SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
• The Spanish-American War lasted only
about ten weeks in 1898. However, the war
had far-reaching effects for both the United
States and Spain.
• The Spanish American War was an 1898
conflict between the United States and Spain
that ended Spanish Colonial Rule in the
America and resulted in U.S. acquisition of
territories in the western Pacific and Latin
America.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Causes of the War
• The conflict had complex beginnings.
• In the year 1890’s, Cuba had unsuccessfully
battled Spain for independence for many
years.
• In 1895, the Cuban revolutionary José Marti
led an expedition to the island, attempting to
seize power from Spain.
• As a result of U.S. had economic interests in
Cuba, the U.S. government sought to stabilize
the situation. An agreement was negotiated
between the United States and Spain by
which Cuba would become self-governing on
January 1, 1898.
• In January 1898, During the riot in Havana,
President William McKinley sent the USS
Maine to Havana to protect U.S. citizens and
interests.
• On February 15, 1898 an explosion sank the
Maine, killing 266 men on board.
• On April 19, 1898 the congress passed the
Teller Amendment, which said that the United
States would not establish permanent control
over Cuba.
• The United States declared war on Spain on
April 25, 1898.
The War
• Although Cuba played a key role in the start
of the war, the battles between the U.S. and
Spain took place around the world.
• In fact, the first hostilities took place in the
Philippines on May 1, 1898 in the Battle of
Manila Bay. Fighting did not occur in Cuba
until June 1898; a key battle took place on
July 1, 1898.
• One of the leaders of U.S. forces in this battle
was Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt,
who led a cavalry regiment known as the
Rough Riders.
• In May, U.S. troops landed in Puerto Rico,
where they faced little Spanish opposition. By
August 2, 1898 the Spanish and the
Americans began to negotiate an end to the
conflict, with the Spanish accepting the peace
terms laid out by President McKinley.
• Hostilities formally ended on August 12, 1898.
• The Treaty of Paris, ending the Spanish-
American War, was signed on December 10,
1898.
• Spain gave up Guam, Puerto Rico, its
possessions in the West Indies, and the
Philippines in exchange for a U.S. payment of
$20 million.
• The United States occupied Cuba but, as
provided for in the Teller Amendment, did not
try to annex it.
Media Coverage
• The war helped fuel major changes in U.S.
news media. U.S. newspapers covered the
war with Gusto. Technological innovations
changed reportage and documentation. New
technology that made it easier for
newspapers to publish photographs allowed
the papers to publish more illustrations and
less text. •Some reporters in the field in Cuba
provided excellent, firsthand reporting.
Reporters who used telegraphs as the basis
for their stories, however, typically relied on
secondhand information.
• Major newspaper owners - including Joseph
Pulitzer of the New York World and William
Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal -
viewed public interest in the war as an
opportunity to sell newspapers. The papers,
in a circulation war, featured sensational
coverage and attention-grabbing photographs
of events in Cuba. •Although the explosion of
the USS Maine was unknown, for example,
New York newspapers blamed Spain.
Historians once held that biased coverage of
the war, often referred to as yellow journalism,
 was a of the war. Today, however, historians
find less evidence for that claim.
• At the time of the war’s outbreak, film was a
new medium, and the conflict became a
popular topic. Short films showed such
scenes as servicemen exercising, Theodore
Roosevelt and the Rough Riders on their
horses, and funeral processions of dead
soldiers. Motion pictures began to move from
being seen as a fad to an accepted method of
documenting historical events- even though
some films depicting events from the war
were actually re-enactments.
Aftermath of the War
• Victory in the Spanish-American War
transformed the United States, a former
colony, to an imperial power. Many Americans
saw this development as a natural part of the
nation’s “Manifest Destiny” the belief that
expansion of the United States was both right
and inevitable.
• Opposition to this new role also existed. In
June 1898, the American Anti-Imperialist
League was formed to fight annexation of the
Philippines. Its members included former
President Grover Cleveland, industrialist
Andrew Carnegie, author Mark Twain, and
labor leader Samuel Gompers.
• A recognized war hero, Theodore Roosevelt
instantly became credible as a political
candidate. Roosevelt was elected governor of
New York in 1898 and vice president of the
United States in 1901.
• Theodore Roosevelt became the youngest
president to date later that year, when
President McKinley was assassinated just
months into his second term.
The Return of Aguinaldo
The declarations of the Philippine Independence
• By late 1897, the revolutionaries had been
driven into the hills southeast of Manila, and
Aguinaldo negotiated an agreement with the
Spanish.
• In exchange for financial compensation and a
promise of reform in the Philippines,
Aguinaldo and his generals would accept
exile in Hong Kong. The rebel leaders
departed, and the Philippine Revolution
temporarily was at an end.
• In April 1898, the Spanish-American War
broke out over Spain’s brutal suppression of a
rebellion in Cuba. •The first in a series of
decisive U.S. victories occurred on May 1,
1898, when the U.S. Asiatic Squadron under
Commodore George Dewey annihilated the
Spanish Pacific fleet at the Battle of Manila
Bay in the Philippines.
• From his exile, Aguinaldo made
arrangements with U.S. authorities to return to
the Philippines and assist the United States in
the war against Spain. He landed on May 19,
rallied his revolutionaries, and began
liberating towns south of Manila.
• On June 12, he proclaimed Philippine
independence and established a provincial
government, of which he subsequently
became head.
• The rebels, meanwhile, had encircled the
Spanish in Manila and, with the support of
Dewey’s squadron in Manila Bay, would
surely have conquered the Spanish. Dewey,
however, was waiting for U.S. ground troops,
which began landing in July and took over the
Filipino positions surrounding Manila.
• On August 8, the Spanish commander
informed the United States that he would
surrender the city under two conditions: The
United States was to make the advance into
the capital look like a battle, and under no
conditions were the Filipino rebels to be
allowed into the city.
• On August 13, the mock Battle of Manila was
staged, and the Americans kept their promise
to keep the Filipinos out after the city passed
into their hands.
• •The Americans occupied Manila and planned
peace negotiations with Spain, Aguinaldo
convened a revolutionary assembly, the
Malolos, in September. They drew up a
democratic constitution, the first ever in Asia,
and a government was formed with Aguinaldo
as president in January 1899.
• On February 4, what became known as the
Philippine Insurrection began when Filipino
rebels and U.S. troops skirmished inside
American lines in Manila. Two days later, the
 U.S. Senate voted by one vote to ratify the
Treaty of Paris with Spain.
• The Philippines were now a U.S. territory,
acquired in exchange for $20 million in
compensation to the Spanish
• In response, Aguinaldo formally launched a
new revolt–this time against the United
States. The rebels, consistently defeated in
the open field, turned to guerrilla warfare, and
the U.S. Congress authorized the deployment
of 60,000 troops to subdue them.
• By the end of 1899, there were 65,000 U.S.
troops in the Philippines, but the war dragged
on. Many anti-imperialists in the United
States, such as Democratic presidential
candidate William Jennings Bryan, opposed
U.S. annexation of the Philippines, but in
November 1900 Republican incumbent
William McKinley was reelected, and the war
continued.
• On March 23, 1901, in a daring operation,
U.S. General Frederick Funston and a group
of officers, pretending to be prisoners,
surprised Aguinaldo in his stronghold in the
Luzon village of Palanan and captured the
rebel leader.
• Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the
United States and called for an end to the
rebellion, but many of his followers fought on.
During the next year, U.S. forces gradually
pacified the Philippines.
• In an infamous episode, U.S. forces on the
island of Samar retaliated against the
massacre of a U.S. garrison by killing all men
on the island above the age of 10. Many
women and young children were also
butchered. General Jacob Smith, who
directed the atrocities, was court-martialed
and forced to retire for turning Samar, in his
words, into a “howling wilderness.
• In 1902, an American civil government took
over administration of the Philippines, and the
three-year Philippine insurrection was
declared to be at an end. Scattered
resistance, however, persisted for several
years.
• More than 4,000 Americans perished
suppressing the Philippines–more than 10
times the number killed in the Spanish-
American War. More than 20,000 Filipino
insurgents were killed, and an unknown
number of civilians perished.
• In 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines
was established with U.S. approval, and
Manuel Quezon was elected the country’s
first president. On July 4, 1946, full
independence was granted to the Republic of
the Philippines by the United States.
The History of the Philippine Revolution
• The Philippine Revolution is one of the most
important events in the country’s history,
awakening a proud sense of nationalism for
generations of Filipinos to come. In a period
of heavy struggle and conflict, Filipinos of
different backgrounds united with a common
goal: to resist colonialism.
• The revolution against Spain was sparked in
1896 after Spanish authorities discovered the
“Katipunan,” a Filipino revolutionary society
plotting against their colonizers.
• It ended in 1902, where Spain lost and ceded
sovereignty of the Philippines to the United
States.
The Katipunan: The secret organization that
initiated the revolt
• Andres Bonifacio was the Supreme of the
Katipunan (association), or as it was also
known: Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest
and Most Venerated Association of the Sons
and Daughters of the Land).
• The organization drew inspiration from Dr.
Jose Rizal, whose literary works, particularly
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
exposed the cruelties of the Spanish
colonizers. Before Katipunan was
established, both Bonifacio and Rizal were
part of ‘La Liga Filipina’ – a progressive
organization initiated by Rizal that sought
peaceful reforms.
• After Rizal’s arrest and deportation to
Dapitan, La Liga Filipina dissolved. This was
later replaced by a call for aggressive
reforms, put forward and favored by
Bonifacio. Upon hearing of Rizal’s arrest,
Bonifacio and his fellows founded the
 Katipunan. The anti-colonial secret
organization eventually attracted people from
lower and middle classes across the country,
enjoining them in an armed revolt against
Spain.
• Rizal, the country’s national hero, refused to
participate. Bonifacio believed timing wasn’t
on their side and the nation was still
unprepared. In spite of his friend’s
reservations, Bonifacio and his fellow
Katipuneros continued with their plan.
• Yet, in August 1896, a Spanish friar found
them out.
A Series of Bloody Revolts
• After the discovery of the Katipunan, Spanish
authorities made several arrests to identify
their members. Bonifacio and his fellows were
planning a nationwide revolt.
• This led to an event called the ‘Cry of Pugad
Lawin’, where revolutionaries took part in a
mass tearing of cedulas (community tax
certificates), symbolizing their fight against
Spain.
• Bonifacio simultaneously planned an attack
on Manila. However they were caught off
guard, as though the revolutionaries were
greater in number, the Spanish authorities
were more armed.
• According to historical accounts, Bonifacio
continued with his plan despite the failure in
his first attempt.
• The revolt flared up in the surrounding
provinces, including Central Luzon, San Juan
del Monte and Southern Tagalog (which is
why this is also known as the Tagalog War).
• After several unsuccessful revolts, rebels in
Cavite finally had a taste of victory. Under
Emilio Aguinaldo (mayor of Cavite El Viejo)
and Mariano Alvarez (Bonifacio’s uncle), the
Philippine Revolution was in full swing.
• The revolution dragged down the name of
Rizal. He was accused of being associated
with the secret militant society. Charged with
sedition, conspiracy and rebellion, Rizal was
sentenced to death by firing squad. Internal
struggles, conflicts, and a surprising turn of
events
• Alongside the Spanish authorities,
Katipuneros were soon fighting amongst
themselves. Rivalries emerged between
commanders and territories, creating big rifts
in the association.
• The Katipunan was divided into two councils,
namely the Magdiwang and Magdalo – that is,
those who favored Aguinaldo and those who
favoured Bonifacio.
• To settle the leadership dispute, the Tejeros
Convention was established.
• This assembly of officials was intended to
unite the two factions and elect officers for the
revolutionary government.
• After a makeshift election, Bonifacio lost to
Aguinaldo and leadership was turned over to
him.
• Bonifacio was given the role of Director of the
Interior, but his qualifications were
questioned. Under this further scrutiny he left
the assembly – Aguinaldo took oath as
President the following day.
The Rival Government
• Bonifacio soon set out to Nai,c Cavite, where
he established a rival government against
Aguinaldo. Newly recognized as the leader of
the revolution, he issued a coup d’etat against
Aguinaldo’s government. Upon learning this,
Aguinaldo ordered the official arrest of
Bonifacio.
• Bonifacio was captured and found guilty of
sedition and treason by the War Council.
They were soon executed near Maragondon.
• Aguinaldo and his fellows soon established
the Republic of Biak-na-Bato and drafted the
first constitution.
• They came up with a pact that called for an
end to the revolution, which was positively
favored by the Spanish Governor-General.
The pact’s agenda included: the surrender of
weapons to revolutionaries, amnesty, exile for
leaders, and payment to the revolutionaries
worth $400,000 USD.
• While the Spanish kept their word, other
revolutionary generals took arms – the
Philippines was still not independent.
The arrival of the Americans and the Declaration
of Independence
• April 1898 marked the second phase of the
Philippine Revolution. After a US Navy
warship exploded and sunk in Havana harbor,
the Americans declared a war against Spain
known as the Spanish-American War. •The
US Navy’s Asiatic Squadron, led by
Commodore George Dewey, sailed to Manila
and defeated the Spanish Navy. In just a few
hours all Spanish ships were destroyed and
the US gained control of the Philippine
capital.
• Meanwhile, Aguinaldo became friendly with
the United States. Aguinaldo met with a US
consul who advised him to cooperate with the
Americans. And so, from his exile in Hong
Kong, Bonifacio eventually returned to the
Philippines and resumed the attacks against
the Spanish authorities.
• And, On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared
the country’s independence and the birth of
the Philippine Republic. From his balcony in
his house in Kawit, Cavite, the Philippine flag
was unfurled. The Philippines’ National
Anthem, “Lupang Hinirang” was first heard by
the Filipino people.
• It was December of that year when the
Spanish government ceded the Philippines to
the United States through the Treaty of Paris.
• While it ended the Spanish-American War,
the Americans took possession of the
Philippines. Independence had not really
been achieved.
AMERICANS OCCUPIED ALL THE
PROVINCES OF THE PHILIPPINES
• Contrary to the expectations of the
Americans, the occupation of the Philippines
and its control took more time and violence to
accomplish.
• The Filipinos, though lacking in arms and
munitions, fought valiantly throughout the
country.
Mariano Santos
• He was a veteran of the revolution of 1896
Philippine-American War, recalled when
interviewed in 1976 at age 101.
• The Colonial motives of the United States
over the Philippines were economic, politico-
military, and religious.
• The Filipinos, facing a fully equipped and
trained army for conventional warfare, were
badly beaten. But the Filipinos ably sustained
the resistance through guerrilla war-fare.
• The U.S. responded with repressive and
violent measures to end the war – using water
cure, re-concentration, and scorched – earth
tactics.
• The people, threatened by starvation and
diseases that were related to the war, opted
for peace.
The Benevolent Assimilation(Proclamation)
• President McKinley was the US President at
that time.
• He said:
1.What should I do in the Philippines?
2.God, please enlighten me, on what to do
with the Philippines
Benevolent Assimilation
• Before signing the Treaty of Paris, President
McKinley said he did not know what to do with
the Philippines.
• He added that one night he felon his knees to
pray to God to enlighten him on what to do
with the Philippines
Pressure Groups
• Are interested in the Philippines.
• Pres. McKinley was surrounded by several
men who had interests in making the
Philippines an American colony.
• The following are the pressure groups who
worked hard to make the Philippines an
American Colony;
1.The American businessmen whose interests
included the Philippines not only as a market for
American products, but also as a stepping stone to
Asia’s markets.
2.The military and naval pressure group, who wanted
the Philippines as a base for American ships and as
a first line of defense.
3.The religious pressure group, who wanted the
Philippines as a base for protestant missionaries.
President McKinley
• issued the so-called “Benevolent
Assimilation” Proclamation.
• McKinley officially announced the American
Policy regarding the Philippines.
• It clearly indicated the intention of the United
States to exercise sovereignty over the entire
Philippines, making it a United States colony.
• That the United States will exercise
sovereignty over the entire Philippines.
• That the Philippines will be one of the colony
of the United States.
General Wesley Merrit
• General Merritt, did not publish the Full Text
of McKinley’s proclamation for fear of
arousing the anger of the Filipinos
• Instead, he changed some words to soften
the language of the proclamation so as not to
antagonize the people.
Reactions of the Filipino’s about the
Proclamation
• Unfortunately for General Otis, & General
Marcus P. Miller, who was in Iloilo, they
published the original proclamation.
• Copies of the unchanged version of the
proclamation fell into the hands of the
Filipinos.
Attempts to Relax the Tension
• Aguinaldo knew very well that the war with
the United States would bring hardship and
suffering to the people.
• Aguinaldo tried to relax the tension by
suggesting to General Otis that their
representatives should meet to discuss ways
and means of avoiding a conflict.
Oti’s three (3) Representatives
• General Otis appointed his three (3)
representatives which were compose of three
(3) military officers.
Emilio’s three (3) Representatives
• Aguinaldo also appointed his three
representatives.
• The six representatives met for almost a
month, but nothing came out of the meetings
be the American representatives were
stalling, which heightened the tension
between the two panels.
• The Filipino military officers believed that the
Americans were only fooling the Filipinos and
that they were not interested in keeping the
Filipino American diplomatic relations.
The Shot that the War Started
• It be of that incident General Otis protested,
but Aguinaldo replied that the Americans
were not arrested but merely detained be they
were found within the Filipino lines.
• On February 2, General MacArthur protested
the presence of some Filipino soldiers within
the American lines, The Filipino soldiers
withdrew, and MacArthur was satisfied.
• On the night of February 4, 1899, Private
Willie G. Grayson shot a Filipino soldier on
the corner of Sociego and Silencio Streets in
Santa Mesa, Manila. •The Filipino answered
with rifle and the Philippine American War
was on!
The Incident Investigated
• The Filipino commander of the sector where
the firing started was in Malolos, together with
other officers, attending a dance. Aguinaldo
sent an emissary to inform General Otis that
the “Firing on our side the night before had
been against my order.” But General Otis,
haughty and arrogant, said that the “Fighting,
having started, must go on the grim end.”
• Aguinaldo, wanting to know how the incident
happened, ordered an investigation to
determine the truth.
• Subsequent investigation showed that even
as early as February 2 and 3, the Filipino
employees in the service of American ships
had been dismissed; that in the morning of
February 4, between 200 and 300 American
soldiers boarded two Casco for Cavite.
The American Drive to the North
 • Be of their advanced preparations and
superior arms, the American troops easily
captured town in what is now Rizal Province.
Earlier in the north of Manila, the Americans
won victories in the Battle of La Loma, near
the Chinese Cemetery, where Major Jose
Torres Bugallon died in combat.
• With La Loma in his hands, MacArthur
proceeded to Caloocan where he was met by
General Antonio Luna’s force. In the battle
that ensued, Luna was defeated. The superior
arms of the Americans could not be
neutralized by bravery and courage alone.
Luna then planned to recapture Manila on
March 22, he lead the attack on the city.
• American reinforcements arrived in February
and March. General Otis took the offensive in
the north, while General Henry Lawton started
his offensive in the south. In a few days, Pulo
feel to the Americans and by March 30, they
were at the door of Malolos. Meanwhile,
Aguinaldo evacuated Malolos and transferred
the Capitol to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
• The Filipinos had very few victories, but these
victories were costly to the Americans. On
March 25, the Filipino troops repulsed
General Lloyd Wheaton in the Battle of Pulo
and killed an American colonel. In Quingua
(now Plaridel), Major Bell of the American
cavalry was killed in combat with the troops
led by General Gregorio Del Pilar.
The Battle of Bagbag
• The capture of Malolos by MacArthur led by
General Luna to retreat farther North of
Luzon. He established his headquarters in
Calumpit, the town immediately north of
Malolos. Here he prepared his defenses
against the Americans who were pursuing
him. General Luna sent a Telegram to
General Tomas Mascardo in Guagua asking
for reinforcements.
• But, General Mascardo refused. This angered
General Luna and ordered his officers to
leave for Guagua to punish Mascardo. He
brought with him the artillery units, the
cavalry, and elements of the infantry battalion.
During Luna’s absence, General Gregorio Del
Pilar commanded the sector at Bagbag,
Calumpit.
• The Americans swarmed all over the place
and defeated Del Pilar. When General Luna
returned to Calumpit at twilight, the Americans
had already captured a large portion of the
town. Luna retreated farther north, to
Pampanga, and made preparations to meet
the advancing enemy.
The Fall of the Mabini Cabinet
• Mabini was the next most powerful man in the
country, after Aguinaldo. He was president of
the Cabinet and, as such, he was Prime
Minister. He was also Secretary of Foreign
Affairs. Aguinaldo depended on him be he
was honest, hardworking and incorruptible.
He never used his high position to enrich
himself in office. He was poor when he
entered the government service. He was very
poor when died.
• When the Americans tried to win over the
Filipinos by promising them freedom and
autonomy, Mabini said this was a trick of the
enemy. He was for the independence of the
Philippines. He would not accept anything
less than independence. However, his
enemies, like Pedro A. Paterno, Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista, Felipe Buencamino, and
many others who belonged to the wealthy and
the powerful, opposed him.
• They believed that autonomy would be good
for the Filipinos. So they accepted the
American offer of Autonomy. Since the group
knew that Mabini was opposed to their views,
they persuaded Aguinaldo to remove Mabini
from office.
• On May 7, Aguinaldo informed Mabini that
Paterno was forming a New Cabinet. Mabini
knew what it meant.
• So he sent in the resignation of the entire
Cabinet he was heading. Mabini spent his last
years in his armchair writing articles against
the Americans, and his memoirs of the
Philippines struggle for independence.
The Assassination of General Antonio Luna
• General Antonio Luna was the most brilliant
among the Filipino military officers. Belonging
 to an educated and a wealthy family of Ilocos
Norte, Antonio Luna was born in San Nicolas,
Manila. He studied pharmacy in Manila and in
Spain, where the identified himself with the
propagandists. He was also a good writer in
Spanish.
• When the Philippine-American War broke out,
Luna was Chief of military zone that included
many provinces of Central Luzon. He made
many enemies be of his short temper. He
slapped Felipe Buencamino, Aguinaldo’s
Secretary of Foreign Affairs, who disagreed
with his. He also slap soldier due to standard.
• Aguinaldo recognized his brilliance and
appointed him to a high position in the army.
Luna saw that the army had no discipline. So
he tried to instill discipline in the army, but the
common soldiers particularly the Kawit
regiment did not like him for it.
• While he was in Bayambang, Pangasinan
inspecting the defenses against the
advancing Americans, he received a telegram
from Cabanatuan saying that he was wanted
there. So he went there with his aide, Colonel
Francisco Roman and some soldiers. On
June 5, 1899, He reached the Aguinaldo’s
Headquarters in Cabanatuan, he got angry.
• Then he heard a rifle shot, rushed downstairs,
cursed the soldiers, and slapped one of them.
A captain named Pedrong Kastila from
Cavite, hacked Luna with a Bolo.
• The other soldiers, seeing that he was
wounded, started hacking him as well with
their bolos and some fired gunshots at him.
Luna drew his revolver but he fell outside the
convent and died saying, “Cowards!
Assassins!” he died with more than forty
wounds in his body and head.
The Conquest of the Visayas
• The Conquest of the Visayas Meanwhile,
General Otis instructed Miller to invade Iloilo.
To Miller’s demand that the Filipino troops
surrender, the Visayan patriots under the
leadership of General Martin Delgado decided
to fight instead. To prevent the enemy from
capturing the city, Delgado ordered his men
to burn it. The Cebu patriots, however, did not
give up the fight easily.
• They resorted to guerilla warfare under the
command of General Arcadio Maxilom and
Landro Fullon. It took some time and much
effort for the Americans to completely subdue
the brave Cebuanos. Meanwhile in Negros,
many wealthy Negrenses sympathized with
the Americans. When the enemy came, they
raised the American flag.
• A committee composed of prominent
Negrenses was sent to Manila to ask General
Otis to allow them to arm a battalion to
maintain peace and order. General Otis
approved the petition, for it was a unusual act
of collaboration with the Americans.
• On March 1, General Otis issued an order
providing for the creation of a military district
to include Panay, Negros and Cebu.
• This was known as the Visayan Military
District. The Negrenses were allowed to meet
in a convention to frame a constitution.
Known as the Negros Constitution, it was
submitted to President McKinley for approval.
The American President did not take it
seriously and nothing came out of it.
The Kiram- Bates Treaty
• The Kiram-Bates Treaty Upon learning that
the Spaniards failed to completely subjugate
the Muslims, the Americans dealt with them in
a diplomatic way in order to neutralize their
offensive. General John C. Bates tried to win
the friendship of the Muslims by negotiating
with them and treating them equals.
• The Sultan of Jolo, Datu Kiram, insisted that
the Americans must not be allowed to occupy
any other part of Sulu except the town proper
of Jolo. Furthermore, the Sultan insisted in
collecting customs duties in place that were
not occupied by the Americans.
• The Sultan of Jolo, Datu Kiram, insisted that
the Americans must not be allowed to occupy
any other part of Sulu except the town proper
of Jolo. Furthermore, the Sultan insisted in
collecting customs duties in place that were
not occupied by the Americans. On August
20, 1899 an agreement was signed by
General Bates, representing the United State
and the Sultan of Jolo and Datus,
representing the Sulu Sultanate.
 • The American promised not to interfere in
religious matters and no to persecute
anybody on account of his religious beliefs.
The Americans also agreed to pay the Sultan
and his leading Datus monthly salaries. With
the neutralizations of the Muslims, the
Americans proceeded with the so-called
pacification of the Christian areas of the
Philippines.
Aguinaldo Retreats to Palanan
• With the death of General Luna, many Filipino
field commanders were demoralized. A
number of Aguinaldo’s Generals surrendered
to the enemy. This development led General
Otis to make plans to entrap, the recognized
leader of the Filipino people and his army
General Emilio Aguinaldo
• Be, the Americans were not familiar with the
local terrain and not used to the tropical
climate would be put to a great disadvantage
with this tactic. Meanwhile, Aguinaldo and
with some selected men, his son, wife,
mother, and sister fled to pangansinan. The
Americans followed him and tried to catch
him, but they failed.
• People cooperate to Aguinaldo; they
contributed money, food and other supplies to
the Revolutionary Army. Later, he left his
family behind in order to spare them from the
hardships of travelling. Aguinaldo and a
handful of faithful followers walked to Tierra
Virgen, Cagayan. On September 6, 1990, he
and his men reached Palanan, Isabella where
he established his Headquarters.
The Battle of Pasong Tirad
• While fleeing the Americans, Aguinaldo
reached the Mountain Province. He ordered
his trusted General Gregorio Del Pilar, to
remain behind as they continued to advance.
Del Pilar was to intercept the Americans who
were tracking them.
• After the departure of Aguinaldo, Del Pilar
chose to delay the enemy at Pasong Tirad, a
narrow pass of 4,500 feet high where he had
a good view of the surrounding country. So
narrow was the trail that only one man at a
time could climb it. It was in this place that Del
Pilar and sixty loyal soldiers positioned
themselves.
• The American troops under Major Peyton
march to pursued Aguinaldo. In the morning
of December 2, 1899 Major Peyton March
and his well-armed men proceeded toward
Del Pillar’s position. The Filipino troops
guarding the narrow pass fired at the
Americans who had no recourse but to
retreat.
• Unfortunately, an Igorot guided the Americans
to a secret trail leading to Del Pilar’s men. The
Americans slowly and quietly went up the trail
and surprised the Filipino troops. A fierce
battle ensued and Del Pilar was killed by a
bullet that passed through his neck.
• The American soldiers rushed to the dead
body of the young general and looted his
personal belongings for souvenirs. The
American left the body there and for two days
it remained unburied. On the third day, the
Igorots buried his remains in a shallow grave.
The Stage of Guerrilla Warfare
• They took advantage of the cooperative
attitude of the wealthy Filipinos to help the
people in the resistance. Faced with the
effective guerrilla warfare, Americans used
cruel methods to persuade the Filipinos to
cooperate with them. For Example, they used
the “Water Cure” on many Filipinos to punish
or extract information from them.
• This form of torture was done by forcing water
into the stomach of a person until it gets filled.
Then the person would be made to lie on his
back and an American soldier would jump on
his stomach. Another form of torture was
placing a rope around a person’s neck and
then twisting it to choke him.
• Another form of torture was beating the victim
until he became blue in the face. In Samar,
the Americans also resorted to massacre to
avenge the death of their comrades who were
killed by the Filipino Guerrillas under the
command of General Vicente Lukban.
• The Americans also burned down the whole
town of Balangiga and killed all men and even
boys over ten years old. Many are
 surrendered/died be they could not take any
more of these brutalities.
The Capture of Aguinaldo
• They walked to Palanan and informed
Aguinaldo through a courier that they were
bringing in the American captives. Aguinaldo
was happy to hear the news and made
preparations for the soldiers who had
captured the enemy.
• When Segovia arrived in the house where
Aguinaldo was staying, he and his men
signaled to their comrades to start firing.
When Aguinaldo rushed to the window to see
what was happening, Funston and his men
told Aguinaldo to surrender.
The End of Guerrilla Warfare
• Upon Aguinaldo’s capture many Filipino field
commanders surrendered, while the wealthy
Filipinos happily collaborated with the
Americans. However, there were still a few
Filipino generals who refused to give up the
fight.
• General Miguel Malvar of Batangas took over
the leadership of the Filipino Government and
fought the enemy in running battles. He was
so successful that the Americans tried to
frighten the civilian population by re-
concentrating them in a place where food
supply was supposedly assured.
• To live outside thse zones or sona meant lack
of protection and sure hunger. At this time,
Virus(rinderpest) killed over 90% of carabaos,
thus, rice planting was greatly affected
causing severe shortage of food. The
American continued their relentless campaign
against the guerrillas.
• On February 27, 1902, they captured General
Vicente Lukban in Samar. This was the end of
the guerrilla war-face in that province. Two
months later, April 16, 1902 General Malvar
surrendered in order to save his people from
the brutality of the enemy and from hunger.
• With the surrender of General Malvar,
systematic opposition to American
sovereignty ceased. The case of Macario
Sakay, patriots refused to surrender, but at
this point, their effect on the Americans was
negligible. The guerrilla war-face was
crushed.
Pacifying the Ladrones, Non- Christian and Moro
People
• Despite the official declaration of the end of
the war by President Theodore Roosevelt on
July 4, 1902, recent studies point to the
continuation of the fight against the colonizers
by politico-religious groups called ladrones by
the Americans, which means thieves and
bandits.
• Composed of the poor and uneducated
peasants, these groups continued to harass
the newly-organized Philippine Scounts or the
Filipinos now serving in the U.S. Army. These
groups who believed in the power of prayers,
rituals, and amulets (Antinganting) were not
only anti-foreigners (Friars, Spanish and
Americans) but also anti-caciques and
landlords.
• Among them were the samahans and
confradias of Ruperto Rios in Tayabas; Apo
Ipe Salvador in Bulacan, Pampangan, Nueva
Ijica, Tarlac and Pangasinan; and Papa Isio of
Negros who was greatly feared by the elite
who welcomed the Americans and put up
their own Republic.
• There were also the Pulajanes in Cebu (led
by the Tabal brothers), “Dios-Dios” in Leyte
led by Faustino Ablan and by Papa Pablo in
Samar. War was ended in these places in
piecemeal fashion 1903 to 1913, using violent
means.
• The Non-Christian Filipinos like those in the
Cordilleras of Luzon and the Muslims in the
Sulu archipelago on the south, were
“Pacified” through the creation of two special
provinces; The Moro Province in 1903 and
the Mountain Province in 1908. In the Moro
Province warfare would continue for a decade
up to 1916.
• The brutal military campaigns of the U.S.
against them was revealed in the massacre at
Bud Dajo in 1906 in Sulu, where after four
days of fierce fighting, the U.S forces suffered
20 casualties and 70 men wounded. All the
Tausugs – men, women and children about a
thousand of them, were all killed.

THE WAR YEARS
Japanese Occupation
• The United States declared war against
Japan and the War in the Pacific was formally
on.
• As a consequence of this war, the Philippines
was occupied by the Japanese.
• For three (3) years the Filipinos suffered the
rigors of war.
• Civil liberties were suppressed by the enemy,
the economy was geared to the demands of
the Japanese war efforts, education was re-
vamped to re-orient Filipino thinking along
Japanese lines, and political life was limited to
the Japanese-sponsored Republic.
Background of Pearl Harbor
• One of the factors that led the Americans to
acquire the Philippines was the belief that the
colony would be of strategic importance to the
United States.
• It was then thought that with Philippines under
the United States, no foreign Power would
dare to antagonize it.
• President Theodore Roosevelt expressed this
view in January 1906 when, in a letter to
Major-General Leonard Wood, he declared
that “Japan had no immediate intention of
moving against the United States”.
• On July 6, 1906, President Theodore
Roosevelt wrote again a letter to General-
Wood, then in command in the Philippines in
case of a Japanese attack.
• Japan was a fast rising power in the Pacific
and the Philippine defenses were rather
inadequate to thwart any hostile attempt to
invade the country.
• The American military’s apprehensions were
quieted when President Manuel L. Quezon,
soon after the inauguration of the
Commonwealth, prevailed upon General
Douglas MacArthur to become Field Marshal
of the Philippine Army.
• MacArthur’s concept of defense was to build
up a Filipino army sufficiently strong to repel a
foreign invasion.
• On July 26, 1941; The Philippine reserve and
regular forces were incorporated into the
United States Army under the command of
General MacArthur. The combined forces
were called the United States Army Forces in
the Far East (USAFFE).
• The United States, in particular, froze
Japanese Assets in the United States thereby
preventing Japan from using these assets to
their advantage, nevertheless, the United
States exerted all efforts to come to a
peaceful understanding with Japan.
• In September 1941, Japan, apparently to
discuss American- Japanese problems in a
peaceful manner, sent Admiral K. Nomura to
Washington.
• It was believed that Nomura would propose
peace to the American officials in order to
avert war. It was while Nomura was
presenting his government’s peace proposals
to Secretary of State Cordell Hull that the
Japanese bombers surprised Pearl Harbor in
Hawaii and sank the cream of the American
Navy.
• The bombing occurred in the early morning of
December 7, 1941, Hawaiian Time.
President Roosevelt and the War
• The treacherous bombing of Pearl Harbor
drove the American people to frenzied anger.
• The American naval and military losses at
Pearl Harbor, total of 2,897 men. The tragedy
struck deep into the hearts of the Americans.
• On December 8, 1941, Prime Minister
Winston S. Churchill of England faced the
House of Commons and announced to the
world that Great- Britain would declared war
on Japan.
• The European War, which commenced in the
year 1939, now expand to become the
second World War.
• In the Philippines, four hours after the sneak
attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese
bombed several places in the Philippines
simultaneously.
• Clark field was bombed in the morning of
December 8, 1941 and American planes on
the ground were destroyed. Air attacks were
conducted against Davao, Baquio and Aparri.

Occupation of Manila
• The Japanese preparation for the war,
particularly the attack on the Philippines, was
planned carefully. Even before their planes
could take off to attack targets in the
Philippines, three task forces were already on
their way to the Philippines; two were to land
in Northern Luzon and one in Batan Island.
• At dawn of December 8, 1941, the Japanese
landed at Batan without any opposition. Two
days later, enemy landing were made at
Aparri and Pandan, near Vigan. Similar
landing made in Davao and Jolo on
December 20, 1941.
• On December 22, 1941, The Japanese made
a major landings at Lingayen, Damortis,
Rosario and on Central Luzon.
Quezon in Corregidor
• Manuel L. Quezon, President of the
Commonwealth was a very sick man when
the war broke out.
• Thousands were killed as a results of
indiscriminate bombings of the enemy and
thousands more were hospitalized for wounds
received from enemy bombs and bullets.
• On December 24, 1941, MacArthur informed
Quezon that he and some of his officials, as
well as the members of his family were to
leave for Corregidor.
• Japanese bombers were still hitting the Port
Area in Manila at the time Quezon and his
party were scheduled to leave.
• On December 30, 1941, Quezon took his oath
of office as President of the Commonwealth,
marking the end of his first term and the
beginning of his second term.
The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
• MacArthur’s retreat to Bataan was a brilliant
maneuver, for in the process he outwitted
General Masaharu Homma, the Japanese
commander-in-chief, who failed in his attempt
to encircle the USAFFE as contemplated.
• Maneuvering in a limited territory, MacArthur
succeeded in keeping his army intact and well
coordinated. Several times, the Japanese
launched their offensive against Bataan only
to be repulsed with heavy losses.
• It was the strategy of the Japanese Imperial
Command to subjugate the Philippines within
a short period of time in order to proceed
immediately to the conquest of other parts of
Asia.
• The heroic defense of the Filipino-American
troops on Bataan irritated the Japanese.
• Japanese leaflets asking the Filipino soldiers
to surrender and to desert their American
comrades-in-arms were dropped on Bataan to
demoralize the USAFFE, but the courageous
Filipino soldiers ignored the Japanese
propaganda.
• On April 9, 1942, General Edward P. King,
commander of the forces on Bataan,
surrendered. Some 78,000 of General Kings
forces were include in the surrender
negotiations. Around 2,000 escaped to
Corregidor and to the surrounding provinces.
Wainwright, as USAFE commander-in-chief,
was in Corregidor. King’s surrender on
Bataan, therefore, was an individual
surrender, and not the surrender of the entire
USAFFE force. Thus, ended the Battle of
Bataan which resounded throughout the
world.
Bataan Death March
• The Bataan Death march was when the
Japanese forced 76,000 captured allied
soldiers (Filipinos and Americans) to march
about 80 miles across the Bataan Peninsula.
• The March took place on April of 1942 during
World War II.
• The surrendered Filipino-American troops
were forced at gunpoint to march from Bataan
to San Fernando, Pampanga, under the hot
tropical sun.
• Those who could not march because of
physical weakness were shot down or
bayoneted.
• So inhuman was the forced march that the
event has been called the “Death March”. In
Capas, the prisoners were huddled together
like animals, hungry and sick.
• The forced march has been called a Death
March.
 • Japanese stepped up their offensive against
Corregidor. From Bataan, now under the
Japanese, from the sea, and from Cavite, the
island fortress was subjected to intense fire.
• The fall of the Philippines, at least officially,
was now complete.
Reorganization of the Government
• On January 3, 1942, a day after Manila
became an occupied city, the Commander-in-
chief of the Japanese Imperial Forces,
General Masaharu Homma, issued a
proclamation announcing the end of the
American Occupation and the purpose of the
Japanese Expedition.
• The Japanese avowed purpose was to
“emancipate you [the Filipinos] from the
oppressive domination of the U.S.A, letting
you established the Philippines for Filipinos”
as a member of the Co-prosperity sphere in
the Greater East Asia and making you enjoy
your own prosperity and culture”.
• On February 1942, the Japanese were ready
to institute sweeping reforms in the
administration of the government.
• The National government was re-named the
Central Administrative Organization,
composed of six executive departments:
Interior; Finance; Justice; Agriculture and
Commerce; Education; Health and Public
Welfare; and Public Works and
Communications. Each departments was
headed by a Commissioner, whose duty was
to execute and administration within his
jurisdiction under the control of the Chairman
of the Executive Commission.
• The limitations upon the powers and
prerogatives of the Commissioners were
assured for the Japanese when the same
order provided the “Each department shall
have a Japanese adviser and Japanese
Assistant advisers’.
Educational Re- Orientation
• The Japanese educational policy was
embodied in Military Order No.2, dated
February 17, 1942.
• Its basic points were the propagation of
Filipino Culture; the dissemination of the
principle of the Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere; the spiritual rejuvenation
of the Filipinos; the teaching and propagation
of Nippongo; the diffusion of vocational and
elementary education; and the promotion of
love of labor.
• The motive behind this educational policy was
not only to create an atmosphere friendly to
Japanese intentions and war aims, but also to
erase the Western Cultural Influences,
particularly British and American on Filipino
Life and Culture.
• To carry out this policy, the Japanese
Commander-in-Chief instructed the
Commissioner of Education, Health and
Public Welfare to reopen the Schools,
requiring, at the same time, that teachers and
students be made to pledge themselves to
the support of the new educational policy.
• Priority was given to the re-opening of
Elementary Schools obviously because the
Japanese believed that the mind of the young
could be easily moulded into the patterns of
the Japanese concept.
• Next to the elementary Schools priority was
given to the re-opening of vocational and
normal schools, and those institutions of
higher learning giving courses in agriculture,
medicines, fisheries and engineering.
• In accordance with Japanese mandates, the
Department of Education, Health and Public
Elementary Schools beginning in June 1942.
• Japanese- Sponsored Republic was
proclaimed on October 14, 1943. the
Educational set-up did not change much.
However, President Jose P. Laurel added the
fundamental principle of militant nationalism.
• Educational reforms were instituted by
requiring teachers to obtain licenses after
undergoing a rigid examination. The teaching
of Tagalog, Philippine History, and character
education was reserved for Filipinos.

The Republic
• The Japanese authorities realized that it was
difficult to channel Filipino sympathy toward
them and consequently did everything in their
power, from threats to caress, to dissipate the
Filipinos’ hostility.
• It was important to them, for propaganda
purposes, that the Filipinos were made to
believe that Japan’s intention was to see the
Philippines become a Republic.
KALIBAPI
• Founder: Philippine Executive
Commission.•Founded: December 8, 1942.
• Dissolved: 1945
• The announcement was the cue to the
Filipino officials to make preparations for the
event.
• On June 18, 1943, the KALIBAPI (Kapisanan
sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) was
instructed to form the Preparatory
Commission for Philippine Independence.
• The KALIBAPI promptly announced the
composition of the body the next day. It was
organized on June 20, 1943 with Jose P.
Laurel as President and Benigno S. Aquino
Sr. and Ramon AvanceÑa as Vice- President.
• The Commission then prepared the draft of
the proposed Constitution, which was
approved on September 4, 1943, and ratified
by a popular convention days later.
• The Constitution provided for unicameral
National Assembly, whose delegates were
chosen on September 20, 1943.
• The studied enthusiasm over the approaching
independence was now climbing to its climax.
• On September 25, 1943, the National
Assembly elected Jose P. Laurel President of
the Future Republic. Amidst the simulated
applause and hurrahs of the Filipino audience
who had no choice in the matter, the
Declaration of Independence was read, the
Republic inaugurated, and President Jose P.
Laurel inducted into office, October 14, 1943.
The Liberation
• Three (3) years of Japanese Occupation were
also years of resistance movement.
• Even before the Japanese entry into Manila,
Guerrilla units had been formed in anticipation
of what was then believed as the short stay of
enemy in the Philippines.
Guerrilla Warfare
• The Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese
Army warned the Filipinos against offering
resistance or committing hostile acts against
the Japanese forces in any manner.
• Any such act on the part of the Filipinos would
lead to the destructions of the Philippines.
The Japanese proclamation threatened with
death those who would disturb the minds of
the officials and the people.
• The severity of the proclamation cowed
majority of the Filipinos into silence. Those
who refused to place themselves under the
authority of the Japanese Military
Administration fled to the mountains to join
the guerrillas.
USAFFE
• With the retreat of the USAFFE to Bataan, the
officers and soldiers who were isolated by the
rapid advance of the enemy organized
guerrilla units.
• In Central Luzon, the guerrillas flocked under
the banner of several leaders, some of whom
were civilians.
• In the Visayas, the most prominent guerrilla
leaders were Colonel Ruperto Kangleon, who
operated in Samar and Leyte; Colonel
Macario Peralta, of Tarlac, led the Panay
guerrillas, with Governor Tomas Confesor as
the civilian leader.
• In Mindanao, the guerrillas were headed by
Tomas Cabili, Wendell Fertig and Salipada
Pendatun. Jesuit priests in Mindanao- Father
Edward Haggerty, John Pollock, Clement
Risarcher, Harold Murphy.
THE GUERRILLAS PERFORMED THREE
IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS:
1. To ambush or otherwise kill enemy soldiers
and civilians;
2. To relay important intelligence reports to
MacArthur in Australia, such as size of the enemy
army, troop movements, number of Japanese ships,
disposition of troops, activities of the Japanese
Military Administration, and other information
necessary to gauge the strength and weakness of
the enemy;
3. And to liquidate spies and Japanese
sympathizers.
• Many guerrillas met death in the performance
of their duties, but those left behind carried on
as if nothing happened. There was only one
thought uppermost in their minds, and it was
to help drive away the invaders from
Philippine Soil.
Guerrilla Newspapers
• Truthful news report about the war was
impossible under the enemy, for the press
and the radio were controlled. It was natural
that the Japanese should resort to
Propaganda lies to achieve their purpose of
demoralizing the Filipinos and making them
believe on the invincibility of Japan.
• People who read the “Tribune” and other
Japanese- Controlled magazines read
between the lines. But such reading was not
sufficient to slake their thirst for real news.
• Two ways were open to the Filipinos to get
real news; first, by tuning in their radios to
Radio San Francisco at the risk of being
caught on the act and then beheaded by the
enemy; and second, by reading, also at the
risk of being beheaded, the guerrilla
“newspapers”.
Matang Lawin
• The need for keeping up the faith in the
democratic tradition and for counteracting
Japanese propaganda led some guerrilla
outfits to put out their “newspaper”.
• These were not printed but mimeographed,
sometimes, typewritten.
• Colonel Guillermo Nakar, operating in the
Seirra Madre near Nueva Vizcaya, put out
the mimeographed newspaper “Matang
Lawin” or Hawk Eye.
• This paper, aside from giving news about the
last days of Bataan, also informed the people
that like the hawk, the guerrillas would watch
over the welfare of the people and at the
same time take cognizance of the activities
of the spies.
The Liberator
• One of the most widely- circulated guerrilla
papers was “The Liberator”, put out and
edited by Leon O. Ty of the Philippines Free
Press.
• The Liberator circulated in Cavite, Manila,
Rizal and Bulakan.
• Some of its writers were caught by the
Japanese circulating the little news magazine
and were executed, but Leon Ty and a few of
his companions escaped the enemy
dragnet.•Panay had several guerrilla papers.
Most famous was the Kalibo War Bulletin
which came out after Pearl Harbor.
The Leyte Landings
• October 20, 1944 December 26, 1944 – The
Battle of Leyte.
• The leyte landings in the Philippines were to
be carried out by the forces under General
MacArthur. Such a task meant the
convergence of troop transports, supply
ships, fire support ships, escort carriers, mine
craft, landing craft, and cargo ships.
• “Upon his arrival, MacArthur gave a speech in
which he famously promised “I shall return” to
the Philippines. After more than two years of
fighting in the Pacific, he fulfilled that promise.
For his defense of the Philippines, MacArthur
was awarded the Medal of Honor.
The return of the Commonwealth
• When it finally determined that a large part of
the island was in American hands, MacArthur
ordered the organization of civil municipal
government.
• The temporary seat of the Commonwealth
Government was established in Tacloban,
Leyte, on October 23, 1944.
• On November 15, 1944, on the 9th
anniversary of the Commonwealth, President
Sergio OsmeÑa addressed the Filipinos,
sayong in part: “The cause of democracy and
liberty, the right of every people to govern
itself and to be secure against aggression, the
great moral issues of justice and
 righteousness and human dignity are being
fought in the Philippines today
• President Sergio Osmeña said that: I am
proud of the way the American soldier is
fighting this battle. I am also proud of the way
the Filipinos are aiding in that fight.
The End of the War
• The Philippines having been liberated from
the enemy, MacArthur proposed to carry the
war right at Japan’s door. Hundreds of B-29’s,
the superforts, bombed the mainland of
Japan, reducing the latter’s war potential
• Important Japanese ports and cities like
Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, and Kure were
bombed day and night, giving the enemy no
respite.
• On July 26, 1945, the Allies, through
President Truman and Prime Minister
Churchill, issued the Potsdom Proclamation
calling upon Japan to surrender
inconditionally or face “prompt and utter
destruction”.
• Japan, proud the strength and prouder still of
Samurai spirit, refused to surrender.
• On August 6, 1945, Tokyo time, the United
States Air Force unleased the deadly atomic
bomb on Hiroshima, demolishing almost one
half of the city and killing thousands of
inhabitants.
• On August 9, 1945, another atomic bomb was
dropped on Nagasaki. To make things more
difficult for the Japanese, Russia declared
war against Japan on the same day. Faced
with total annihilation, Japan unconditionally
accepted the Allies demand for surrender on
August 15, 1945.
• On September 2, 1945, Japan signed the
terms of surrender on board the battleship
Missouri at Tokyo Bay. THE WAR WAS
OVER.
LESSON 4: HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE
FLAGS
• However, while some symbols common to
the Katipunan flags would be adopted into
the iconography of the Revolution, it is
inclusive whether these war standards can
be considered precursors to the present
Philippine flag.
Katipunan Movement
• The current Philippine National Flag evolved
out of many earlier versions.
• All of these flag are traced their origin from
the Common endeavors of the Philippine
Revolutionaries to show their love for the
country.
• The first Philippine flag was the war banner
adopted by Andres Bonifacio in 1892.
• It was a rectangular piece of red cloth with
three white K’s arranged to form three angles
of an equilateral triangle.
• This Flag, created by Benita Rodriguez
with the aid of the wife of Bonifacio,
Gregoria de Jesus.
• With K white in a horizontal alignment.
• had a single K on it.
• These flag has been construed as being
related to the Klu Klux Klan.
The 1895 flag with white triangle
• Red flag with a white triangle on the hoist
with K K K in three corners and a sun behind
an outline hill.
• An 1895 version attributed to General Pio
Del Pilar has a slight resemblance to the
present flag. Rather than a red and blue
stripe the field except for the triangle of white
is red.
• The gold stars and sun being replaced by the
red K's and a red sun rising behind a
mountain. The sun has 8 rays.
Katipunan Standard
• Bonifacio’s Banner, as the Father of the
Katipunan.
• Several months before the outbreak of the
revolution in 1896, Bonifacio had another
flag made.
 • This flag was a red rectangular field with
white 16 rayed sun in the middle and three
white K’s below it.
Magdalo Faction
• In October 1896, General Aguinaldo
fashioned out a banner consisting of a
rectangular field, with sun in the middle.
• The sun had eight rays representing the first
eigth provinces (Manila, Bulacan, Tarlac,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Batangas
and Cavite) to take up arms against the
Spaniards
• In the middle of the white sun was a white K,
in the ancient Tagalog script.•K from the pre-
Hispanic Philippine alphabet.
Magdiwang Faction
• When the revolution heated up, the
Magdiwang faction of the Katipunan, which
operated in Cavite under Mariano Alvarez,
adopted a flag consisting of a red banner
with a white sun with the baybayin the
ancient tagalog script letter ka (for K) at the
center.
• Modification of Magdalo Faction.
Katipunan Flag of 1897
• New Flag adopted by the Katipunan.
• On March 17, 1897 Emilio Aguinaldo
displayed a new banner at the Naic
Assembly
• This was a rectangular red cloth, with a white
mythological sun in the middle adorned with
eyes, nose and mouth.
• Radiating from the sun were eight group of
rays, each group consisting of three rays.
• This flag was used in the Truce of Biak-na-
Bato on December 14-15, 1897.
The Flag of the Association “Katipunan”
• Sovereign and Venerable Association of the
Children of People.
• This group was founded in Manila (July 7,
1892) and it fought against the Spaniards
troops for Independence of the Philippines.
Tagalog Flag at the Noveleta Bridge
• The central Tagal letter is the K. Red seems
to be the background colour. There are
several red flags but not single blue flags.
The sun can be white or yellow; the most
frequent is white, but in preserved flags.
• This flag was also used by the mutineers in
July 2003. It represents the use of some very
significant symbols in Philippines national
iconography. The sun harks back to the
mythical sun used in the flags of the
Katipunan (the secret organization that
began the Philippine revolution in Spain in
1986). The letter "I" in the middle is in
"alibata" or ancient Tagalog script, and
represents the letter "K," symbolizing
"Kalayaan" or "freedom." The sun and letter
K are all over the flags of the Katipunan and
its various leaders and provincial cells.
General Gregorio del Pilar’s Flag
• Blue triangle in hoist, red horizontal upper
and black below.
• The flag of General Gregorio del Pilar, the
"Boy General." Flown during the Battle of
Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur.
• General del Pilar's forces allowed General
Aguinaldo's retreating army to escape. The
"Boy General" died at age 24 defending the
pass on 2 December 1899.
Republic of the Philippines
• Pambansang Watawat (National Flag)
• Adopted: June 12, 1898 used by the First
Philippine Republic.
• Design: A horizontal bicolor of blue and red
with a white equilateral triangle based at the
hoist containing three, five-pointed gold stars
at its vertices, and an eight-rayed gold sun at
its center.
Philippine Flag
• The flag of the Philippines is the National
Flag of the Republic of the Philippines. •It is
a horizontal flag bicol or with equal bands of
royal blue and crimson red with a white,
equilateral triangle at the hoist
• In the center of the triangle is a golden-
yellow sun with eight primary rays, each
representing a Philippine province.
 • At each vertex of the triangle is a five-
pointed, golden-yellow star, each of which
representing one of the country's three main
island groups- Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao.
• The white triangle at the flag represents
liberty, equality and fraternity
• A unique feature of this flag is its usage to
indicate a state of war if it is displayed with
the red side on top, which is effectively
achieved by flipping the flag upside-down.
LIST OF PRESIDENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
President Emilio Aguinaldo >
• Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was a Filipino
revolutionary politician, and military leader
who is officially recognized as the first and
the youngest President of the Philippines in
the year 1899-1901, and the first President
of a Constitutional Republic in Asia.
• He led Philippine forces first against Spain in
the latter part of the Philippine Revolution in
the year 1896 – 1898;
• Then he led the Spanish- American War in
the year 1898; and
• Finally, he led war against the United States
during the Philippine – American war in the
year 1899-1901.
• Executive Experiences
>Gobernadorcillo of Cavite el Viejo
>President of the Tejeros Revolutionary
Government
>President of the Biak-Na-Bato Republic
>Dictator of the Dictatorial Government;and
>President of the Revolutionary
President Manuel L. Quezon
• Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina, also referred
to by his initials MLQ;
• He was a Filipino statesman, soldier and
politician who served as President of the
Philippines from 1935 – 1944;
• He was the first Filipino to head a
government of the entire Philippines.
• He was considered as the second President
of the Philippines, after Emilio Aguinaldo.
• Previous executive experience, he became a
Governor of Tayabas.
President Jose P. Laurel
• Jose Paciano Laurel y Garcia was a Filipino
politician and judge;•He was the President of
the Second Philippine Republic;•He became
a Japanese Puppet State when he occupied
during World War II from 1943 – 1945.
• During the administration of the President
Diosdado Macapagal in the year 1961 –
1965, Jose P. Laurel has been officially
recognized by later administrations as a
former President of the Philippines.
• Previous Executive Experience, he became
a Secretary of Interior.
President Sergio Osmeña Sr.
• Sergio Osmeña Sr. was a Filipino politician
who served as the fourth President of the
Philippines from 1944 – 1946.
• Sergio Osmeña Sr. was Vice President
under Manuel L. Quezon. Upon Quezon’s
sudden death in the year 1944, Osmeña
succeeded him at the age of 65, becoming
the oldest person to assume the Philippine
Presidency during that time.
• He was the founder of the Nacionalista
Party.
• He was also the first Visayan to become
President at that time.
• Previous Executive Experience; he became
a Governor of Cebu, Secretary of Public
Instruction, Vice President of the Philippines.
President Manuel Roxas
• Manuel Açuña Roxaswas fifth President of
the Philippines who served from 1946 until
his death in the year 1948.
• He served as the third and the last President
of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from
May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1956.
• Manuel Roxas became the first President of
the Independent Third Philippine Republic
after the United States ceded its sovereignty
over the Philippines.
• Previous executive experience, he became a
Governor of Capiz.
President Elpidio Quirino
• Elpidio Quirino y Rivera was a Filipino lawyer
and politician who served as the sixth
President of the Philippines from 1946 –
1953.
• A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered
politics when he became a representative of
Ilocos Sur from 1919 to 1925.
• He was then elected as senator from 1925 –
1931.
• In the year 1934, he became a member of
the Philippine Independence Commission
that was sent to Washington D.C., which
secured the passage of Tydings-McDuffie
Act to American Congress.
• In the year 1935, he was also elected to the
convention that drafted the 1935 Constitution
for the newly established Commonwealth.
• In the new government, he served as
secretary of the interior and finance under
President Manuel Quezon’s cabinet.
• Previous executive experience, he became a
Vice President of the Philippines.
President Ramon Magsaysay
• Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr. was a
Filipino statesman who served as the
seventh President of the Philippines from
December 30, 1953 until his death in an
aircraft disaster.
• An automobile mechanic by profession.
• Magsaysay was appointed military governor
of Zambales after his outstanding service as
a guerrilla leader during the Pacific War.
• Magsaysay served two terms as Liberal
party congressman for Zambales at-large
district before being appointed Secretary of
National Defense by President Elpidio
Quirino.
• Magsaysay was elected as President under
the banner of Nacionalista party.
• Magsaysay was the first Philippine President
born in the 20th century and the first to be
born after the Spanish Colonial Era.
• Previous executive experience, he became
military governor of Zambales, Secretary of
National Defense.
President Carlos P. Garcia
• Carlos Polistico Garcia was a Filipino
teacher, poet, orator, lawyer, public official,
political economist, guerrilla, and
Commonwealth military leader who was the
eight President of the Philippines.
• Previous Executive Experience, he became
Governor of Bohol, Vice President of the
Philippines.
President Diosdado Macapagal Sr.
• Diosdado Pangan Maacapagal Sr. was the
ninth President of the Philippines, serving
from 1961 to 1965 and the sixth Vice-
President serving from 1957 to 1961.
• Diosdado Macapagal Sr. also served as a
member of the House of Representatives
and headed the Constitutional Convention in
the year 1970.
• He was the father of Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo, who also became a President in the
year 2001 to 2010.
President Ferdinand Marcos Sr.
• Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr.
was a Filipino politician, a lawyer and
kleptocrat who served as the 10thPresident
of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986
• Marcos espousing an ideology of
“Constitutional Authoritarianism” under the
New Society Movement he rule as a dictator
under martial law from 1972 until 1981 and
kept most of his martial law powers until he
was deposed in the year 1986.
• He was one of the most controversial leaders
of the 20th century.
• Previous Executive Experience, he became
“Major in the 14th Infantry Division of the US
Armed Forces in the Philippines”.
Question:
• How Long did Martial Last in the
Philippines?
Answer:
• On September 23, 1972 President
Marcos announced that he had placed
the Philippines under Martial Law. 14-
years of One- Man Rule. Marcos was
 then exiled from the country on February
24, 1986.
President Corazon Aquino
• Maria Corazon Cojuangco Aquino, popularly
known as Cory Aquino, she was a Filipino
politician who served as the 11th President
of the Philippines. The first woman to hold
that office.
• Corazon Aquino was the most prominent
figure of the 1986 People Power Revolution,
which ended the 20-year rule of President
Ferdinand Marcos and led to the
establishment of the current democratic Fifth
Philippine Republic.
President Fidel V. Ramos
• Fidel Valdez Ramos, popularly known as
FVR and Eddie.
• He is a retired Filipino General and a
politician who served as the 12th President
of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998.
• Fidel Ramos is the only one who had a
career in military who reached the rank of
five-star general/ admiral de jure who rose
from second lieutenant up to commander-in-
chief of the armed forces
• During his six (6) years in office, Ramos was
widely credited and admired by many for
revitalizing and renewing international
confidence in the Philippine economy.
• At the age of 93, he is currently the oldest
living former Philippine president.
• Fidel Ramos previous Executive Experience,
he became a Chief of Staff of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines, Secretary of
National Defense.
President Joseph Estrada
• Joseph Ejercito Estrada, also known by the
nickname Erap, is a Filipino politician and
former actor who served as the 13th
President of the Philippines from 1998 to
2001, 9th vice president of the Philippines
from 1992 to 1998, and the 26th mayor of
the city of Manila, the country’s capital from
2013 to 2019.
• Joseph Estrada was the first President in
Asia to be impeached from an executive role
and resigned from power.
• Previous Executive Experience, he became
Mayor of San Juan, Vice President of the
Philippines, Chairman of the Presidential
Anti- Crime Commission.
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
• Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal Arroyo,
often referred to by her initials GMA is a
Filipino academic and politician who served
as the 14thPresident of the Philippines from
2001 until 2010.
• After her presidency, she was elected as the
representative of Pampanga’s end district in
2010 and later became the Speaker of the
House of Representatives from 2018 until
her retirement in 2019
• Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is the first woman
to hold two highest offices in the country;
who became a Vice President and the
Speaker of the House.
• Previous Executive Experience;
-Vice President of the Philippines;
-Secretary of Social Welfare and
Development;
-Undersecretary of Trade and Industry;
-Assistant Secretary of Trade and Industry.
President Benigno Aquino III
• Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III, also
known as “Pnoy” or “Noynoy”, is a Filipino
politician who served as the 15thPresident of
the Philippines from 2010 until 2016.
• Aquino is a fourth- generation politician and
was the chairman of the liberal party from
2010 – 2016.
• Previous Executive Experience, he became
a Manager for field services of the Central
Azucarera de Tarlac.
President Rodrigo Duterte
• Rodrigo Roa Duterte, also known as Digong
and Rody, is a Filipino politician who is the
current President of the Philippines and the
first from Mindanao to hold the office.
• He is the chairperson of PDP-Laban, the
ruling party in the Philippines.
• Duterte took office at the age of 71 on June
30, 2016, making him the oldest person to
assume the Philippine Presidency; the
record was previously held by Sergio
Osmeña at the age of 65.
• Previous Executive Experience
-Mayor of Davao
• He was born in Maasin, Southern Leyte.
• Duterte studied Political Science at the
Lyceum of the Philippine University,
graduating in the year 1968, before obtaining
a law degree from San Beda College of Law
in the year 1972.
• Rodrigo Duterte then worked as a lawyer
and was a prosecutor for Davao City, before
becoming a Vice Mayor and subsequently,
mayor of the city in the wake of the 1986
People Power Revolution
• Duterte won seven terms and served as
mayor of Davao for over 22 years.
President Duterte Education
• Duterte went to Laboon Elementary School
in Maasin, for a year.
• Duterte spent his remaining elementary days
at Santa Ana Elementary School in davao
City, where he graduated in the year 1956.
• Rodrigo Duterte finished his secondary
education in High School Department of the
Holy Cross College of Digos (Now Cor Jesu
College) in today’s city of Digos in the now-
defunct Davao province, after being expelled
twice from previous schools, including one in
the Ateneo de Davao University (AdDU) High
School due to Misconduct.
• Duterte graduated in the year 1968 with a
Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science
at the Lyceum of the Philippines in Manila.
• Duterte obtained a law degree from San
Beda College of Law in 1972. in the same
year, he passed the bar exam. Duterte
eventually became a Special Counsel at the
City Prosecution Office in Davao City from
1977 to 1979, fourth assistant city prosecutor
from 1979 to 1981, third assistant city
prosecutor from 1981 to 1983, and second
assistant city prosecutor from 1983 to 1986.
LESSON 5: CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL
ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES
IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
REVIEW
• Historical Sources
✔Is to ascertain historical facts.
✔Such facts are then analyzed and interpreted by
the historian to weave the narrative.
• Primary Sources
✔it consist of documents, memoir, accounts and
other materials that were produced at the period of
the events or subject being studied.
Primary Sources
• Two kinds of criticism
1. External Criticism
2.Internal Criticism
External Criticism – examines the authenticity of
the document or the evidence being used.
✔This is important that the primary source is not
fabricated.
Internal Criticism – examines the truthfulness of
the content of the evidence.
✔This criticism requires that the act must be
established the truthfulness and the accuracy; and
✔Examination of primary sources in terms of the
context of its production.
Primary Sources from Different Historical Periods
How?
✔To evaluate the documents content in terms of
historical value;
✔To examine the content of their production.
Here, the example of Primary sources that we
are going to examine are the following;
1. Antonio Pigafetta’s First Voyage around
the world;
2. Emilio Jacinto’s Kartilya ng Katipunan;
3. The Declaration of Philippine
Independence;
 4. Political Cartoon’s Alfred McCoy’s
Philippine Cartoons;
5. Political Caricature of the American Era
(1900- 1941); and
6. Corazon Aquino’s speech before the U.S.
Congress.
• These primary sources range from
chronicles, official documents, speeches,
and cartoons to visual arts.
• Different types of sources necessitate
different kinds of analysis and contain
different levels of importance.
A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST VOYAGE
AROUND THE WORLD BY MAGELLAN; BY
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
• The source was taken from the chronicles of
contemporary voyagers and navigators, one
of them was an Italian Nobleman Antonio
Pigafetta, who accompanied Ferdinand
Magellan in his fateful circumnavigation of
the world.
• Pigafetta’s work instantly became a classic
that prominent literary men in the west.
• Pigafetta’s travelogue is one of the most
important primary sources in the study of the
precolonial Philippines.
• Pigafetta’s account was also a major referent
to the events leading to Magellan’s arrival in
the Philippines, Magellan’s encounter with
local leaders, Magellan’s death in the hands
of Lapulapu’s forces in the Battle of Mactan,
and in the departure of what was left of
Magellan’s fleet from the islands.
• In examining the document reveals several
insights not just in the character of the
Philippines during the Precolonial Period.
✔Also, the European encounter with unfamiliar
terrain, environment, people, and culture.
• Locating Pigafetta’s account in the context of
its writing warrants a familiarity of age of
exploration, which pervaded Europe in the
15th and 16thcentury.
• In History, the primary source used in the
subsequent written histories depart from
certain perspective.
• In Pigafetta’s account was also written from
the perspective of Pigafetta himself and was
a product of the context of its production.
• The First Voyage Around the World by
Magellan was published after Pigafetta
returned to Italy.
• The Chrnonicles of Pigafetta as he wrote
his first observation and general
impression of the Far East including their
experiences in the Visayas
• Also, In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet
reached what he called the Ladrones of that
we called these three islands the Ladrones
Islands or the Islands of the Thieves.
The Ladrones Islands is presently known as the
Marianas Islands.
✔These islands are located in the south-southeast
of Japan, west-south west of Hawaii, north of New
Guinea, and east of Philippines.
• 10 days after they reached Ladrones Islands,
Pigafetta reported that they reached what
Pigafetta called the Isle of Zamal, now
Samar but Magellan decided to land in
another uninhabited island fir greater security
where they could rest for few days.
✔Pigafetta recounted that after 2 days, nine men
came to them and showed joy and eagerness in
seeing them.
✔Magellan realized that the men were reasonable
and welcomed them with food, drinks and gifts.
✔Pigafetta characterized the people as very
familiar and friendly and willingly showed them
different islands and the names of these Islands
✔Then the fleet went to Humunu Islands
(Homonhon) and there they found what Pigafetta
referred to as the “Watering Place of Good Signs”
✔It is in this place where Pigafetta wrote that they
found the first signs of gold in the Islands.✔They
named the island with the nearby islands as the
Archipelago of St. Lazarus.
✔They left the Island, then on March 25th,
Pigafetta recounted that they saw two balanghai
(Balangay), a long boat full of people in Mazzava/
Mazaua.
✔After a few days, Magellan was introduced to the
King (Rajah) Raia Siagu, they went to this islands,
reported to them that this islandthey saw mines of
Gold.
✔Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass
by the shore, the King heard this plan and later on
attended the Mass, Pigafetta explain that Magellan
and the King participated the Mass.
✔After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross
be brought with nails and crown in place. Magellan
explain that the cross would be beneficial for their
people because once other Spaniards saw this
cross, then they would know that they had been in
this land and would not cause them troubles, and
any person who might be held captives by them
would be released.
✔The King allowed the cross to be planted.
✔This Mass would go down in history as the first
Mass in the Philippines, and the cross would be
famed Magellan’s Cross still preserved at present
day.
ANALYSIS OF PIGAFETTA’S CHRONICLE
• The Chronicle of Pigafetta was one of the
most cited documents by historians who
wished to study the precolonial Philippines.
• As one of the earliest account, Pigafetta was
seen as a credible source for a period which
was prior unchronicled and undocumented.
• It was believed that Pigafetta’s writings
account for the purest precolonial society.
• Pigafetta’s work is of great importance in the
study and writing of Philippine History
• In the case of Pigafetta, the reader needs to
understand that he was a chronicler
commissioned by the King of Spain to
accompany and document a voyage
intended to expand the Spanish empire.
• These attributes influenced his narrative,
selection of details to be included in the text,
his characterization of the people and of the
species that they encountered, and his
interpretation and retelling of the events. A
scholar of cartography and geography,
Pigafetta was able to give details on
Geography and climate of the places that
their voyage had reached.
• In Pigafetta’s description of the people, one
has to keep in mind that he was coming from
16th century a European perspective.
• System measure the wealth of kingdoms
based on their accumulation of bullions or
precious metals like gold and silver.
• Pigafetta would always mention the
abundance of gold in the islands as shown in
his description of leaders wearing gold rings
and golden daggers and of rich gold mines.
• An empire also like Spain would indeed
search for new lands where they could
acquire more gold and wealth to be on top of
all the European nations. The obsession with
spices might be odd for Filipinos because of
its ordinariness in the Philippines, but
understanding the context would reveal that
spices were scare in Europe and hence were
seen as prestige goods.
• In that Era, Spain and Portugal coveted the
control of Spice Islands because it would
have led to a certain increase of wealth,
influence and power.
• This contexts should be used and
understood in order to have a more qualified
reading of Pigafetta’s account.
The KKK and the “Kartilya ng Katipunan”
• The Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or
Katipunan is arguably the most important
organization formed in the Philippine History.
• While, Anti-colonial movements, efforts, and
organizations had already been established
centuries prior to the foundation of the
Katipunan, it was only this organization that
envisioned;
(1) A united Filipino nation that would revolt against
the Spaniards for;
(2) the total independence of the country from
Spain.
• Previous armed revolts had already occurred
before the foundation of the Katipunan, but
none of them envisioned a unified Filipino
nation revolting against the colonizers.
✔For example; Diego Silang was known as an
Ilocano who took up his arms and led one of the
longest running revolts in the country.
✔Silang, was mainly concerned about his locality
and referred to himself as El Rey de Ilocos (The
King Ilocos).
✔The imagination of the nation was largely absent
in the aspirations of the local revolts before
Katipunan.
✔The propaganda movements led by the
ilustrados like Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez
Jaena, and Jose Rizal did not envision a total
separation of the Philippines from Spain, but only
demanded equal rights, representation, and
protection from the abuses of the friars.
• One of the most important Katipunan
documents was the Kartilya ng Katipunan
• The original title of the document was
“Manga [soc] Aral Nang [sic] Katipunan ng
mga A.N.B” or “Lessons of the Organization
of the Sons of Country”.
• The document was written by Emilio Jacinto
in the 1896.
✔Jacinto was only 18 years old when he joined the
movement.
✔He was a law student at the Universidad de
Santo Tomas.
✔Andres Bonifacio recognized the value and
intellect of Jacinto that Jacinto’s Kartilya was much
better than the Decalogue, he wrote, he willingly
favored that the Kartilya be distributed to their fellow
Katipuneros.
• Jacinto became the secretary the secretary
of the organization and took charge of the
short-lived printing of the Katipunan.
On 15th of April 1897
✔Andres Bonifacio appointed Jacinto as a
commander of the Katipunan in Northern Luzon.
✔Jacinto was 22 years old at that time. He died of
Malaria at a young age of 24 in the town of
Magdalena, Laguna.
• The Kartilya can be treated as the
Katipunan’s code of conduct. It contains
fourteen rules that instruct the way a
Katipunero should behave, and which
specific values should he uphold.
• The rules stated in the Kartilya can be
classified into two;
1. The first group contains the rules that will make
the member an upright individual; and
2. The second group contains the rules that will
guide the way he treats his fellow men.
Rules in Kartilya
I. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and
reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not
a poisonous weed.
II. To do good for personal gain and not for its own
sake is not virtue
III. It is rational to be charitable and love one’s fellow
creature, and to adjust one’s conduct, acts and
words to what is in itself reasonable;
IV. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all
born equal; superiority in knowledge, wealth and
beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by
nature.
V. The honorable man prefers honor to personal
gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
VI. VI.Xxxxx...............
•As the primary governing document, which
determines the rules of conduct in the Katipunan,
properly understanding the Kartilya will thus help in
understanding the values, ideals, aspirations and
even the ideology of the organization.
ANALYSIS OF THE “KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN”
• As a document written for a fraternity whose
main purpose is to overthrow a colonial
regime, we can explain the content and
provisions of the Kartilya as a reaction and
response to certain value systems that they
found despicable in the present state of
things that they struggled against with.
✔For example; the 4th and 13th rules in the
Kartilya are an invocation of the inherent equality
between and among men regardless of race,
occupation, or status.
• In the context of the Spanish Colonial Era
where the indios were treated as the inferior
of the white Europeans, the Katipunan saw
to it that the alternative order that they
wished to promulgate through their revolution
necessarily destroyed this kind of unjust
hierarchy.
• Katipunan’s recognition of women as
important partners in the struggle, as
 reflected not just in Kartilya but also in an
organizational structure of the fraternity
where a women’s unit was established, in an
endeavor advanced for its time.
• All in all, the proper reading of the Kartilya
will reveal a more thorough understanding of
the Katipunan and the significant role that it
played in the revolution and in the unfolding
of the Philippine history, as we know it.
READING THE “PROCLAMATION OF THE
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE”
• Every year, the country commemorates the
anniversary of the Philippine Independence
proclaimed on June 12 1898, in the province
of Cavite.
• Such event is a significant turning point in
the history of the country because it signaled
the end of the 333 years of Spanish
Colonization.
• The declaration was a short 2,000- word
document, which summarized the reason
behind the revolution against Spain, the war
for independence, and the future of the New
Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo.
• The proclamation commenced with a
characterization of the conditions in the
Philippines during the Spanish Colonial
Period. The document specifically mentioned
abuses and inequalities in the colony.
• The declaration says:“... Taking into
consideration, that their inhabitants being
already weary of bearing the ominous
yoke of Spanish domination, on account
of the arbitrary arrests and harsh
treatment practiced by the Civil Guard to
the extent of causing death with the
connivance and even with the express
orders of their commanders, who
sometimes went to the extreme of
ordering the shooting of prisoners under
the pretext that they were attempting to
escape,xxx..…n violation of the
provisions of the Regulations of their
Corps, which abuses were unpunished
and on account of the unjust
deportations, especially those decreed by
General Blanco, of Eminent personages
and of high social position, at the
instigation of the Archbishop and friars
interested in keeping them out of the way
for their own selfish and avaricious
purpose, deportations which are quickly
brought about by a method of procedure
more execrable than than of the
Inquisition and which every civilized
nations rejects on account of a decision
being rendered without a hearing of the
person accused”.
• The passage of the declaration demonstrate
the justifications behind the revolution
against Spain. Specifically cited are the
abuse by the Civil Guards and the unlawful
shooting of prisoners whom they alleged as
attempting to escape. •The passage also
condemns the unequal protection of the law
between the Filipino People and the eminent
personages.
• The passage also condemns what they saw
as the unjust deportation and rendering of
other decision without proper hearing,
expected of any civilized nation.
• The proclamation proceeded with a brief
historical overview of the Spanish
Occupation since Magellan’s Arrival in
Visayas until the Philippine Revolution, with
specific details about the latter, especially
after the Pack-of-Biak-Na-Bato had
collapsed.
• The revolt also reached Visayas; thus, the
independence of the country was ensured.
• The document also mentioned Rizal’s
execution, calling it unjust
• The document also narrates about the Cavite
Mutiny of January 1872 that caused the
infamous execution of the martyred native
priests Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and
Jacinto Zamora, whose innocent blood was
shed through the intrigues of those so-called
religious orders that incited the three secular
priests in the said mutiny.
• The Philippine Flag was first waved.
ANALYSIS OF THE PROCLAMATION OF THE
PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
 • Re-examination of the document on the
declaration of Independence can reveal
some often overlook the historical truths
about this important event in Philippine
History.
• The document reflects the general
revolutionary sentiment of that period.
✔It because of inequality before the law reflect the
most compelling sentiments represented by the
revolutionary leadership.
• The Treaty of Paris was an agreement
signed between Spain and the United
States of America regarding the
ownership of the Philippine Islands and
other Spanish colonies in South America.
The agreement ended the short-lived
Spanish- American War. The Treaty was
signed on December 10, 1898, 6 months
after the revolutionary government
declared the Philippine Independence.
The Philippines was sold to the United
States at $20 million and effectivity
undermined the sovereignty of the
Philippines immediately which resulted in
the Philippine- American War that lasted
until the earliest years of the 20th
century.
• The treaty proclamation also gives us the
impression on how the victorious
revolutionary government of Aguinaldo
historicised the struggle for independence.
• The official records and documents like
proclamation of independence, it is the task
of the historian, to analyze the content of
these documents in relation to the dominant
politics and the contexts of people and
institutions surrounding it.
• Primary Sources like official government
records within the circumstances of this
production.
A GLANCE AT SELECTED PHILIPPINE
POLITICAL CARICATURE OF ALFRED MCCOY’S
PHILIPPINE CARTOONS: POLITICAL
CARICATURE OF THE AMERICAN ERA (1900-
1941)
• Political cartoons and caricature are a rather
recent art form, which veered away from the
classical art by exaggerating human features
and poking fun at its subjects.
• Such Art genre and technique become a part
of the print media as a form of social and
political commentary.
• Cartoons became an effective tool of
publicizing opinions through heavy use of
symbolism, which is different form a verbose
written editorial and opinion pieces.
• The unique way that a caricature represents
opinion and captures the audience’s
imagination is reason enough for historians
to examine these political cartoons.
• Commentaries in mass media inevitably
shape public opinion and such kind of
opinion is worthy of historical examination.
• In Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of
the American Era (1900-1941), Alfred
McCoy, together with Alfredo Roces,
compiled political cartoons published in
newspaper dailies and periodicals in the
aforementioned time period.
• Cartoons of War against the Speculators
was published on 16th of June 1917.
• The Cartoons was drawn by Fernando
Amorsolo and was aimed as a commentary
to the workings of Manila Police at that
period.
• The cartoons shows a Filipino child stole a
skinny chicken because he had nothing to
eat.
• The police officer was relentless pursuing the
said child.
• A man wearing a salakot, labaled Juan de la
Cruz was grabbing the officer, telling him to
 leave the small-time pickpockets and thieves
and to turn at the great thieves instead.
• He was pointing to hug warehouses
containing bulks of rice, milk and grocery
products.
ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICAL CARICATURES
DURING THE AMERICAN PERIOD
• The transition from the Spanish Colonial
period to the American Occupation period
demonstrated different strands of changes
and shifts in culture, society and politics.
• The selected cartoons illustrate not only the
opinion of certain media outfits about the
Philippine society during the American period
but also paint a broad image of society and
politics under the United States
• The Cartoons as illustrated the conditions of
poor Filipinos in the Philippines now
governed by the United States.
• By controlling their consciousness and
mentality, Americans got to control and
subjugate Filipinos.
REVISITING CORAZON AQUINO’S SPEECH
BEFORE THE US
• Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino
functioned as the symbol of the restoration of
democracy and the overthrow of the Marcos
Dictatorship in the year 1986.
• The EDSA People Power, which installed
Cory Aquino in the Presidency, put the
Philippines in the International spotlight for
overthrowing a dictator through peaceful
means.
• Cory was easily a figure of the said
revolution, as the widow of the slain Marcos
oppositionist and former Senator Benigno
“Ninoy” Aquino Jr. Cory was hoisted as the
antithesis of the dictator.
• Cory was able to capture the imagination of
the people whose rights and freedom had
long been compromised throughout the
Marcos regime
• Cory came from a rich haciendero family in
Tarlac and owned vast estates of sugar
plantation and whose relatives occupy local
and national government positions.
The People Power Revolution
• Was widely recognized around the world for
its peaceful character. When former senator
Ninoy Aquino was shot at the tarmac of the
Manila International Airport on 21 August
1983, the Marcos regime greatly suffered a
crisis of legitimacy. Protests from different
sectors frequently different areas in the
country.
• Marco’s credibility in the international
community also suffered. Paired with the
looming economic crisis, Marcos had to do
something to prove to his allies in the United
States that he remained to be the
democratically anointed leader of the
country. Marcos called for a snap Election in
February 1986, where Corazon Cojuangco
Aquino, the widow of the slain senator was
convinced to run against Marcos.
• The canvassing was rigged to Marcos’s favor
but the people expressed their protests
against the corrupt and authoritarian
government. Leading military officials of the
regime and Martial Law Orchestrators
themselves, Juan Ponce Enrile and Fidel V.
Ramos, plotted to take over the presidency,
until civilians heeded the call of then Manila
Archbishop Jaime Sin and other civilian
leaders gathered in Edsa. The overthrowing
presence of civilians in EDSA successfully
turned a coup into a civilian demonstration.
• The thousands of people who gathered
overthrew Ferdinand Marcos from the
presidency after 21 years.
✔Cory added that the country had experienced the
calamities brought about by the corrupt dictatorship
of Marcos, no commensurate assistance was yet to
extended to the Philippines.
✔Cory even remarked that given the peaceful
character of EDSA People Power Revolution, “ours
must have been the cheapest revolution ever”.
✔Cory demonstrated that Filipino people fulfilled
the “most difficult conditions of the debt negotiation”,
which was the “restoration of democracy and
responsible government”.
ANALYSIS OF CORY AQUINO’S SPEECH
• Cory Aquino’s speech was an important
event in the political and diplomatic history of
the country because it has arguably
cemented the legitimacy of the EDSA
government in the international arena.
• The ideology or the principles of the new
democratic government can also be seen in
the same speech. Aquino was able to draw
the sharp contrast between her government
and her predecessor by expressing her
commitment to a democratic constitution
drafted by an independent commission.
• Cory claims that the Constitution upholds
and adheres to the rights and liberty of the
Filipino people.
• Cory also hoisted herself as the
reconciliatory agent after more than two
decades of a polarizing authoritarian politics.
• Readings through Aquino’s speech, we can
easily take cues, not just on Cory’s individual
ideas and aspirations, but also the guiding
principles and framework of the government
that she represented.