concrete"; Es is the "modulus

of elasticity of reinforcement"; lg is the "moment of inertia of gross

concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement"; Ise is

the "moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of member

to maximum factored total load moment, always positive."

sidesway and without transverse loads between supports Cm may be taken as

1.3 Object and Scope

FORMULATION OF THE TECHNIQUE

2.2 Single Columns

ACI Eq. (10-8)

EI may be taken as either

the flexural stiffness, EI, must be "generalized." The contribution of

in which Cse is a characteristic coefficient for each reinforcing config-

in each face as a thin plate,

in which Cg is a characteristic coefficient based on the shape of the gross

This form of the expression for o is consistent with the generalized

Since Cm varies with the particular column constraints and loading, it is

To develop a slender column interaction diagram, the axial load and

or in terms of the slender column moment index,

2.3 Multiple Columns in Unbraced Frames

magnifier, 8, to be based on all of the columns in a given story. For

The development of the equivalent column approach follows:

The concept of the "equivalent column" is now introduced to obtain an

The interaction diagrams establish a relationship between the axial load

Cm is not shown because, for an unbraced frame, Cm is unity. Using the

linearly with the reinforcing ratio, p. This may be observed by studying

in which cl is the change in the intercept divided by the change in the

Eq. (19) multiplied by A is

For a column, i, the axial load capacity, moment capacity, reinforc-

The effect of the modification can be determined using Chebyshev's

Applying Chebyshev's Inequality to the second summation on the right side

As defined by Eq. (15), the equivalent column axial load index is

The equivalent column modified slenderness ratio is consistently

n n (a 2+b 2pi)A ; h~l

Eq. (29c) can be conservatively modified using Chebyshev's Inequality (3)

This modification helps to counteract the lack of conservatism in Eq.

(22). The summation of the reinforcing ratio in Eq. (30a) is consistent

in which a= a 2+b p = E C /5 + E C p y 2 (see Eq. ( 3)). Eq. (30c)

The geometric index, y, is treated as a constant in the preceeding

The equivalent column parameters, axial load index, moment index,

3.1 Slender Column Interaction Diagrams

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