Materials Today: Proceedings 37 (2021) 3359–3362

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Mechanical properties of concrete beam with steel fiber and baxuite

residual
Arun Prasath T. a,1,⇑, Sudharsan P. b, Suresh Kumar B. c
a
Department of Civil Engineering, K..Ramakrishan College of Technology, Trichy, India
b
Dalmia Cement Bharat Limited, India
c
Department of Civil Engineering, K..Ramakrishan College of Technology, Trichy, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: There is lot of new materials are used in current construction work. This changes due to the improve the
Received 3 June 2020 performance, to minimize the environmental causes, to use waste materials effectively. The materials
Received in revised form 3 September 2020 mostly is used as a partial replacement of the conventional materials. In this study we are using steel fibre
Accepted 7 September 2020
as a additive and bauxite residual is the replacement of binder. The cement was replaced (0%, 2%, 5%, and
Available online 20 October 2020
10%) with bauxite residual. In addition to the concrete steel fibre (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%) is added. The
experimental investigation determines the mechanical properties such as ultimate load, deflection, flex-
Keywords:
ural strength and failure mode of reinforced concrete beams. The addition of steel fiber and bauxite resid-
Steel fiber
Bauxite residual
ual in concrete increase the mechanical properties of the concrete beam.
Concrete beam Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Flexural strength Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
Deflection ence on Newer Trends and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering: Materials Science.

1. Introduction
Concrete is the major usage in construction. Cement, Fine
Aggregate, Coarse aggregate and water are the main ingredients
of the concrete. Cement production produce large pollutions. An
emission of CO2 is also higher at cement manufacturing. To avoid
those ill effects we are in need to search of new materials. Those
materials selected sustainable against environment. The materials
used in such cases are Fly Ash. Silica Fume, Nano Silica, Bauxite
Residue etc. In this case we are using bauxite residue. And also
steel fibre used as a additive for improving the properties of con-
crete. Many research works conducted to study the strength prop-
erties of steel fiber concrete. Fiber also increases the flexure
strength and also increases the cracking strength. Nowadays the
usage of steel fiber concrete gives better concrete performance.
But at the same case the workability of the concrete is reduced
with the use of steel fiber. Bauxite residual gives the better results
mechanical properties of concrete. Bauxite residue is the refinery
residues, having composition of iron oxide and alumina. The size
of the Bauxite residue is lesser than cement particles. Over 95%
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: aaarunprasath@gmail.com (A.P. T.).
1
ORCID- 0000-0002-0134-2948.
of alumina derived from bayer process. For every tonne of alumina
theres is 1 to 1.5 tonnes of bauxide residue. So that it is used as a
supplementary material of cement.
2. Literature review
Hamza (2016), Investigate the effect of concrete against crack-
ing with and without steel fiber. The concrete without the adding
steel fails against shear craks quickly Whereas the same case fiber
gives good resistance against the craking.
Gopinath (2012), investigated the performance of concrete
with steel fibre and basalt fiber. The results shows that the addition
of fibers increases the flexural and tensile resistance of concrete.
Pikus (2013) conducted a study on the steel and polypropylene
fiber reinforced concrete [4]. The toughness property was higher at
steel fibre compare to the polypropylene concrete. Steel fiber in
concrete reduces the workability of the concrete.
Ridha (2010), investigated the performance of steel fiber rein-
forced concrete. From this study, an addition of steel fiber in con-
crete increase the tensile strength and act as crack resistance
Isojeh (2016), investigate on steel fiber concrete. This study
steel fiber reinforced concrete used for infrastructural and indus-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.205
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Newer Trends and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering:
Materials Science.
Arun Prasath T., S. P. and Suresh Kumar B. Materials Today: Proceedings 37 (2021) 3359–3362

trial projects. The industrial structure requires high-performance 3. Experimenital programe

was derived from the usage of steel fiber.
Arhin and David (2018) studied the behaviour of conventional
concrete and reinforced concrete under lateral loading. The dog
bone specimens were prepared with the presence of steel fiber
upto 1.5%. The deformation of plain and steel fiber concrete was
same. Addition of steel fiber in concrete gives the tensile strength
higher than 20% than conventional concrete.
Tharani, Syami, and Chandana (2018) investigate the use of
bauxite residual as a supplementary material of cement in concrete
[3]. The improper disposal of bauxite residual affects the environ-
ment severely. Bauxite residue in concrete increases the early
strength of concrete. But at latter ages strength was same compare
to the conventional. Ganesh (2016), investigate the use of bauxite
residual as a partial replacement of cement. Addition of bauxite
residual in concrete increases the workability and reduces the cost
of the steel fiber concrete.
Bauxite having reinforcing nature it gives good strength in con-
crete [9,10]. The residue of the bauxite gives illefeect of the envi-
ronment. Steel fibre also gives the tensile and flexure strength
higher than the conventional concrete. So that in this study two
are selected as a replacement and additive materials in concrete.
3.1. Materials
Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade was used which was con-
firming at IS 8112–1989. The aggregate was used is confirming the
standards of IS 383:1970. Fig. 1 shows plain round type steel fiber
having a diameter of 0.01 mm and aspect ratio of 75. Fig. 2 shows
the bauxite residual waste collected from Madras Aluminium Com-
pany limited at Salam Tamilnadu, India. Chemical composition of
ordinary Portland cement and bauxite residual waste was shown
at table 1.The cement and bauxite residue which is used is having
same chemical composition as per our reference. And also from all
the previous reference we get to know that bauxite residue doesn’t
give any harm effects on concrete (see Fig. 3).
3.2. Mix proportions
Mix proportion were selected based on IS10262-2009. The bin-
der content selected is 383 kg/m3 of cement, 550 kg/m3 of fine
Table 1
Chemical compositions of binders used.

S.NO Chemical Composition Portland Cement % Bauxite Residual %

1 Silica 21.94 8.52
2 Alumina 4.95 18.94
3 Iron Oxide 3.74 26.41
4 Calcium Oxide 62.33 21.84
5 Magnesia Oxide 2.08 –
7 Potassium Oxide 0.56 0.068
8 Loss on ignition 1.78 9.71
9 Sodium Oxide 0.32 4.75
10 Titanium Dioxide 0.17 7.40

Fig. 1. Steel Fiber.

Fig. 3. Reinforced concrete beam specimen B1 at failure condition.

Table 2
Details of test specimens.

Series Beam Notation Steel Fiber in (%) Bauxite Residual in (%)

1 A 0 0
2 B1 0 2
B2 0.5 2
B3 1 2
B4 1.5 2
B5 2 2
3 C1 0 5
C2 0.5 5
C3 1 5
C4 1.5 5
C5 2 5
4 D1 0 10
D2 0.5 10
D3 1 10
D4 1.5 10
D5 2 10

In the above table shows the specimen and its proportions are used in the study.
Series denotes that to change the steel fibre and keep the bauxite residue as con-
Fig. 2. Bauxite Residual. stant. The beam was casted and named above the following table.

3360
Arun Prasath T., S. P. and Suresh Kumar B. Materials Today: Proceedings 37 (2021) 3359–3362

Table 3
Results of ultimate load, flexural strength, failure mode and deflection of the specimens.

Series Beam Notation Ultimate load at failure (ton) Failure mode Flexural Strength (N/mm2) Deflection (mm)
Plain Concrete A 19 Flexural 3.22 1.20
1 B1 20 Flexural 3.48 1.40
B2 24 Flexural 4.19 1.91
B3 27 Flexural 4.71 2.30
B4 28 Flexural 4.88 2.98
B5 28 Flexural 4.88 3.00
2 C1 25.5 Shear 4.45 2.33
C2 28 Shear 4.88 2.98
C3 32 Shear 5.58 3.20
C4 34 Shear 5.93 4.09
C5 37 Shear 6.45 4.70
3 D1 26 Shear 4.53 2.80
D2 30 Shear 5.23 3.34
D3 34 Shear 5.93 3.95
D4 37 Shear 6.45 4.68
D5 38.5 Shear 6.63 4.92

aggregate, 1201.4 kg/m3 of coarse aggregate and water content
191.58 L/m3 requires.
The replacement of cement by bauxite used is 0%, 2%, 5% and
10% [11,12]. In addition to the concrete mix steel fibre were added
to the concrete 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%. The mix ratio adopted in
the present research was 1:1.43:3.135:0.5 .Totally 16 beams were
cast and tested. The casted beam dimensions were
500 mm
150 mm
100 mm. The complete details of test speci-
mens are given in Table 2.
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Compression strength results
For finding the ultimate load there was a compression strength
is need to be taken. The test was made using compression testing
machine. The size of the mould is used for the test is
150 mm
150 mm
150 mm.The results are at follows
Series Beam Notation Compression Strength (Mpa)
4.2. Deflection test results
The beam casted in the dimension of 500 mm
150 mm

100 mm. The deflection, ultimate load and crack pattern of the
reinforced concrete beam were observed in the present experi-
mental investigation. Universal testing machine having the capac-
ity of 100 ton is used for testing. Two point load is used for this
testing. For finding the deflection the dial gauge (L.C = 0.01 mm)
used and placed at the top of the specimen while testing.
The load was applied after placing of load indicator and deflec-
tion indicating dial gauge in place bring the measurement in to
zero. The rate of loading was kept constant till the beam collapse.
The observations were also made regarding the development and
propagation of cracks.
The observed ultimate load for the tested beam specimens at
collapse conduction was shown in Table 3. The flexural strength
of beam calculated by the below formula. Where FB is the flexural
strength of the concrete, P is the ultimate load, L is the supporting
roller distance, b is the width of the beam, and d is the depth of the
beam.

1 A 14.81 f b¼PL ð1Þ

bd
2 B1 17.30
The flexural strength was increased by increasing of bauxite
B2 25.08
residue in concrete. The results shown in Table 3.The flexural
B3 31.69
strength of plain concrete beam A series was less compared to
B4 34.02
the series B, C and D. This is due to present of alumina in bauxite
B5 34.02
residue. And also flexural strength increases in addition of steel
3 C1 28.29
fiber content Steel fiber in concrete was found to be more effective
C2 34.02
in increasing the shear capacity of beams, rather than their flexural
C3 44.48
capacity. The increase of steel fiber and bauxite residual content in
C4 50.24
beams increase the defection values. Steel fiber and Bauxite resi-
C5 59.43
due improves the concrete properties against its flexure and
4 D1 29.32
deflection capacity.Steel fibre gives the improvement of the flexure
D2 39.08
in concrete. It having, major tensile strength when incorporated
D3 50.24
into concrete the flexure improves higher than the conventional
D4 59.43
concrete.
D5 62.80

5. Conclusion

1. The usage of bauxide as a binder reduce the pollution due to

It was observed that maximum compression strength obtained by
using maximum amount of bauxite and Steel fiber addition. This
shows that the influence of bauxite and steel fiber gives the major
improvement in strength of the concrete. This is due to the reinforc-
ing nature of the bauxite and fiber present in concrete. The analysis
of various mechanical properties are required [9–12].
cement in concrete and for its reinfocing natutre the strength
of the concrete gets higher than the conventional concrete.
2. The present of bauxite residue improves the concrete flexural
strength by 46% of conventional concrete
3. The steel fiber in concrete improves the defelection capacity of
concrete and also improves the shear capacity of the convcrete.

3361
Arun Prasath T., S. P. and Suresh Kumar B. Materials Today: Proceedings 37 (2021) 3359–3362

4. By the use of waste materials in concrete minimize the waste
disposal in earth
5. By using the wastage in concrete which minimize the harm
effects in environment.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Arun Prasath T: Conceptualization, Supervsion, Writing -
review & editing. Sudharsan P: Investigation, Methodology.
Suresh Kumar B: Resources, Validation.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
[3] P. Tharani, B.A. Adithiya, K. Murali, Int. J. Chemtech Res. 10 (2017) 35–40.
[4] G.A. Pikus, Steel fiber concrete mixture workability, Procedia Eng. 150 (2016)
2199–12123.
[9] M. Loganathan, S. Dinesh, V. Vijayan, T. Karuppusamy, S. Rajkumar, J. New
Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 23 (1) (2020) 36–39.
[10] M. Loganathan, S. Dinesh, V. Vijayan, M. Ranjithkumar, S. Rajkumar, J. New
Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 23 (1) (2020) 40–44.
[11] S. Dinesh, P. Parameswaran, V. Vijayan, S. Thanikaikarasan, K. Rajaguru, J. New
Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 22 (1) (2019) 11–14.
[12] A. Godwin Antony, P. Lakshmanan, S.V. Kajendira Kumar, S. Dinesh, K.
Rajaguru, P. Parameswaran, Mater. Today. Proc. 21 (1) (2020) 411–414,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.378.
Further reading
[1] S. Hamza, R. Sharif, Procedia. Eng. (2016) 185–189.
[2] S. Gopinath, P. Nachiappan, A.R. Murthy, N.R. Iyer, Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci. 24
(2017) 153–163.
[5] David Arhin (2018) 227–232.
[6] IS 8112-1989, Specifications for 43-Grade Portland cement, Bureau of Indian
Standard New Delhi, India.
[7] IS 383-1970, Indian Standard Specification for Course and Fine Aggregates from
Natural Sources for Concrete, New Delhi, India.
[8] SP 23: 1982, Handbook on Concrete Mixes (Based on Indian Standards)‘‘, Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.

3362