BACHELOR OF MEDICINE AND BACHELOR OF

SURGERY(MBBS)
(YEAR 2 SEMESTER 2)

PHARMACOLOGY

(Reproductive Practical)
Name: Otoh Raya Bin Omar

Matrix No: MBBS 0919237

Lecturer Name’s: Associate Professor Dr. Lim Chin Choon

Introduction

The type of birth control use is a personal decision and there are many option to choose from.
If a person is a sexually active female, she may consider birth control pills. Oral
contraceptive pills also called birth control pills, are medications that taken by mouth to
prevent pregnancy. This method is effective in birth control.

Literature review

1. The oral contraceptives pill may actually have beneficial effects on genitalia and
endometrial cancer due to the pill’s progesterone content. Estrogen shows both a
positive and negative influence on cancer of uterus and breast , depending on the
menopausal status of th women.( Swesen I, 2020)
2. The effectiveness of monophasic and multiphasic oral contraceptives depends on their
ability to supressed ovulation, change endometrial growth and ovum receptivity and
reduce cervical mucus receptivity to sperm. (William RS, 2020)

Method to use Oral Contraceptive pills

- Initiation of Oral contraceptive pills

Circumstances Progesterone-only pills Combined oral contraceptive

Women with menstrual
cycles
Women are amenorrheric
After breastfeeding
Within 5 days of menstrual
cycle
At any time if it is
reasonably certain she is not
pregnant
Lessthan 6 weeks
pills
Within 5 days of menstrual
cycle
At any time if it is
reasonably certain she is not
pregnant
Not recommended unless
other more appropriate
method available

Emergency Contraceptives

Uses Benefits Side Effects

1. Ulipristal Acetate - Avoid an unwanted - Reduced or absence
pregnancy of menstrual
bleeding.
- Dizziness.
- Hot flushes.
- Fatigue.
- Headache.
- Muscle pain.
 2. Levonorgestrel
3. Azurette (Combined
Oral Contraceptive
Pills)
Alternative contraceptives
Alternative Contraceptives
Intrauterine Devices
Contraceptive implant.
Female Condom
Conclusion.
There are many ways of birth control and it can prevent unwanted pregnancy to occurs.
Beside, these contraceptives have many side effects that not harmful to the body as long it
use correctly.
- Avoid unwanted - Heavier or ligher
pregnancy menstrual bleeding
- Nausea
- Vomiting.
- Diarrhea.
- Fatigue.
- Dizziness.
- Avoid unwanted - Nausea
pregnancy. - Vomiting.
- Headache.
- Bloating.
- Breast tenderness.
- Swelling of ankles or
feet.
- Weight change.
Benefits Side Effects
- IUD are more than - Spotting between
99% effective. period.
- IUD works up to % to - Irregular periods
10 years, depending - Heavier or longer
on the type. periods.
- Can be install at at - More cramping
any time as long that during period.
person not pregnant.
- The implant is more - Bruising, tenderness
than 99% effective. or swelling around
the implant.
- Periods may be
irregular, lighther ,
heavier or longer.
- Amonorrhoea.
- 95% effective. - Cannot be reused.
- Protect against - If not used correctly,
pregnancy and STDs. may get pregnant and
- Easy to use. STDs.
References.

1. Glasier A, Cameron ST, Blithe D, Scherrer B, Mathe H, Levy D, Gainer E, Ulmann

A. Can we identify women at risk of pregnancy despite using emergency
contraception? Data from randomized trials of ulipristal acetate and levonorgestrel.
Contraception. 2011 Oct;84(4):363-7. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2011.02.009. Epub
2011 Apr 2. PMID: 21920190.
2. Shearman RP. Oral contraceptive agents. Med J Aust. 1986 Feb 17;144(4):201-5. doi:
10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb128358.x. PMID: 3945219.
3. Swenson I. Oral contraceptives: a review of the literature. J Nurse Midwifery. 1975
Spring;20(1):7-14. doi: 10.1016/0091-2182(75)90046-4. PMID: 1092815.
4. Williams RS. Benefits and risks of oral contraceptive use. Postgrad Med. 1992 Nov
15;92(7):155-7, 161-2, 168-71. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1992.11701539. PMID:
1437913.