RR

ЭШ Ж
Nihongo:/Cana An Introduction to
the Japanese Syllabary
Nihongo: Капа An Introduction to the Japanese Syllabary

§ * о н & ш ш в* я а т ъ уз> -
THE IAPAN FOUNDATION JAPANESE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE
 а

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 Foreword

1. This textbook was prepared for the purpose of teaching hiragana and
katakana to students in other countries who ате learning Japanese as a foreign
language.

2. The accompanying tapes have been designed to enhance the book’s

usefulness both as an introductory text in the classroom and as a guide to
the independent learner. These tapes should be used to assist the student in
acquiring a thorough knowledge of the капа characters and of the sounds
which they represent.

3. Insofar as possible, the words and sentences selected have been limited
to basic items that may also be used in teaching conversation during the
introductory period. To further facilitate effective learning, the meanings
of vocabulary items have been illustrated and accent lines have been placed
above each word as an additional guide to correct hearing and pronunciation.
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V
Description of the Text and Recommendations for
its Effective Utilization

Part I Hiragana
1. At the beginning of each lesson, the капа to be practiced are presented
together with their romanization. The student should first listen to the
sound of each капа as it is pronounced on the tape and/or by the teacher.
Then, while pronouncing it himself, the student should learn to read
and write it. Lessons 1 ~ 5 include a practice page, which the learner
should use to master the form and stroke order of each капа character.

2. Next comes a list of words which can be written using the капа in­
troduced in the current and previous lessons. Each of these words has
been illustrated in the text and translated into English in the footnotes.
A single капа is rarely used alone; капа are used in words and sentences,
i.e. within units consisting of a number of sounds. Hence practice in
writing such multi-sound units is given here. These words should be
practiced by writing them while simultaneously pronouncing them in
the same way as the tape or teacher.

3. (Practice)
Assimilation of the капа being taught is achieved through practice in
writing additional words. Boxes have been provided for writing practice
in order to emphasize that one капа represents one mora. This should
not be simply an exercise in copying the капа given on the left. Rather,
here too, each word should be learned as an association of sound, капа
and meaning by first understanding it through translation and then re­
peating the pronunciation of the tape or teacher.

VI
4. (Dictation)
The dictation exercise provides practice in transliterating the romanized
words given on the left side of the page into hiragana. Because the
pronunciation of Roman letters varies from country to country, their
use is undesirable in this exercise; romanized words have been included
here as an aid for those to whom the tape is unavailable.
If at all possible, the dictation exercise should be written while listening
to the pronunciation of the tape or teacher.
Since the vocabulary items used in this exercise have been selected
from those already presented, the student should be encouraged to find
the answers himself. This can also be used as a self-graded test.
From lessons 1 ~ 6, the number of boxes corresponds to the number
of kana\ after lesson 6, the number of boxes has been increased so as
to force the student to judge the number necessary. Foreign learners
have difficulty hearing the long sounds of Japanese, especially those
containing и and о; и is frequently dropped or added incorrectly. The
number of boxes has been increased to draw attention to this point.

5. (Test)
Two tests of fifty problems each have been included following lessons
5 and 10. Here, too, the problems have been given in romaji, but if
possible, this romaji should be covered and the test be written while
listening to the tape or teacher.

6. (Hiragana having similar forms)

Капа having similar shapes have been listed in a chart, капа to the
left and words using them to the right. In other words, these are pairs
of words which have similar forms. The капа and words may be copied
onto flash cards to use for practice in distinguishing similar капа.
Part II Katakana
1. About katakana
Katakana is used for the following:
(1) words of foreign origin
(2) foreign personal names, place names and other proper nouns
(3) names of plants and animals
(4) onomatopoeia (and sometimes mimesis)
(5) emphasis of a particular word
Words written with Chinese characters that are no longer included
in the toyo kanji are now frequently written in капа. However, when
written in hiragana, such words tend to be overwhelmed by the hiragana
surrounding them and to lose their impact. Thus they are written in
katakana, which has the effect of drawing more attention to them
than if they were written in kanji.
(6) telegrams

It should be obvious from this that katakana. which is generally thought

of as being used to express words of foreign origin, is, in fact, more
frequently used for words which are originally Japanese.

“Words of foreign origin” , of course, refers to words which have already

become Japanese, i.e. have been transformed to fit into the Japanese sound
system.

Special note should be made of the origins of katakana. which were

created by isolating elements of certain kanji. (Refer to Chart 2, “The
Derivations of Katakana” , p.88.) In many cases, these elements are
widely used as the radicals of kanji. When writing these katakana. the
student should practice with the intention of taking a first step in the

V 111
 study of kanji. taking special care to learn the forms thoroughly.

2. Studying kata капа

This text should be studied in the following manner.

(1) SEION — T • T • 'У • ли • ...... V • > — (Unmodified капа)

The sounds represented by katakana are the same as those repre­
sented by the 46 hiragana, however in this text 7 (wo) has been
omitted. All 45 katakana have been presented in one lesson, but they
should be divided into three or so groups and learned a few at a time.
Careful attention should be paid to the form and stroke order of the
katakana. which the student should practice using the paper which
has been included for that purpose.
Next, the words which were used in learning hiragana should be
written in katakana until the characters are mastered. The hiragana
tape should also be used here.

(2) D A K U O N — i f • % • У • Y ■ =** etc. Y O -O N — * * • ^ э etc.

(Modified капа)
These should also be mastered by means of the words and methods
employed in learning hiragana.

(3) Writing Words of Foreign Origin

One problem for foreign learners is the writing of words of foreign
origin. Students may. on the one hand, be drawn into too close an
approximation of the word’s original pronunciation or, on the other
hand, may be uncertain as to how to express in капа a sound which
does not exist in Japanese.
The writing of words of foreign origin has been limited so as to

IX
 focus on the major problems of foreign learners, namely, long vowel
sounds and double consonant sounds. Since the majority of foreign
words in Japanese have come from English, most of the examples
given are English.
All the words of foreign origin appearing in this text are words
used in modern Japanese. However, some words are included which,
like uottchi (watch) are not used in their own right (tokei is used in
this meaning) but do occur in compounds, such as sutoppu-uottchi
(stop watch).

Ж A c c e n t M arks U se d in T h is B ook

Accent marks used in the book conform to the system used in Meikai Nihongo
Akusento Jiten (Sanseido, 1973) and Nihongo Hatsuon Akusento Jiten (Nihon
Hoso Kyokai, 1967).
The accent of Japanese is an accent of pitch rather than one of stress.
Pitch has been indicated by a line, ‘ ’ or ‘ •’ placed above a word, as
for example: Hi, uo. ‘ ’ indicates that the mora(s) of this part of the word
have high pitch; ‘ ’’ indicates that this part is given high pitch but that low
pitch is to be used beginning with the next mora. In standard Japanese four
accent patterns exist:

a) Examples:
ushi (cow, ox) —
;► ushi (ga)
suika (watermelon) >
— suika (ga)
chikatetsu (subway) —
> chikatetsu (ga)
Only the first mora of a word is low; from the second mora, all moras
are spoken with a high pitch. When a particle such as ga is added to the word,
this particle is also given high pitch.
b) Examples:
natsu (summer) -*■ natsu (ga)
atama (head) -*■ atama (ga)
The first mora is low and all following moras are high, but when a particle
such as ga is added, the particle is spoken with low pitch.

c) Examples:
kokoro (heart)
kudamono (fruit)
ototoi (the day before yesterday)
The first mora is spoken with low pitch, intervening moras with high pitch,
and ensuing moras with low pitch.

d) Examples:
gogo (afternoon)
lanko (safe)
roppun (six minutes)
Only the first mora is spoken with high pitch; all ensuing moras have low
pitch.
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The derivations of Hiragana

 1

& a '•'i ■9 u X. e £

ka ^ ki ^ ku ttk e d

$ sa L shi su ^ T se *

& L foot shell i L cow, ox z_ Ь station

L £> salt $ umbrella

3
< L comb И1+ pond I I here % Z there
watermelon sweat

- 4 -
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h h /* t •»*i-r*.,
*• /
\ \\
\ \ V, 4 4

'• *
t »•***.

i
:
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ч.-\* %..-v

X . X.
Зь %•«*• '#(

& & t*? ./

•• '

n Ь *•■/■■
*.
*V / ,/ V * V

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\
Л-;
\ 5 A —4 A

<
< \ \ :

l t~ \ ■*;

i t It
d
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л ’*•••
*•< —n

L :

L
—r Ч-— ‘Г"*"*
л
V* 4 й
/
1 “
..
•••••г’ ’" / " "
*s !
-£
Ч.***
£ >-£•••
£ 4. 4

5 • $ • •?• can also be written ё • $ • ,

5
[tlA, L tt>1)
fa N red

fa ^ to meet

X. picture

И
fa jo blue

^ b' slope

autumn

lri'< square
^ tt sake
\,n chair

*Уг V\ world
^ ( regulation
^7 ^ lie

0 # £ U)
1. ashi 2 .kasa 3. suika

4. uso 5. eki 6 . soko

7 . sekai 8. kushi 9, shio

10.koko 11. kisoku 12. kai

1 3 .ase 1 4.isu 15. shikaku

- 6
 2 Ш

fz ta chi tsu X te

na l —ni nu ne <O n0

( i ha Ih hi ^ h e i5 ho

tz^'Z drum 1Ъ house < 0 shoes X hand

V'' t thread $ .fish

* • < • It • ^ • $ * L • 1* * -4: • * * fc • *b • O • X • £ • (i • V- • d. • — • tij
<r>m<F) r ^ j r < j r L j r1"j rb j rO j r ( /j rd ,j {±ф^й<1шИЬ1"-&о M • < о Mtsu.
The vowel sounds of kij ku, shi, su, chi, tsu, hi and fu_ are unvoiced when they come
before ka, Id, ku, ke, ко, sa, shi, su, se. so, ta, chi, tsu, te, to, ha, hi, fu, he and ho;
for example: kutsu.

7
 crab dog fo,Z cat Z>(7) horn (± L bridge
X/ fire flute wall ( i L star*
* г- ч ^ <7>fg^(±4 A U c t o T [Нее] СОX П Г t tf*jb b „
Hei is pronounced [hee] by some native speakers.

- 8 -
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ь -•»*
t z t-tz • ч>м • , , ti> • *—

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% • i# .: г* :

о ч«*
••**"*• * .• .. ч Ч." ... .*,
О
*«*• .-• ..........
•••• у
-с
X ч Ч . ч .

N £ \S • .>
. а: /• /,

4 - г • ■_
»•»*' . '•»ч ,
.* * .• ■»• ; ~3т
* • » • » 1
^ ‘4
1 Г
•• ч««**н •; ^........ • ; % и |||
К И
v Л ; *•%**""*% ».•*?** **ч
V .• • У / *•
(Л о£# & v '4 *::»ч

*.
1 fc *•*• . '* * ’ 4
.V* |
t o /| ГО*. А "
СО .• • • у * .
/ •* •
ч/ ч/ / V/

1 1-
li V *■•••* у
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Ч .- * ‘

'ъ *
* г
>
t •' •
Л *
V '. .} N- ****'■.»'» ■'*

^ч
\
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(5
г —ч»»* > -Ч - -V м
{ г / *•••)*’ I — ?'*
у .'••••., Vт у
(=(5

9
CtiA, L й>*5]
{_ f z tomorrow

( ip mouth

^ season

ip "C "O subway

i> T 7 T 7 \ N the day

before yesterday

summer

<TT country

& frfa money

Ii7? flag

ship

lifr1 flower

fite bone

O # t y )
1 .taiko 2. kuchi 3 . sakana

4. chikatetsu 5. ototoi 6. kani

7. inu 8 .tsuno 9 .natsu

10.fune 11. hei 12. hoshi

13. hata 14. kutsu 15. okane

- 10 -
 3 Щ'

3 ma mi i j mu me ь mo

yu yo

ra 0 ri 5 ru re ?? ro

wa £ о n

i horse ?i-h~ ear О L insect Л eye ( 4> cloud

£. mountain

- 11 -
 4

bA,z
wj ofcj ■§

W snow J?-2> night £ < ь cherry blossoms l i f r •)' scale

Ъ monkey cloth L Ъ castle Ь 'Ъ river -tf’A.'t’ folding fan
/ъ safe
* r%j iijftaiiwLjHefc$:v>e
$• is used only as a particle.

- 12 -
 ...;•*
_
___
i-*

i $ **•••
л л Ч.»-. %
•••#
/’ i
A :?Л";А
%
%
~ t ч^4« s 4**4.^* 4*»^*
#
*J
Qi ,;?■
t ; i; *•••■•••*
V 46 1 .-,*\■•» %
?y ) >•/•••.
■#;•X e,«J
L t *"*£ь
•••И.\ ‘•«.I\
t fe % •** *•*.*
, *>. 1 1 V
.

~.v;'0 v “">
\ \
1 Ю i Л-•* Д-, i

(Ф V* i-; V / ••• :V i’ }
Ф
ч %
' cfc — •••
1 .^ S c.K
V ъ
b • *••••%
b y‘"') f*' / •• it#!
' 4 £•' i
/ /
4»**i Ч»**
Ъ
ъ /*•;;y• O*
•.V
\ b /•
*ч*:Г *[...•' *• *л• \*••••'

ь •

ъ
\ \ \

1 t ..... .•(.* ..

b л л A J 4*9
-y*“
£ - *
£
i
*
-

'•••■

>
I
,♦
*• *4 #<Л

«
Д .- Л

‘..•It

/✓
1 i

£ v> -3 b 'b f r t z i) &>Ъ0

К3 • Ур can also be written • Ф.
- 13 -
itiA,L tt>*5)
h fz й head

'j sea

<£> it) rain

^ ^ shopping

v p iЬ dream

T< b pillow

f ; ^ 1) change

heart

btz L I

garden

b ^ 4 fa Ay next year

12 / v ^ book store

0 £ i r ‘J)
1. umi 2. atama 3. mushi

4. me 5. kumo 6. yama 7. yume

8 .yoru 9 .hon-ya 10. watashi

1 1 .sakura 12. otsuri 13.kokoro

1 4 .sensu 15. kire

- 14 -
 $G)tyktzT)‘b b <t& Hiragana Having Similar Forms

< < V' (ft) stake

< ku ''N.he 'Ч^ ' ( Щ ) wall

■f it из) mortar
t su fa chi
b i m house

0 < 1 (* ) chestnut
< ^ (ft) stake
I] ri V4 -------d к о -------- t In i \ (Я)
si 2 carp
t: r . ^ ( -14) second place
5 X. $ (90 station
5ki d s a -------f z ta --------na л * S (Й) feed
tz f i't z (Я) shoulder
£ !« £ ) капа

( ih a (J h o ---- m a ------- t> mo li lit («) bridge

II II L (Ж) star
t i П (« ) ball
i t n (&) woods
i:y o

b < 5<: * * ) to come

Ъ ru fa ro
h < Ь (Ж) black

h thl (*) foot

<£>a tfa m e------- dOnu
th Л 1 («0 cooked rice

ft (&) metal, money

n0.nu f a n e ---- f a w a --- г f a r e b h 'b (no river
Я b 'b ua) he

- 15 -
 4 Ш

painter dbfr'fa spectacles ё'Л,#' silver coin t)' key

<' /v Ь Ay soldier i)' <' furniture

- 16 -
 Ь

1" u * ' <

(i

Iftz wooden clogs h f r lf quoits Z'ltA, rice ') А, CTapple (t v"»?'£> ash tray
Ь $ A, Mt. Fuji io ’f map # 4 ? wind "t*V' A, aquarium
й* Й Л 2 Й Й 1 » 1 С * ^ Ь Л * г : , [g a ]-[g i]-[g u ]-[g e ]-[g o ] t
Ga, gi, gu, ge and go are pronounced [да], [gi], [gu], [ge] and [go] except
when they appear in 'the first syllable of a word.

- 17 -
 > > C:* S
s : - Г ) >•
•V
.V* \...\>
--Л V4 ..-V
*••• *•••
) л, .*л,
/
\
<" \ 4 \
: 1 %
%
: —*•••• : ...■•*«
I f 4 J • ./ V /
'■•«Jl*'*-m '•■ju’** '••jii'**

V';'
-Л 4A —*4
*****
••«1

:* )V i^
и
•..***■;
- f 3 j
i i '■ 1 •t V*
t *.•»’! ■
-tf ##мии **••••••
V
/ %% м
**;; о

4. V 4 ,.

18
(ftЛ, L «>*5)
^4 { U Л/ foreigner

< chemistry

bank

right

*ьТ~ГЧ eye lotion

("f / v ^ N/ v cause

V lf beard
P.M.
afternoon
H r * A, volcano

water
A.M.
гЦ *х morning
< family

l > £ £ U)

- 19 -
 5

7C da £ j i 0"zu T d e £"do

' о
(i'b a l/ ы btl ^ b e llb o

*о ✓ N?
( i f pa I f pi pu ^pe ( i ° Po

ХА уЬ

* ?

fruit T V vb telephone t window A, bag

Z_{f shrimp L А,Л<А, newspaper

- 20 -
 fr^< wall of house iSlJ'/v tray ‘‘C/ulS’ radio wave
Х.АуХ/'Э pencil X A s A ih tempura $ XJ3T walk

* r/ij ti-b'b, r ? / u r j f±3t6-e<b&0

Syllabic n( A,) is counted as one mora. Hence sampo consists of three moras.
* j i - z u i ± , I: • t t w < ^ (ttt: + *>) • fifrrt% (fi.fr
+ o £ ) <7) £ ' ) l z , % • о$гЗйШ(с t o o '< • i i z , ffiff

Ji and zu are written L and ~f except in the following situations, where X and
O' are used: 1) when a word beginning with chi or tsu follows another element
" (nose bleed) (hanaji—l i Л £>) or Л Й О '
in a compound word, such as li ■&
£ (new moon) (mikazuki=A*^ + 0 # ); 2) when the same sound occurs twice
in succession, such as O O < (continue) tsuzuku or (shrink) chijimu.

- 21 -
 X - ’*•' X *
/ '■*• ■ **V*

t z »•’ .. <tl(

* ■ ? -* V ‘ '• v “ ”
............... : .•••••.

о" j
? г
..y ’
ч ? .У

4*- 4**
................
**•' J ...— {

4
...• » » %’
%..•■ .* ..........
/

V*4
ч . X

\ ,.> 4 ‘ \ .X 4
Л*

i
Л

•■mill

(if 14' VcX V

.•> '
C .V ‘" V
J
. —

C . V '-

я*-*
'

-> * X

I S

^ \ о

* - O * V 'J 4
Ч;

v ' . . ’; >•
Л

'"XX
(3"VC*j
*
4 Vd--
• *• \ —4»»,V*

/ — / — 1" / X -

v o :**-

(if V O '* *

I S i «•NS*

/ ; •
• ••

/
• ••

v\j„4 t
* О

,
.
r
,.4 \
V 4 ..:
% \
;
N

-< '•*’ V
X X .
\

(3° V ;**’•••.
/ - K ‘
) X**’5

22
[tiA, L w>*5)
Iffzn left

Z-fz branch

i V arm

T / i * electricity

dance

z Z b child

fz W z cigarette

vpu? finger

^ 1 / snake

culture

& pan

t i ^ ^ Ay vowel

O # t 4]

1. kudamono 2. denwa 3. mado

4. denki 5. empitsu 6. shimbun

___ i___
7 .kaban 8. tabako 9 .nabe 10. hebi

11. odori 12. boin 13. kodomo

14. yubi 15.bunka

- 23 -
тх Ь 1

r-7 ^ F s 1 u t, TO O ^ lZ , lh b f i ' Q £ ♦ ^

1 . uta 9 . mame

2 . natsu 10 . fue

3 . kasa 11 . yoru

4 . uso 12 . yuki

5 . inu 13 . yane

6 . neko 14 . heya

7 . saru 15 . yume

8 . fune

- 24 -
16 . kisoku 29 . kazan

17 . sekai 3 0 . haizara

18. tsukue 3 1 . suki

19 . ototoi 3 2 . tsuki

20 . sensu 3 3 . tsuna

21 . kinko 3 4 . suna

22 . rainen 3 5 . chika

23 . hon-ya 3 6 . shika

24 . kamisori 3 7 . kata

25 . sakana 38. hata

26 . hakari 3 9 . капа

27 . otsuri 4 0 . kan-na

28 . kazoku 4 1 . kuchi

- 25 -
42 . kushi 47 . kagi

43 . uchi 48 . kani

44 . ushi 4 9 . kami

45 . kin 50 . kaki

46 . gin

- 26 -
 6 ш

roj -C & 1 - о r o j Ь 1 T3& -#1$:

l i f t и 'й ‘ ь й ‘п 0
Double consonant sounds are indicated by a small ( o ] preceding
the капа containing the consonant sound. This Со ) means that
the following consonant is to be given two syllables’ duration.

G о fi— kka L b 5 —kki □ о < —kku □ r> ( t —kke G о 2 —kko

l o ? —ssa □ о L —sshi □ O ~ f—ssu □ о -У:—sse □ r> —sso

L b 7c— tta □ о £>—tchi □ -э О ---ttsu D o t —tte П о £ —tto

I] о ti°—ppa □ о V s— ppi □ o —ppu G -o —ppe □ о IГ—ppo

b o i'H parachute # b ^ musical instrument

-feb (t A, soap ( t o- H/ L marriage

- 27 -
 L magazine l o t stamp <o о (i? bugle, trumpet

l o ^ ' ticket fi o cheek

- 28 -
VNО 7^' V,n first floor

^0/6' writer

l- О 5 diary

(io tt/v discovery

-----—----- 1
Vn о ^ О one book

( i О -\t As eight thousand

t"}- О dir ^ absence

cheek

fa о / с V n the tropics

j, ^ the day after 1-----

^ ^ tomorrow 1

vZ. ^ -O ~X. cheque

- 29 -
^' О one minute

Ъ ~z> Л* As six minutes

1_ о N failure

date of
birth

0 # г : ‘Л

1. rakkasan 12. kesseki

2. gakki 13. nettai

3. ikkai 14. kitte

4. sakka 15. asatte

5. nikki 16. kogitte

6. sekken 17. rappa

7. hakken 18. kippu

8. kekkon 19. ippun

9. issatsu 20. roppun

10. zasshi 21. shippai

11. hassen 22. hoppeta

- 30 -
 7 3*

fc) каа( ка) ^ «£> saa(sa) 7c <fc taa(ta)

5 ^ k ii(k l) L ^ 4 shii( shi) t? ^ s chii(chi)

( Т kuu(kG) *9 suu(so) ^ tsuu(tsii)

11 V Nkei(ke) 'У" ^ 4 sei( se) ^ Ntei(te) ^3 X. neefne^

*«— “9 koo(ko) *9 soo(so) £ “7 too(to) io oo(o) £ jo too(t5'

$э Ъ' ^ А/ & l - ^ ^ Ay

(i ^ /v ^А у Л°П b

fc l ; ^ A , Л>1 К П

A. mother /и grandmother j o b ^ ' ^ / v grandfather

Й i- v ' ? A elder brother -У'Л,,!?'? Ь electric fan t ') envelope

- 31 -
E l i 4 ' ta r-? t

fal ' n

£ f a x. $ ^

Ih Z 1 $

t ft''' watch, clock t i ь' d refrigerator i5i2Z _i^A , elder sister

ё airplane li"') L hat, cap .!£>*) ice wolf

* £ 9 № Г С r- t i j tW< ic o (± , r- f c j iflK d fc fc
&: o X ^' ь 0
fcfcts fcfcv\ t f c S , d*i*>r
Although they are few, there are some words in which long — о is written with
—£>, such as the following: isis^' (many), (public), iSiS^'*' (big),
ZiSl) (ice), (far), ktsb (pass), ZiSbz? (cricket), etc.

- 32 -
[tiA, L w>i )
x. ^ Г English

Й Ч ^ Ч ' economy

6 4 -ЙГ1' student

peace

L noun

T i $ air

Z 1 о 1 transportation

L ^ correspondence

liX - ' -? number

elephant

I 5 't x 5 foreign trade

-> : Л Л Г т grammar

- 33 -
if -эТ n if Monday

the 10th
H H ib' ten days
big, large

£ &V' far

O # t ‘Л

11. kootsuu

12. bangoo

13. hikooki

14. bumpoo

15. booeki

16. tsuushin

17. zoo

18. koori

10. ookii

20. tooka

- 34 -
 8 Ш

^ -*£> kya ^ kyu ^ X kyo

-^ g y a J Ур gyu 5 X gyo

sha УР shu L X sho

U' ^ j a U Ур ju U X jo

£ ль < guest earth water buffalo

(t A, Vs’ё J: "9 microscope ё /и I’ J: goldfish (3 Л. # J: 1 doll

- 35 -
 ' L ф

L' X As L

IT7
U £ i L ^

doctor 1 1 /u L ^ bicycle ЬА^Ь-1^ Shinto shrine

Ь 1 i f 7 judo (iO -C A , L <t power station

b J; 1 15“ 1 b if 9 b ч* fire engine

- 36 -
[tlA, L w>*?]

ambulance

(■f о ^ Ур *) monthly salary

5 «£ f a / C last year

^ Aw Ъ X 1 study

УР 1 I f Aw Ъ 1 <
post office

"9 ^ X "9 industry

C?) ”9 ^ X *9 agriculture

- 37 -
7^4 \ ф company

1 As X As L Ф driver

1J ф *7 I- / 6 ' ^ December

U Ф *)• L X address

I / U ф 'Э Ъ ' As art museum

U 1_ J; dictionary

L X П & < Ъ As
scholarship

- i i: x ' n factory

- 38 -
0 # г : ‘Л

1 . kyaku

2 . chikyuu

3 . gekkyuu

4 . kyonen

5 . suigyuu

6 . benkyoo

7 . kembikyoo

8 . kingyo

9 . noogyoo

10 . ningyoo

11 . koogyoo

12. juusho

13. jisho

14. koojoo

15. juudoo

16 . hatsudensho

17 . jitensha

18 . isha

19 . juunigatsu

20. untenshu

- 39 -
 9 Щ

^ cha ^ 3 Ф chu X cho

l — ^ nya l ~ \ф nyu t — JC nyo

X J' J^> hya X J' Ур hyu X J J; hyo

X J' bya X J' Ур byu X J X byo

Xf pya X J УР pyu X J° X pyo

J(t> mya Ур myu X myo

0 ^ rya 0 УР ryu 0 J: ryo

Z l ~tb ^ black tea squash % ^ l L v injection

Ъ l -o fr ( right angle

- 40 -
 X ‘l Ь

V ф 1 l~ ф 1 Л * <

U X n

ib J; 1 /v paper lantern ЩФ 1 t- (ф 1 milk О ^ < X. /v one hundred yen

t/ i 1"9 <TA, ice berg Vs i 1 и A, hospital < pulse

0 j: d 9 trip, travel l) vp “5 dragon

- 41 -
 r t> * jti 1 г% / * j t 2 ^ Г
« 1 \ ^ « l> j r * » j r J : j l ± , T<7)=t 7 <*< о

^ is pronounced as one mora although it is written with

two капа, % and J^>. In such cases, -sv>, <Ф and X are written
small in the manner shown below:

X &com<7)£ i iz
L X n IT 1 U X
r^ / ' Q > j r ± j £ £ t c o i i T ^ 4 ' £ < *
yp 1 i <o

L <> L A y When writing horizontally, J$), 1Ф

and <£ are written small in the lower
If X n l N lefthand part of the square.

y L 1 К Ур n

tzXWZ &.Х>Щсг>Х 1 (Cr ^ j

У Vs i tb L
<*< „
Ур X УР X
>•
When writing vertically, -‘'v3, 1Ф and
n 1 L l 1
are written small in the upper righthand
lz [ \ IT part of the square.
yp А / n
n L
J:

- 42 -
U i A , L «> *51

1 yp 'l
universe

ib yp 7 Z 1
junior high school

Z i i b X. 1
principal, headmaster

Ypl Zyp П
import

l-V' (
two hundred

^ Ay If (
three hundred

(
eight hundred

\'ib V l x i
one second

If X 1 $
illn ess

- 43 -
а Т т l*
family name

receipt

4 Iф 1 A * <
foreign student

tz^ ' Z ' l 0 X 1

president
(of a country)

0 # £ ‘Л

1 . koocha

2 . uchuu

3 . chuugakkoo

4 . chuusha

5 . chokkaku

6 . choochin

7 . yu-nyuu

- 44 -
8 . gyuu-nyuu

9. sambyaku

10 . nihyaku

11. roppyaku

12. byooin

13. myaku

14 . byooki

15 . myooji

16 . ryokoo

17 . ryuu

18 . ryooshuusho

19 . daitooryoo

20. ryuugakusei

- 45 -
 ю т

#jp]<7)wa(2 r ( i j , e l i v^ j , of± r£j <?:#<0

The particle is written as (±, e as ^ and о as £ .

Z А / 1- ( i 0 d)

b t z H i о(2)
Z t i l i 4 % t t ^ 0 (3)

ziUi hfzlco i'IXAs'V't о(4)

¥ z^ vnj i i~Л'0(5)
n J i t 0(6)

У о 1 ^ U L ct S* 4 i ' i ” 0 (8)

^4о , z i ib
ф i c o & i “t “ 0 (9)

(1) Hello. (7) What are you going to buy at

(2) I’m Tanaka. the book store?
(3) What is that? (8) I’m going to buy a magazine
(4) This is my bag. and a dictionary.
(5) Where are you going? (9) After that, I’ll go to a coffee
(6) I’m going to the book store. shop and drink some tea.

46 -
( f t A , L *t> i )

kombanwa (l)

ohayoo gozaimasu

sayoonara (3)

(1) Good evening.

(2) Good morning.

(3) Good-bye.

(4) This is a desk.

(5) Where are you going?

- 47 -
ginkoo e ikimasu (6)

shimbun о totte
kudasai (7)

arigatoo gozaimasu (8)

ocha о nomimasu (9)

(6) I’m going to the bank.

(7) Please get me the newspaper.

(8) Thank you.

(9) I’m going to drink some tea.

- 48 -
тх Ь 2
т —•/£ Ь Х К

1 . кекка

2 , hatsuon

3 . nettai

4 . atsui

5 . shippai

6 . zasshi

7 . kekkon

8 . kitte

9 . rokusatsu

10 . kesseki

11 . rokusen-en

12 . gakki

13 . kippu

14 . asatte

15 . rokuon

16 . satoo

17 . mado

- 49 -
18 . undoo

19 . bangoo

20 . booeki

21 . sekidoo

22 . booshi

23 . yoochi-en

24 . tenkiyohoo

25 . reizooko

26 . keisatsu

27 . ondo

28 . kinoo

29 . bumpoo

30 . kootsuu

31 . ningyo

32 . kin-jo

33 . toshokan

34 . noogyoo

35 . jisho

36 . kashu

37 . gyuuniku

- 50 -
38 . kembikyoo

39 . gekkyuu

40 . kyuukoo

41 . kingyo

42 . kyonen

43 . shokudoo

44 . shooyu

45 . juusho

46 . benkyoo

47 . kyooshitsu

48 . shooboosho

49 . bijutsukan

50 . untenshu

- 51
V' b X) й ~ Ш The Derivations of Hiragana.

h Ф и м 1 ¥ X *

< * t t t+ £ £

$ £ L * i" -t £ f

fz *. о л| X я £ i

n t-

(ii* V' tt .i»T' 'X-gp (5 »

& * Л А & '& 46 &^

Vp & t

ь a 0 эд & ® ;M l* S

$* ft A /*

- 52 -
 2 oE ch a rt 2

A' tz A" tC

1 s£ T f t ~ ■7^t 7 >

2Ш ■f^t 7'it ' чЧт /N7 f

3Ш -V v'-V •f -v —-v h -v V * £ *r

4Ш
How to Write Words of Foreign Origin

K 0 l2
The Derivations of Katakana
 1 f*

) a 4 i 7 u ^ 0

ka ki 7 k U ^7~ ke - 7 ко

^ sa shi X su se v/ so

? ta i ~ сы 7 tsu 7 ” te b to
4
~f~ na -— ni 7 nu ^f4 ne 7^ no

J ^ha h hi 7 fa '~s ' he ho

7 ma mi mu 7^ me mo

^ ya yu 3 y0

”7 ra V ri 7 l^ r u \ y re ro

7w a

- 55 -
 v*‘"’o
т
' 4 / / /

'г у 1—у :
: /:
у У /
—т ••Vм '■ч“*
J L JL ч,.«•»'••••••

- у '••**3?**’' *••,/j
•*х**’*
У *
1 iD
t) * У
д.. ^♦в \
* *
% л.»
' У -•* / /’ /
У
/ A- \ \ %
/ /
У У / У
1 Z1 ... >
ZD __/
— ч- ч >. % %
; •
У * У
/
i/ У V*"* V -’ V -
7 Я './♦!*,7
Я у' \ #’/\ -/ X
-’■*-fe ..'*;,‘У '•••щх '!
s .*• ..Л-;?
4 r 1ч<и1 1... \
4 У у
У у у

56
 У
X* у*7 У
'
У У
/ wi/ -У/. .......... •„.—■5

f - f-
ч ч' ч•/
/

' уУ ••V
ч \

У 'У / /
т т /
г /
I ь Гч >
|"ч
: /
h
- у ч v**7.. /
У
---- ..................

7 7 /Ч, }\ ч...»Ч. 4..-MI.

7 ч N

/]\ И4-
V - .'4

7 " 7 7"
У / // //
У
/ N
/ /\ > чч у У \
- t % .............

ь
У
У у / /
*ч X '•***\•ч
’Г

- 1 *!ч .*1'•
г!- гЬ 9 щ* « :
чн«н««*®

57
 «,.•♦***■■«>. ...... .. ...... .
\У *.чвV \

'••• '•*,
*х
Z л /
Л ....... ......Ч .....А
/7 >
7 / /* ' /
/А

*,И*|‘И,№
-t
^7 ^7 'Ч "Ч•......
ч»**л....
^ ,• м**)..••••;•'
:/ у'
* t \\
-7 JX »*•••••*
/ S
**■••••*••••• •и**"'**"*
~7 3 *..... :
3 3
м<(/

" У .....£ .....*

У /
»\
1 ') : • | :
])
) )V •% » ч -•
IV / ! / : ,
/

V ■>
V 1-у 1•*.*•**
>
\ Г7 т**7 Т* :
п О
i .J

1 7 /
V / • /
7
' у ‘ч ‘ч \
У

58
 2 Ж

X 'g a * g i X ga ge —' go

^ fza ;S > i X zu -tf'ze V zo

Г da Tde К do

'Н а t" b i X bu ^be 'J ' bo

' V h ° Pi 7°p u "<pe -t'p o

i f

У
Z7"
M

i /

- 59 -
ч?
У
г
т
К
/ \
fcf
У

*
/\°
h°
Г

- 60 -
 3 m

kya JX kyu 3 kyo

i / -V sha JJL shu У JU sh e 7 3 sho

~j~ *V cha 7 Л . chu 7 ” JU che *7“ 3 cho

— -V nya '—“ JJL nyu '— 3 nyo

t hya tl JJL hyu h 3 hyo

" 7 mya П JJL myu 3 myo

V "V rya V JJL. ryu V 3 ryo

Л* gya JL gyu "^P 3 gyo

i / -3? j& У Л . ju V 5, JU je V' 3 jo

tl *V bya Ь " Л . byu tl 3 byo

h ° -V pya t° JX pyu t 3 pyo

^7 'i wi 7 ^ j u we 7^ wo

7 T kwa

SV T tsa У JU ts e '7 tso

T ' f ti

7 7 f a У -f я “7 J U fe У ^ fo
f i л '7 ” JU. du

77" Г va V Л Vi 'У у и 7 l v e T7 ^ VO )

- 61 -
 4 Ш

В « ё { ::£ и ^ Ц (с о и -Ш , U :^ 4 T , %
cot ^ ^ а ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 1 (з ^ н е Т " ё Ъ\±'ТЪ<Ъ:^<7)Х:'ЬЪ0 В
*т<о^тть h t x , u ^ m t L x c o ^ z t , z t i^ m z -t
hcoxhho
T zttit, '^ (О Х т Ъ ^ ы Ш В ^ Ш ^ Ъ ^ ъ х , ( ) ф о

t i t c m m z i ~ ь х ъ ь ^ ^ 0

th-^(-^, x, X, -fe, V t'^ t)

t i - > ( ^ L T " ^ ’t'o J & ls h Z iH l'itlX , rT 4 J X ' ^ t z t b h b )

d i -* ('J X 'M i ~ 0 Г Т 'Ч J T "^ 1 ~ C l £ & & b )

f t - l l A ^ H ^ - £ o - t i i ‘T ; 6 i L ^ £ S ; b t i & ^ E & £ ^ < o £ >

£ £ j; i

- 62 -
 How to W r ite W ord s of F o r e ig n O rigin

The sounds of foreign languages can not be transliterated

accurately in Japanese because written Japanese does not have
symbols for sounds not contained in the spoken language. Thus
the sounds of foreign words can not be represented faithfully in
written Japanese. Such words are interpreted within the Japanese
sound system and given Japanese pronunciation, which can then be
written in капа.
For example, the following sounds are not contained in Japanese;
they are frequently represented by such капа as the ones in
parentheses:
th -► (-* , x, X , -fe, V)
ti —►('f'; sometimes written ТЧ to approximate the original
sound more closely)
di —► ( 'J\ sometimes written Т'Ч to approximate the original
sound more closely)
The exercises which follow focus on a number of sounds which
foreign learners find particularly troublesome to write.

- 63 -
1. CVCV<7)J: 1 Ъ<Ъ
Words having a CVCV pattern

т а ni а caimeira СО i
-г —7 / |7 Г7 4

itlA, L Ф *5)
tomato

corona

piano

ion

memo

melon

solo

ь -r I' a tT7 / A t У Уn > Уо

- 64 -
2 . _ с с — <пX 1 t £ ti,
m ^ Z m t X ^ L t z 9, M £ L t z ') t b 0

Words containing two or more consonant sounds in succession

( —cc— ) are pronounced and written with appropriate vowels
placed after each consonant sound.

2 - ( l) t, d £ (± -E № o t e f f i t b o
t and d are followed by o.

hint —* hinto ЬУ Y
( tz tz L, salad H X y r t m O
(exception: salad becomes sarada, 7 У)

2-(2) c,b,f,g,k,l,m,p,s u It'ffiz .Z ) 0

c, b, f, g, к, 1, m, p and a are followed by u.

mask —*■ masuku 7X 9

post —» posuto <+°x Y
milk —►miruku U17

[ t i A , L Ф *5)

swan

test

golf

delta

- 65 -
soft

emerald

coil

lis t

cent

sect

instant

oriental

esperanto

X7> T X l' ~^)W7 ~^)V9 ~V~7 h i / 7 >V К "?^Д'

TTx b b Ь Л > x ^ '> b ;t x > ^;u b

te O j: 7 (c, t e ^ o v ' t i . , 2-(l) —t, —d t IW

Jt X 1 1C,
b • K fc fc S o
Final —te and —de are handled in the same way as —t and —d, becoming
to( b ) and do( К).

cf. note / —b shade is x —К

- 66 -
 ^ tz, Ш^-<7> c , b , f , k , l , m , p , s \z e b , 2-(2)<7> J: i —u £$S
LfzmzKb о

When the original word ends in c, b, f, к, 1, o , p or s followed by silent

e, the consonant sound is followed by u in Japanese.

cf. simple x > ~7°)V single x > 7 knife ~j~ -i ~7

game Y —Л grape 7 l — ~f
{ f z f l L , — g e n ii' M ' U , iH ztzb)
(However, —ge becomes ji, :J .)

- 67 -
3. r - j r - j

Long sounds are represented by a dash, — This dash indicates

that the preceding vowel is given a duration of two moras.
<£ ЮЩп' (writing horizontally) К Х Щ (writing vertically)
seesaw queen

seesaw i/ — V — i/ 7
i 'f
7 1
queen 7 — > 1 7

3~{l) — ar, — er — ir , — ur, — or

car ij- turban 9 —t ' У

bar / <-- curtain i] —T У
garden i f —T У port rt*°— h

lever ],*<— form 7 jf- — i*

lover 7 / <— record U7 —К

m5KtfO_or(± *Щ Tic < r ^ ij g ^ t z ъ ь „
tanker 9 V i]-
Final —or is expressed with a long
sir +h_ —A— sound, not a long —o. sound.

skirt X ij—Y sailor -te— 7 —

girl i f —/1 doctor К7 9 —

turn 9 —У error -X- 7 —

ij — if—Т у y ;< — 7 9>ij— T —

хРГ— Ь 7 3—;u 7 ~9>—s<> i j —T У "it?— Ь
7 * —л w К ~T—7 — P9 9 — з?7 —

- 68 -
(ftA, L «>*5)
harp

mark

Derby

river

bird

circle

sports

pork

hurdle

curl

doctor

motor

tailor

percent

concert

9 у — ъ'— к
9 )V xrf^-'У —9
rf?1 K;w ~l)—)V
~?9 9 - "•?—9 — ~t —9 — **— > Ь —

- 69 -
) — ee- 1 63 i — a i— — oa-— , — o u — , — au— , — o o —

speed x t°- К coupon

*f-—x

>

к
ch eese sa u ce

i
Л —7 з У

0
*

IN
jeep auction у
1
sp eech X h - f audition ^ —т Л 'У з У
seal V~>V overhaul — / <— ф — JV

pearl / * — )V spoon Х7 - >

ra il V—/V room )V—Л

7°-)V
>b

chain pool
1
H

tail x — )V (—00—, —ea —<r>hb Ь

road о — K
1Some words spelled with —oo— aiKp
boat * - b —ea— are rendered in Japanese with a
coat Z3— ь ^double consonant sound. Cf. p.86. /

group 7")V--7*

Xh°— К -f-1— X 'J — 'f x —)V

u — fu ^ 2 —у ■г — n —К d?— Ь Ь
7 )C — - f V—я 7 -? y э > ^ — r " 2~> в >

;t — 1—;u
rf-ч x 7 -> 7u—л -?—)v

- 70 -
( t i A , L w> i D

beef

screen

queen

teak

leader

heart

rehearsal

cream

sausage

training

sailor

goal

broach

soap

- 71 -
(tiA / Ь ф ? )

straw

trawl

owner

whisky

party

elegy

authority

я Ьо— b o —)v Jr— j— 'J'ix*— '<— t 4 —

A y - t — v ' 1) T 4 —

3-{5) — a— e, — о— e, — u— e

ace X .— X case У -Х

lace U —X base X

game Y - Л image Л* —¥

name Л stage X T —V

- 74 -
 sale -fe — )V rope о —X

date T - b isotope ТА V b - T

skate X X - b stroke X ba - 7

trade b u — b" dome К -Л

X
parade /№1У- К zone

Л
1
arcade T - X - b" tone b -x

note y - b nude 7 - K

hole — )V tube f a - Г

-Х -— X 1у —X X —Л d-—Л X —X X
f у1— ->* x r -y X5
—Ь x x —Ь Ьw - К
К Т —X1
'— К 7 —b "if—>v о 1—7“ T f 7 Ь -Х
X ь о —7 ~р—Л X1— > Т -> 7 - к f a - 7 '

( t i A , L «> * 5 )

base

space

rate

wave

brake

- 75 -
engage

pace

stove

home

hope

stole

dome

totem

pole

- i —X X -< — X У— b 7 —7“ 7V1—^ jl > Y —-J

i V i
X x Ь—7 rh—л — x T —V ~P—A
Ь- т л

3~(6) — ation, — otion

inflation 'f У 7 V — у з У lotion о 'у а У

inspiration A> X h V - ■> э > motion ^ —у з У

intonation А У V A' — У в У

automation A" — b / — У а У

- 76 -
 4 У У У —х з > 4 У Х Ъ ° У — '> э У 4 У h ^ — i s э У

ЗГ— Ь / — I/ э У V —i/ з У Яг—I/ з У

Z~(7) —ire, —ture

hire / N' f-V— culture —

fire ~7 т 'f adventure T K 'O 'f '- v —

•'N'f Л*— 7 7 ^ — — 7 H > f 7“

C^fxA. L «> 9 )

dictation

deflation

decoration

narration

- 77 -
motion

umpire

picture
i'b Г»У

-f ~Vt — is э > ~f~7 Is'— is 3 У T" => ls'— is в > — '> a >

- 78 -
4. (i, r - yj

Some consonant clusters are represented by using small y.

4 -(l) — ck

back /N\y 7 block Г о >y 7

s la c k s X *7 "/ 9 x trick b V "/ 9

black / 7 7 9 check Г x 7 9

dock V7 9 neck * 7 9

so ck s '/"/9 7s

tz t* t , T<7)wi(fl±, c k £ 1 £ ^ t L £ ^ 0 ? Ш Jo
However, in the following words the final consonant is doubled rather
than the medial —ck sound.

rocket nX-y b ( o y t К 1 ± ^ и )

pocket i£*r "s b racket 7 7~ v b

itz>kcr>z. t ( Ш Ш И Ь Ь & ' ^ о

Moreover, the following words contain no double consonant sounds,

bucket -,<лг 7 necktie ^ 9 9 A

^<-/9 X 7»/ 9 X 7*7 -V 9 ~9"/9 ~7 -V 9 X '7ra -y 9

b U "/ 9 •f'x. -/ 9 Ч' v 9

- 79 -
(tl& L Ф 1 )

truck

snack

lucky

nickel

check

locker

tuck

socker

racket

ticket

b ~7'V 9 X ^ •у 9 7y^ — — "/ *r )V • f'i ‘У:

"о-у tj — 7 -у 7 • ?' У#— 7^7 b f -У'У b

4—(2) — x, — tch , — dge

tax 9 "/ 7 X match ~7 "у ■f’

wax Г7 'y 7 X sketch X -У -y -f-

six У УX watch 9 1 ^

complex Г7 > У" u 9 X badge 74 у

- 80 -
 dodgeball К у V' ft- — )V edge х. "/ i/

9 "/ ? X 7 у ? X x у ? X x > У W у ? X -77 f

X ? y f 7 ? -y -f- -у У X *y >? К -у i? df— >b

(tiA, L w>9 )
box

sex

fox

deluxe

mix

scotch

hatch

catch

clutch

switch

bridge

- 81 -
badge

тК'-у 9 X Tr -у 9 X 7 *' -у ? X т'Т? у X X TV 9 X

X 3 у -f y\.y-f- jr ~yi~ ^ V 'y - f" X 'f *y -f-

7" ij -y x ' < -y i?

4-(3) — ss, — pp, — tt, — ff

massage у -ty-i? slipper 7s' ) у ><

m essage 7 у -tr — i? motto Ъ у b -

apple T у ~7°)V marionette >У Ь

pineapple / i~ у ~7°IV staff T sf у V

—s s —, —tt, —pp—, —ff— T h liSLef it L & (fifth Ь „

For some words containing —s s —, —tt—, —pp— and —ff—, the consonant
sound is not doubled in Japanese.

!§ Л < 7 )_ 8 8 1 ± Ш Н к и $ :и в
Final —ss is not doubled.

dress К V X , chess f i X , pass ' N

°X, kiss ^ X , Miss ; X , 4'

ik <r>i, <n ^ ffiLfjf iz ta b Ъ V' e

The following are not given a double consonant sound:

butter '< 9— appeal 7 h ° — )V ( Т у t*— Al s o

written Т у h"—)V) approach T 7 ° o —-f* coffee ^ —h —

assistant b attraction Т|-7^у э >

- 82 -
 x T T y ^ 'f ^ 7 f - 'J b X ? y 7

(tlA, L W>9 ]
mission

essay

dressy

essence

zipper

wappen(Ger.)

mitt

etiquette

address

chess

class

- 83 -
 :г / э X ^ -у -te — КW 7 у — i у -te > X '7

i 7 1" i'f'y 7 h ~9 Kl' X f i x ? 7 X

4 4 4 ) — a t, — ap, — et, — ep , — ip, — op , —-og, — ic , —<

e tc -- -

mat 7 y |> ship > x 7*

cat -v x Y skip X * x Г

net * x b drop КD X

pet ^ 7 t1 bag f <"/ У

om it ^ ; 7 Ь sm og x -t x У

cut t) X b m agic ^ 7 X У

p ilot / NM О 7 b technic г У- X У

cap ^ -f x 7 ° Olympic * V> f X У

dynamic УЧ У £ x У

"^ 7 F ^ 7 F ^ 7 F ^ 7 F t ; 7 F tj 7 F

7 Nc 17 ‘У b Jf 7 7 ° i s "/ ~7a X 'У *7° К П 'У ”7°

^ 7 / Х ^ ' У ? " 7 у ' у ? Т ? ~ ' У ? * U > h°' 'У 9

9 4 4~ i у9

- 84 -
 (tiA* L ч>*5]
rat

hat

jet

toilet

pot

robot

snap

overlap

tip

hip

top

dog

frog

picnic

italic

- 85 -
pacific

~7 "/ Ь / 4 "/ Ь у x 7 f ЬA "у Ь «К"у Ь о гК"/ Ь

Х - р -у 7° *— 7 'У 7° У -у7° У -у7° У ‘У-Г У •/ 7

7П,Г — -i 9 и У '</7(7 У

4-(5)

Words which are spelled with two vowels in a row but

are rendered in Japanese with a double consonant sound
rather than with a lengthened vowel sound.

—00— , —ea—, —ou—, —Ul —

book 7" 7 7 head -^ 7 K

look touch ? " /*

football 7 7 b # —)V couple i,7 7 -?)V

cookie 7 "/ * - circuit -*-*7 b

deadball T 7 K'"J<— )V biscuit t' X *r 7 b

bread 7" U "у К

У У7 У.у? 7 -У м ? —;u У -у ^ — Г"-У КУ —Л"

7*1 у -у К ^ 7 F 9 "у ■f" 7 -у 7 ° У —^ -у Ь

t -У У У ь

- 86 -
( * г Л ,Ь

hook

foot

dead heat

bread

couple

biscuit

77^ 7 7 1- Т у K t- Ь ~ rv ", к
h 'x V -y b

- 87 -
Ш 2

Л' tz Ь' & <?) The Derivations of Katakana.

Г Р ! 'f # * •

i l Ы 7 X =7 2.

- m x m - f e -ffi: У f

9 У Л] т Г b i t

л л X « * У 75

/ N / \ h bf c 7 Г ^ »■* :

^ Ж - ^ A ,$■■ У A'

л # з 3 #

-7 ?| V *n /И Ж l x :f-L u S

V -fR у £

- 88 -
в _____
А П

*вШ|1ф
жжя-аклздетд н2мнчй* «

'< — '< ? tm

O i t f - 7 ”

о Ш% #ИГЯШ

о -his — 9 — diilii Ш
Т У 'J Ъ ■ i j - h r \ - - ± Щ ^ Ж
hr В ^ ш е -te > 9 —

п± т шш тт&шш& в *т т т -ь > ? -
•

О? •>' -г у 9 • тК7 У Л

ОЗШ^-пд I-Nf ЙС
0 « « t U"f Т Т Ь л- у У • гК у У я
NIHONGO:
К A N A — AN INTRODUCTION TO THE
JAPANESE SYLLABARY

OWriting: Mikio Kawarazaki

Professor, The Japanese Language School Attached
to the Department of Foreign Language, Tokyo
University of Foreign Studies

OEnglish Translation: Barbara Sugihara

OTape Recording

О Supervision: Mikio Kawarazaki

о Narration: Satoshi Toki

Instructor, Inter-University Center for
Japanese Language Studies

□ Planning and Editing: THE JAPAN FOUNDATION JAPANESE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE

О Illustrations : THE JACK BOX

OCover Design
О Artist: Megumi Totoki
О Layout: THE JACK BOX
 й '& Л Р 6! nag®

1978^3п 31в шик m i m m j

1993^ 5 ягов шзш т т т п

&Ш- ШШ ВФКШВ&Чг;'* —
т З З б Я№ЙШ*П r fJ M fP 5 Т @ 6 # 3 6 ^
ШМ 048 (834)1183

Ш п Л Л tt
Т102 Ж Ж £ 1 Ш Ш Ш Ш 6 - 2
( Й 1 —^ t V W 2 F )
ШМ 03 (3472)2240

© 1978 The Japan Foundation, Japan

ISBN4-89358-031-0 C3081