LAB 1

TOPIC: Osmosis

AIM: To investigate osmosis in living tissues

MATERIALS/APPARATUS:

METHOD:
 Place the same amount of water in each of two identical cups.
 Add six spatula full of table salt to one of the beakers. Label both beakers.
 Cut four strips (4cm × 1cm/same length and width) of the potato
 Place two of the strips in the first beaker and the other 2 in the second beaker for at
least 1 hour.
 Remove the strips from the liquid. Feel the strips and record the texture.
 Measure the dimensions of the strips. Record your observation.

Results: table (title)

Reagent Texture Size Change in size

Salt solution Before After Before After

(hypertonic solution) Hard Length Width Length Width

4cm 1cm

Fresh water (hypotonic Hard 4cm 1cm

solution)

Discussion (define the particulate theory and osmosis), what was the selectively permeable membrane,
explain results.

Lab 2

Topic: Planning and Designing

Problem: Problem: Your mother has some shrivelled carrots that she wants to make turgid again. She
does not remember if the carrot is to be placed in brine water or fresh water to make the carrots turgid
again. Plan and design an experiment to assist your mother in solving her problem.
Lab: 3
TOPIC: Solubility (Teacher Demonstration)
AIM: To determine the solubility of potassium nitrate at different temperatures.

MATERIALS/APPARATUS: test tube, test tube rack, 5ml pipette, thermometer, potassium nitrate
crystals, balance, cold water bath, hot water bath, hot plate

METHOD (past tense) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWNhTtfOAEE

1. Collect 4 test tubes in a test tube rack. Label the tubes 2g, 4g, 6g and 8g.
2. Using a balance, measure 2g, 4g, 6g and 8g of potassium nitrate and pour into their respective test
tubes.
3. Pour 5cm3 of water in each test tube.
4. Prepare a water bath and place it over a hot plate.
5. Place the first test tube in the hot water bath and stir until all the salt dissolves.
6. Remove the test tube from the water bath, place the thermometer in and allow it to cool. Use a cold
water bath to assist where necessary. Record the temperature when the first crystal is seen forming at
the bottom of the test tube in a table.
7. Repeat steps 5 to 6 using the other 3 test tubes.
8. Calculate the solubility of each trial and plot graph of solubility vs temp.

RESULTS: Table showing data collected and the calculated solubility. Table should have a title

Temperature oC Volume of solvent Mass of Solvent (g) Mass of solute Solubility

2
4 Cal
cul
6 ate
8

GRAPH

ANALYSIS (DO NOT WRITE BACK THE QUESTIONS)

Explain the shape of the graph

Show a sample calculation of how the solubility was obtained at a given temperature.

At what temperature would 80g of KNO3 dissolve in 100g of water?

If the temperature a saturated solution of KNO3 is increased from 45oC to 55oC, what mass of solute
will be required to re-saturate the solution?

A saturated solution of KNO3 is cooled from 70oC to 50oC. What mass would crystalize out of the
solution?

Reflection
Conclusion
Lab #4

TOPIC: Separating mixtures (Teacher demonstration)

AIM: To separate a mixture of oil and water.

MATERIALS/APPARATUS: separating funnel, beaker, filter funnel, retort stand and clamp.

METHOD: (past tense) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmAUT8hQ6WI

 Fix the separating funnel to a retort stand.
 With the aid of a filter funnel, pour the mixture of oil and water in a separating funnel.
 Allow the mixture to stand for five minutes.
 Open the tap to allow the bottom layer to run off into a clean beaker then close it.
 Replace the beaker with a second clean beaker and run of the interphase.
 Run off the top layer into a third beaker.
 Record all observations.

OBSERVATIONS:

 Tell what happen when both liquids are poured on each other
 Identify the position of both liquids

DISCUSSION:

 Use of appropriate terms such as miscible and immiscible liquids, density

 Report on why oil was seen on top of the water

Reflection

Conclusion
LAB # 5
TOPIC: Separating mixtures
AIM: To separate a mixture of muddy water
MATERIALS/APPARATUS: List all the things you used.

DIAGRAM: Filtration apparatus (what you did)

METHOD:
 Place the mixture in a container.
 Set up filtration apparatus
 Pour the mixture into a filter paper.
 Record observation, making note of the filtrate and residue.

OBSERVATION

DISCUSSION: explain results.

REFLECTION…filtration in daily lives

CONCLUSION

Lab #6
TOPIC: Separation of mixtures
AIM: To separate a sample of food colouring using paper chromatography

MATERIALS/APPARATUS: chromatogram, water, scissors, narrow transparent container, tape,

pencil, ruler, green food colouring, toothpick

DIAGRAM:
METHOD:
 Cut the filter paper 10 cm x 3cm in dimension.
 Draw a horizontal pencil line about 1.5cm from the bottom edge of the paper.
 Apply the dye mid-way the pencil line.
 Pour enough water in the container, using the filter paper as a guide, ensuring the liquid does not
touch the dye
 Allow ink to separate, but do not allow it to fall off the paper. Record observations during the process.
 Remove the paper from the water and allow to dry on a clean surface.
 Record the distance travelled by each dye and the solvent font.

OBSERVATION: identify the colours seen, record the distance moved by each ink and the solvent.
Sample chromatogram present

Analysis: Calculate retention factor (rf) of each dye, Give clear explanation of how the separation works
by making reference to the role of the mobile and stationary phases. State what are the mobile and
stationary phase in this experiment. State which component moved further and explain why, explain why
the point of origin was done with a pencil

REFLECTION
CONCLUSION