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INDECENT DRESSING AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN

NIGERIAN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR
COUNSELLING.
OKAFOR OGECHUKWU JULIET & UWALAKA EMEKA

ogeobika74@gmail.com; uwamekez@yahoo.com
Department of Educational Foundations,
Faculty of Education, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University,
Igbariam Campus, Anambra State.
Abstract
This paper explores the problems of indecent dressing that has pervaded among
undergraduate students in Nigerian tertiary institutions. Dress pattern that is common
among students of higher institution of learning in Nigeria. The various forms that
these dresses appears, reasons why these students dress indecently, use of the internet,
fading values as well as demonic influence among others. The negative repercussions
include rape, HIV/AID and other venereal diseases/infections as well as armed
robbery, lying and poor academic performance and prostitutions. Indecent dressing is
one of the major problems that is eating up our youths, both male and female
undergraduate students. There has been public outcry among Muslim, Christians and
traditional leaders, parents and scholars on the mode of dressing of young boys and
girls in Nigeria societies especially in the tertiary institutions. These are fathers and
mothers of tomorrow and the ones to whom the legacy of training and nurturing
leaders of this country is to be leaved. Does it suggest the dearth of Nigeria culture
and morality that is the symbol of Nigeria identity, continuity, security and unity?
This paper discusses the meaning and types of indecent dressing, possible reasons
why some undergraduate student dress indecently in Nigerian tertiary institutions and
its effects and consequences among undergraduate students in Nigerian tertiary
institutions. Possible strategies to indecent dressing in Nigerian tertiary institutions
were also discussed. It was recommended, among others, tertiary institutions should
adopt dress codes for their students.
Keywords: Indecent dressing, peer group influence, fading value and possible
strategies.
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Introduction
Recently, it has been observed that These purposes are important especially
Nigerian tertiary institutions are battling as they form major aspects of a person’s
with the wave of indecent dressing personality.
among male and female students. The Indecent dressing has come to
reign of skimpy dresses on campus has characterize the dress pattern of many
turned many campuses to fashion students on the campuses of higher
runways. However, besides wearing learning in Nigeria. Some undergraduate
short skirts, some male and female students in Nigerian tertiary institutions,
undergraduate students throw caution to especially the female students are almost
the wind by displaying their boobs and going nude all in the name of fashion.
earrings as a cheap means of getting They have invented a strange sub-culture
attention. Dress to kill who is now a of nudity in public places through their
popular slogan in lecture halls with the desperate attempts to be fashionable.
intention of looking sexy or classy, Most campuses are drowning in morally
forgetting that they ought to look offensive and sexually provocative
responsible (Obilo & Okugo, 2013). dressing. One can hardly differentiate
between some male and female
A dress is therefore said to be indecent undergraduate students and hard-core
when it has provocative or stimulating urban street thugs and prostitutes
influence on almost all those that happen respectively.
to view it on the user (Egwim (2010).
Although, there are no universally The researcher noted that amorous
acceptable ways of dressing, dresses are indecent dressers are sexually seductive,
meant to serve some definable purposes, but often avoid real intimacy. They
notwithstanding one’s country or region. simply play games by deceptively
They are part of people’s culture and seducing their preys for economic
they define their tribal or ethnic identity. purposes. The unprincipled indecent
Apart from dresses being a means for dressers on the other hand are
cultural identity, they are for ornamental unscrupulous, deceptive, arrogant and
or aesthetic purposes, for protection of exploitative. In contrast to the others, the
the body against harsh weather compensatory indecent dressers do so to
conditions as well as for covering the cover up for their feelings of inferiority.
intimate part of the body (Omede, 2011). They only try to create illusions of being
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superior and exceptional on campus by Apart from dresses being a means for
dressing indecently. cultural identity, they are for ornamental
There is hardly any higher institution of or aesthetic purposes, for protection of
learning in this country that is not faced the body against harsh weather
with this nauseating problem. Students conditions as well as for covering the
on these campuses of learning intimate parts of the body (Answer.com,
particularly, the female ones, dress 2011; Articlesbase.com, 2011). These
seductively leaves much to be desired. purposes are important especially as they
What the girls call skirts that they wear form major aspects of a person’s
is just “one inch” longer than their pants. personality. But as important as these
This category of female find it difficult purposes are, they have been defeated by
to pick things on the ground, sit down, the generation of Nigerian youths
climb and mount on motor cycles and (Articlesbase.com, 2011). Their dress
cross gutter. This makes it difficult for patterns are most times anti-African, and
them to do things. Moreover, dresses are are invented. They usually dress in a
transparent and essential parts of the manner that does not show that they are
body could be seen through them. responsible (Nigerianfilms.com, 2009).
The African culture and particularly that
In the case of boys, they have their form of Nigeria encourage modesty in
of indecent dressing. There is what they appearance as do the Christian and
call “low waist” where their trousers are Islamic religions where the larger
made below their buttocks with the population of these youths claim to be
boxers or pants exposed. Often, they worshipping God. This un-African dress
look unkempt, dirty and unattractive. pattern among the youths of this
Some male students walking drag their generation has generated lots of concern
legs on the ground when walking. This and worry among the citizenry of the
has led to cultural adulteration as it country. Religious institutions as well as
erodes our religious and moral values institutions of learning are not resting on
and norms which is the very essence of their oars to watch this immoral act
the African society. The trend is fast being perpetuated, but they speak against
spreading to even the secondary school it. For instance, Akpan (2018) reported
students in both private and public that at the University of Uyo rules were
schools. made that any students who dress
indecently to lecture halls should be
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sacked by their lecturers. But on this as well as suggests solutions that could
very campus students still dress remedy the further spread of this
indecently by uncovering their body part immoral act on campuses of learning in
including stomach, belly button, back Nigeria.
shoulders, chest and the legs below the
knees, small earring and light makeup, Meaning of Indecent Dressing
low heeled noiseless shoes, clean hair, Dressing is an action of putting on
etc. In the same vein, in Nwafor Orizu clothes as a way of covering our
College of Education, Nsugbe, Anambra nakedness as human being (Owojaiye &
State where this study is focused, it Afolabi, 2013). The authors also noted
seems that the introduction of a dress that indecent dressing is any way of
code was misinterpreted by some dressing that failed to fulfill the major
undergraduate students to mean they objectives of dressing. Indecent dressing
should dress indecently. This is because is the improper and provocative way of
what became obvious with dressing relative to the society or culture
undergraduate students in this college of the students (Kwanuba, Subaba &
after the introduction of this dress code Filgona, 2020). Fareo and Jackson
was the alarming and arrant ways that (2018) noted that this form of dressing is
they began to dress indecently. One is provocative, improper, and morally
not however surprised because what is unacceptable. Ewulo (2016) opined that
typical of most Nigerian administrators indecent dressing is any form of dressing
is always a wide gap between policy that does not conform with the
formulation and execution. Indecent acceptable moral standard of decent
dressing even though is not accepted as dressing. Oluwadare, Otunaiya, and
the normality, is seen to be gaining Opeoluwa (2020) added that indecent
ascendancy. One then wonders what dressing means any type of dressing that
becomes of the society tomorrow with is not in conformity with the socially
the calibre of students that are being acceptable mode of dressing in the
trained. If rules are made for people, particular community of reference. Fareo
they supposed to be adequately informed and Jackson (2018) referred to indecent
why such rules are made. It is for this dressing as the attitude of someone, male
very reason that this paper attempts to or female that dresses to show off parts
counsel undergraduate students about the of the body such as the breasts, buttocks,
cause and effects of dressing indecently or even underwear that need to be
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covered. Hence indecent dressing is Sola (2018) defined Indecent dressing is

concerned with the exposure of vital the mode of dressing or appearance that
parts of the body to the public, and is disruptive and distractive. The author
flaunting it everywhere. also noted that the mode of dressing or
appearance includes; trousers and skirts
Egwim (2010) defined indecent dressing worn below the waist (sagging), singlet,
as an attitude of someone, male or spaghetti blouses, low neck blouses
female that dresses to show off parts of exposing the breasts, skirts with slit
the body such as the breasts, buttocks or above the knees, transparent dresses,
even the underwear particularly those of shirts and blouses, attire printed with
the ladies that need to be covered. offensive or obscene wordings, revealing
Osagiogbare, Ekwukoma and Ekomaru attires mini-skirts and so on.
(2015) added that indecent dressing is
any form of dressing that is likely to Forms of Indecent Dressing
shock/offend others, or elicit sexual Some institutions of higher learning in
provocation. It is any form of dressing Nigeria have prescribed dress code
that does not properly cover the sexually which students are required to adhere to.
sensitive parts of the body such as the Nwafor Orizu College of Education,
armpit, cleavage, breast, thighs, Nsugbe, Anambra State, in her student’s
buttocks, navel, the chest of a male, the Handbook and Academic Regulations
back of a female, and so on. Omede stated that “As an Academic Training
(2011) remarked that a dress is said to be Institution, the Management decided not
indecent when it has a provocative or to condone indecent dressing on campus.
stimulating influence on almost all those Towards this end, a dress code has been
that happen to view it on the user. Ako recommended by the Academic Board
and Igbo (2013) sadly noted that most and approved by Council for students’
tertiary institutions in Nigeria are replete compliance as follows:”
with dresses that can be described as
indecent. For instance, some females put Female Students:
on trousers that expose their underwear According to this Handbook, no female
when they bend down or take a sitting students’ is to put on any of the
position. following attire on the campus of the
college:
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1. Topless 4. Earrings
2. Body hugs 5. T-Shirts and jeans which carry
3. Short Knickers immoral messages
4. Backless 6. Kaftans without trousers
5. Head gears e.g. Canopy head ties 7. Long and bushy hairs and beards
6. Bogus fashion jewelleries 8. Braiding
7. Tattoo with provocative writing or 9. Jerry curls
picture 10. Plaited hairs
8. OFF shoulders 11. Dreadlocks
9. Non-natural coloured hair 12. Jerry curls
10. Mono Straps
11. Mini Skirts The lists of prohibited attires above on
12. Dress and Skirt with slit above the this campus reveal what was earlier
knees pointed out that the concept of indecent
13. Tight trousers and dresses dressing is relativistic.
14. T-Shirts and jean which carry
immoral messages Possible Reasons Why Some
15. Noisy shoe heels Undergraduate Students Dress
16. Rosy Chicks Indecently In Nigeria Tertiary
17. Eye Shadow Institutions
18. Excessive Lipsticks This behaviour is of a hydra-headed
19. Front bottom dressed origin. It is not just a behaviour that
20. Nail attachments developed overnight, but an accumulated
21. Bathroom slippers or bare foot behavioural pattern that could be
22. Men must bow attributed to the home (neglect and or
23. Hot pant poor parenting), the effect of
24. Low-slug snacks globalization arising from wrong values’
exportation and importation, a reflection
of the high rate of moral decadence in
Male Students: the larger society (corruption and high
Male students are not to wear the under- rate of indiscipline among the leaders
listed on campus: and the led), peer pressure and the desire
1. Slacks, shorts, pants or jeans to belong as well as fading values and
2. Permed hair demonization or demonic influence.
3. Head ties
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Each of these factors is discussed in people gather, distance or culture or

detail below. language notwithstanding. In as much as
ICT is good for the development of our
Poor Parenting nation, there are lot of evil associated
A child in a community whether good or with indecent dressing. Most of the
bad has a home as well as parents. The youths and children that are exposed to
environment has greater influence in the some of their contents are most times
development of any child. The influence negative to quickly fall vulnerable. The
of home environment on the parents of these children and their senior
development of children is not in any siblings in Diasporas are the ones
way doubtful (Omede, 2011). The home promoting indecent and immoral
is every child’s first window to the practices and they are relayed through
outside world. What the parents do with videos, pornography and music as well
the child at this level in terms of training as advertisement and fashion parade. In
and orientation go a long way to as much as ICT is good and beneficial to
determining what the child becomes humanity. The associative evil needs to
tomorrow. Children live or die, thrive or be checked and resisted (Omede, 2011).
wither, due to the decision of their
parents (Egbule, 2013). It is from the Peer Pressure
parents that the child is taught these The pressure of peers holds sway if the
through instructions, observations and child does not have good parental
practices from parents and other siblings upbringing. Youths always desire to
particularly the senior ones. The belong. Peer pressure is a force that
implication of this is that parents must gravitate friends together and most times
be seen to be morally exemplary. for evil or negative tendencies (Omede,
2011). The desire to belong and the fear
Negative Influence of Internet of rejection have led many youths into
The invention of information and evil or immoral acts sometimes against
communication technology (ICT) is of their will. Some of them lack the strong
great benefit to the society as a whole. It will to say no to evil for fear of being
has helped to revolutionize the isolated. However, a child with healthy
community tremendously. It comprises home training should be able to say no to
internet communication, satellites and evil and then maintain his integrity and
mobile phones which help to bring the good name of the family. The
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pressure of the peers will have little or the beautiful hair braiding typical of
no effect when there is healthy parental Nigerians ladies are being traded for hair
upbringing and the fear of God in the life “roasting” in saloons, modern and
of any youth. dignifying dress patterns are giving ways
to the skimpy, transparent and
The Society provocative dresses found all around
The environment has greater influence in today. Many of these youths that dress
the development of a child. A child immodestly may not even know what is
living in a society will be learning what wrong with the way they dress because
is going on in the society directly or nothing suggests to them that is wrong.
indirectly. The moral decadence in the Their parents applaud them in those
forms of corruption, indiscipline, dresses, do not even ask how they came
prostitution, bribery and other forms of about those dresses and when they
social vices in the community affects the appear in public, they are cheered by
child. Nobody but a few can be their mates and friends and to make the
exempted from this morality problems. It matter worse, all around them, what they
is an ugly situation for the judge to cheat see on people is not reasonably different
his accused, the teacher his students, the from what they wear. Their home
doctor his patients and the ruler his videos, televisions and internet programs
subjects (Sola, 2018). The youths are do not differ when the society has no
learning fast from what is going on in good moral values as legacies to
the society around them, therefore the bequeath to them? It is odd for a vulture
society must be careful the way they to look different in the midst of other
exhibit things. vultures (Omede, 2011).
Fading Value Effects and Consequences of Indecent

Nigeria has a very rich culture that she Dressing among Undergraduate
needs to be proud of and preserve for Students in Nigeria Tertiary
posterity. But the unfortunate situation is Institutions
that most cherished Nigerian values are Indecent dressing could lead to the
fast fading due to non-patronage and following; Sexual harassment, ritual
modernization or acculturation (Sola, killing, tendency to steal, unwanted
2018). Today’s youths cannot tell very pregnancy, lying, contraction of
well what these values are. For instance,
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HIV/AID, poor performance in school stealing and armed robbery. The boys
work and prostitutions for instance, under financial pressure
from their girlfriend could resort to
Sexual Harassment armed robbery to square up to this
Indecent dressing is the major cause of demand to impress and keep their
the various assault and sexual “babes”. Many boys have been arrested
harassment recorded in the society over as armed robbery just because of the
time. There is like likelihood that ladies way they dressed.
who dress indecently or provocatively
could be prone to sexual harassment and Unwanted Pregnancy
or rape. Sola (2018) stated that skimpy, A female student who dresses indecently
transparent and sexy dresses worn by may be raped or forced into sex and
female undergraduates elicit sexual pregnancy may result. Such pregnancy is
responses in males; such dresses were unwanted and this may hinder the
dresses that expose the legs, dress that student’s academic studies. Some of
expose the breast and dresses that show these students who are faced with
the exact size and shape of the buttocks. unwanted pregnancies resort to abortion.
These forms of dresses suggest that such In some cases, they lose their lives as a
ladies need attention and that they are result of dangerous abortion.
irresponsible and so there are always
irresponsible men to dialogue, lure or Lying
force them to bed for sex. The home background of some of these
students may not allow for prostitution,
Ritual Killing stealing or armed robbery but to keep
Some female undergraduates who dress afloat and up to date with what is in
indecently have fallen victims of ritual vogue, they may resort to lying “the
killers. Many of them based on their lesser sin”, to obtain the money they
mode of dressing had been invited for a need from their parents.
supposed sex only to be murdered by
ritual killers. Contracting of HIV Aids
This is another risk factor that
Stealing immodestly dressed ladies could be
In attempt to look modern and be like prone to when such ladies are forced in
other, many of these youths had taken to to sex against their will. They may be
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exposed to sexually transmitted diseases commercial sex to be able to sponsor or

(STDs) and HIV/AIVS because of lack sustain these forms of dresses. The
of protection (Omede, 2011). cumulative effect of this is unwanted
pregnancies, HIV/AIDS infection and
Poor Academic Performance death.
Most undergraduate students who dress
indecently have poor academic record Theoretical Framework
because they pay more attention to their This paper is anchored on theory of
appearance than their academic work. social influence.
Their concern is mostly how to look Social Influence Theory
good and appear in the latest stuff. Social influence theory is propounded by
Several of them battle with carry over Kelman in 1958. He stated that social
courses with the consequences of influence occurs when ones emotions,
staying longer in the school then is opinions or behaviours are affected by
normal graduate, graduate with very others which can be seen in conformity,
weak grades and some may not ever socialization, peer pressure, leadership
graduate at all having outlived their and marketing. He furthered identified
studentship in the institution and not three broad areas of social influence;
being to pass some prescribed courses. 1. Compliance; which is when
Oli (2018) noted that some of these people appear to agree with
undergraduate students get frustrated and others, but actually keep their
they become armed robbers, prostitutes, dissenting opinions private.
home or marriage breakers, drug addicts 2. Identification; is when people are
or traffickers. influenced by someone who is
liked and respected, such as a
Prostitutions famous celebrity.
Skimpy transparent and body exposing 3. Internationalization; is when
dresses are known to be the dress pattern people accept a belief or
of prostitutes. Most ladies found in such behaviour and agree both
dresses are always negotiated for sex or publicly and privately.
social intimacy because they are most
often thought to be without husbands. The relevance of the theory to the
Apart from this notion, most ladies that present study is that Kelman affirmed
dress this way engage in prostitution and that some undergraduate students’
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especially female students want to grow attraction should be discouraged. Radios

towards independence and strive to and television jingles that promote moral
express it in their dressing pattern while values and the sanctity of sex should be
others have a strong desire to confirm to aired and relayed. Programs that sample
group dress code opinions of Nigerians on indecent
dressing should be regularly put in place
Possible Strategies To Indecent in addition to debates on the issue by
Dressing In Nigerian Tertiary youths in institutions of learning as
Institutions means of effective sensitization.
The problem of indecent dressing
requires an integrated approach because Enlightenment Programme,
of its multifaceted causes. The following Campaign, Seminar/ Workshop
suggestions are discussed: Enlightenment campaign and seminars
can be introduced as weekly by religious
Parents as Role Models groups and other various youth’s
Children watch their parents and copy empowerment programme, social clubs
their ways of behaviour. The behaviour on campuses with concern on the issues
of parents impresses on their children of dressing, sexual harassment, morality
more greatly than what they tell them and effects of the ungodly behaviour on
either to do or not to do. Parents are to the youths and on their future. This
be obligated to their children by bringing seminar will be organized even in
them up properly and in the fear of God. primary and secondary schools to
Parents more especially women should encourage our younger women to dress
spend time with their children and better. People should be instructed to be
counsel them on the type of clothes to original and attractive even without
buy. being naked and they can be admired.
The Mass Media Dress Code

The mass media is one strong agent of Some colleges, polytechnics and
socialization. Radio houses, televisions, universities in Nigeria have introduced
newspapers and magazines should dress codes for their students. The
confront rather than support indecent problem is not just in making the rules
dressing. The display of some indecently but in their enforcements. For these rules
dressed young girls for adverts and to be enforced, lecturers should be made
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to collaborate with the openly show love making in their films

college/polytechnic/ university even though not real, do not suggest that
management staffs and their security they are Nigerians. They should
personnel’s. Lecturers are to be domesticate their films by reflecting and
empowered to prevent indecently promoting the rich culture of Nigeria-her
dressed students from attending their dress pattern, sanctity of sex and so on.
lectures, refuse to attend to such students
in their areas of needs. Administrative Conclusion
staff should disallow such students from The mode of indecent dressing among
their offices while the security staff undergraduate students in Nigeria
should serve as watchdogs. They should tertiary institutions is worrisome and
be allowed to open a record in their unacceptable. The rate at which indecent
offices for immodestly dressed students dressing has infiltrated into the moral
and forward such names particularly fibre and academic progression of
those who are not first offenders to the undergraduate students in tertiary
disciplinary committee of the school for institutions is alarming. The indecent
appropriate sanction that the code must dress pattern among the undergraduates
have spelt. such as wearing of trousers and skirts
worn below the waist (sagging), singlet,
Religious Institutions spaghetti blouses, low neck blouses
Through regular sermons or preaching, exposing the breasts, skirts with slit
the religious leaders must preach against above the knees, transparent dresses,
indecent dressing, counsel and deliver shirts and blouses, attire printed with
those under demonic influences. offensive or obscene wordings, revealing
attires mini-skirts and so on. This dress
Censures of Nigerian Films pattern has negative consequences that
The Nigerian celebrities especially the may still not be known to those who
female ones are to be cautioned by the dress immodestly. It is in the light of this
film production regulatory bodies to be that this paper examined the causes and
modest and dress like the Nigerians that effects of indecent dressing among
they are. Nigeria have very rich heritage undergraduate students in Nigeria
of cultures that we should be proud of tertiary institutions and suggested
and also promote. The wrong dressing possible strategies that could reduce the
pattern of our artists and the way they rate of spread of this immoral act.
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for policing education in Nigeria. Nigerian.
International Journal of Institute https://www.researchgate.net/publ
for Empirical Research and ication/323700764.
UNIJERPS
January-June, 2021
36

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UNIJERPS

Unizik Journal of Educational Research and Policy Studies Vol.4;

INDECENT DRESSING AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN

OKAFOR OGECHUKWU JULIET & UWALAKA EMEKA

covered. Hence indecent dressing is Sola (2018) defined Indecent dressing is

Each of these factors is discussed in people gather, distance or culture or

Fading Value Effects and Consequences of Indecent

exposed to sexually transmitted diseases commercial sex to be able to sponsor or

especially female students want to grow attraction should be discouraged. Radios

The Mass Media Dress Code

to collaborate with the openly show love making in their films

2018 http:// www.es/net [31.12.2013]. Available at

Owojaiye, S.O. & Afolabi, E.S. (2013). Sustainable Development. 9, 94-

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