LESSON 1

Plato

- he followed the ideas of socrates in knowing thyself

- he is notables for his work such as:

1. Allegory of the cave

2. The apology

3. Perfect Government and Societal system

4. The republic

According to him, a follower of truth and wisdom will not be tempted by vices and will always be

• correct

• moral

• ethical

He believed in the division of a person's body and Soul.

1. Apetitive Soul - in charge of base desires (eating, drinking, sleeping and having sex)

- Satisfactions and Physical desires

2. Spirited Soul - in charged of emotions should be kept at bay. (Active part of a person)

3. Rational soul - Rational soul forged by reason, intellect to govern the affairs of the human person.

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St. Augustine

- He believes that we should follow the footsteps of Christ. He relates our existence to god being our
model.
- sabi niya rin wag ka susunod sa ibang tao, maniwala ka lang sa sarili mo. Believe in yourself,,,emz

- "right is right even if no one is doing it: wrong is wrong even if everyone is doing it" quotation niya to

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Rene descartes

- father of modern philosophy

- believed in MODERN DUALISM or the existence of BODY and MIND.

- known to be the proponent of the "methodological doubt"

- methodological doubt - is the continues process of questioning - what we perceive and accepting the
fact that doubting, asking questions are part of one's existence.

- he also defined the roles of mind and body to notion of existence and the sense of self

- "cogito ergo sum" quotation niya to (I think I therefore I am) translation

- we have to question something

- we should focus on the mind in order to perceive as who we are.

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John locke
- English philosopher and Physician

- Considered to be the father of classical liberation

- Tabula rasa ( idea that children are born as blank states and that life experiences form who they
become as adults. )

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David hume

- Scottish Philosopher

- IMPRESSIONS are those we experience through our senses and ideas which create in our minds if we
no longer experiencing it.

- THERE IS NO PERMINENT SELF. (It may improve or totally replaces based from our experiences.)

- hume believed that there is no self, only a bundle of impressions that is constantly changing
perceptions in our mind.

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Immanuel Kant

- German philosopher that is known for his works on EMPIRICISM and RATIONALISM

- establish that the collections of impressions and different contents is what in only takes to define a
person
- Awareness of different emotions that we have, impressions and behavior is only part of our self.

HE ALSO ARGUED THE SENSE OF

- TRANSCENDENTAL APPERCEPTION

• Is an essence of our consciousness that provides basis for understanding and establishing the notion
of self by synthesizing one's accumulation of experiences, intuition and imagination.

- We experience, but still be able to become aware of our consciousness.

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Sigmund Freud

- austrian psychologist and physician

- father of psychoanalysis

- known for his work on an human nature and the unconcious

- the 3 aspects of personality

• ID - the child aspect of the person; driven by pleasure principle; attention is an the satisfaction of one's
needs and self gratification

• Ego - police or the mediator between ID and Super Ego.

• Super Ego - THE CONSCIENCE of one's personality.

Introduced the levels of consciousness

• Conscious - where minority of our memories are being stored and the memories that are in the
conscious is easier to be tapped or access
• Pre - conscious - the middle part of the entirety of our consciousness; the memories stored in this area
can still be access but with a little difficulty.

• Unconscious - This area is where the majority

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Gilbert ryle

- he used behavioristic approach to self

- the self is the behavior that we presented by the person

- he was famous for his idea that the self is exemplified as a "GHOST IN THE MACHINE"

• meaning that man is a complex machine with different functioning.

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Churchland

- Canadian Philosopher

- focus on the idea that people should improve our association and use of worth in identifying the self

- they conceltualize the NEUROPHILOSOPHY

• wherein they believed that to fully understand one's behavior, one should understand the different
neurological movement of the brain that pertains to different emotions, feelings, actions and reactions
and how such brain affect the movements of body.

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ponty

- french philosoher

- known for his work on existentialism and phenomenology

- he coined the idea of Phenomenology of perception or the unity of the function of the mind and the
body, which is divided into three divisions

• the body - that both receives the experience as well as an integrates with experiences in the different
perceptions.

• perceived world - the accumulation of the perception as integrated by the experience of the body

• thebody - that both receives the experience as well as an integrates with experiences in the different
perceptions.

• perceived world - the accumulation of the perception as integrated by the experience of the body

• the people and the world - enable to not be able to integrate the other objects in the world.

LESSON 2

NATURE vs NUTURE

Nature - genes and hereditary factors physical appearance personality characteristics.

Nurture - (Environmental Variables) childhood experiences how we were raised social relationships
surrounding culture.

The self as product of Social Interaction

- the self is not present at birth. It develops only with social experience wherein languange gestures and
objects are used to communicate meaninfully.

The sociological perspective of the self is based on the assumption that human behavior is influenced by
group of people in our life.
What is Sociology

- latin word sociou, meaning "companion", and logos which means study.

Sociology is a social science that studies human societies that interactions and the process that preserve
and change them.

The sociological theories of the self attempt to explain how social processes such as socialization
influence the development of the self.

For sociologists like george herbert meed and charles horton cooley. The self is not dependent on
biological predispositions; rather, it is a product of social interaction.

George herbert meed

- Social Behaviorism Theory

that we develop ourselves through interactions with other people and it follows the process. This
process involves social experiences such as languange or exchange of symbols to convey meanings.

Theory of the social self, explained that the self has two divisions: "I" and "ME"

- Symbolic interactionism

Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical perspective in sociology that addresses the manner in which
society is created and maintained through face-to-face, repeated, meaningful interactions among
individuals.

Stages of Development by mead

• preparatory stage

- begins at one year or two years

- the child responds through mere imitations and simply imitate without knowing the meaning of these
actions.

• play stage
- begins from age 3 to 5 years old

- taking the roles of the significant people around us.

• game stage

- Children begin to consider taking multiple roles by taking into consideration the generalized other.

- Hindi natatapos tong stage na to like even though you're old na or something you're still in this age.
And also the roles here in this stage does not end.

- Generalized others. "it is defined as the incorporation of society's expectations into oneself as part of
one's identity and self - consciousness.

The "I" is the subjective element and the active side of the self.

What -> Can -> Do

The "ME" is the objective element of the self. It represents the "internalized" attitudes expectations and
demans of other people.

I - Bet niya gawin mga gusto niya. Like siya yan kase ayan gusto niya.

Me - yung mga taong naka surrounds sa kanya yung humuhubog sa kanya or smth. Likw you do
something because others told you to do it.

The looking glass self by CHARLES HORTON COOLEY

Looking glass self - a process by which a person develops his self image based on how others treat
him/her.

• First phase - is how one imagines how he appears to others.

• Second phase - one will imagine how others judge his appearance.

• Third phase - is the development of emotional reaction based on what perceives others judgement to
be such as pride or shame.
Social Media and Looking glass self

- act as the mirror to people where they seek judgements and feedbacks from other people, based on
likes, comments or followers the sense of a self develops.

Looking glass self

- does not only provide description of who a person is. It is also responsible for the evaluation of one's
self. Two important dimensions of this evaluations are self - esteem and personal efficiency.

• Self - esteem is the belief that one is good and valuable to others. This will drive you to your own
success and achievements.

Self efficacy by Albert Bandura

- the belief that we have in our own ability, especially the ability to meet the challenges ahead of usand
to complete task successfully.

Strategies to develop self efficiency

• celebrate your success

• educate yourself

• observe others

How your life experiences shape you??

• Past experiences molds you

Beyond self creation and Social Construction of the self.

What makes each generation different?

Baby boomer

Birth years: 1946 - 1964

Current age: 57 to 75

Size: 71.6 million

Media consumption: baby boomers are the biggest consumers of traditional media. 90% of baby
boomers have facebook

Shaping events: Post WWII optimism, cold war and the hippie movement.

Finances: managing retirment with life experiences on the rise.

Generation X

Birth years: 1965 - 1979/80

Current age: 41 - 56

Media consumption: still uses traditional media.

Shaping events: End of the cold war, feeling lost between two generations

Finances: carrying the highest debt load.

Millenials (Gen Y)

Birth years: 1980 - 1994/6

Current Age: 25-40

Size: 72.1 million

Media consumption: 95% still watch TV but Netflix edges out traditional cable.

Shaping events: The great recession, the technological explosion of the internet and social media and
9/11

Finances: massive student debt causes to delay major life events.

Gen Z

Birth years: 1997 - 2012

Current Age: 6 - 24
Size: 68 million

Media consumption: 95% still watch TV, but Netflix edges out the traditional cable as the provider.

Shaping events: Smartphones, social media and never knowing a country at war and seeing the financial
struggles.

Finances: Similar to Gen X but wanting to avoid debt after seeing Gen x and millenials struggles.

Gen alpha

Birth years: 2012 - 2025

Current age: 0 - 9

Size: 48 million and growing

Media consumption: raised in homes with smart phones and devices everywhere

Shaping events: globa pandemic, social justice movement, trump era and brexit.

Finances: are digital natives based.

LESSON 3

Psychology

- the study of human behavior and mental processes (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION)

- psyche (mind) soul ir spirit and the suffix

- logos comes from the greek word study

A. PSYCHOLOGY IS CONCERNED WITH

- how individuals develop and mature at different life stages

- how someone shape their personality.

- how we think, behave and feel in a certain situations.

- concerned with mental health and mental illnesses. Character strengths, coping, happiness and well
being.

What about the psychology of the self and it's cognitive condition??

Whaat makes you, you?

According to jhangani and tarry (2014) "self is the sense of personal identity and of who we are as
individuals".

Theory of the self (William James concept of the self)

I & Me self

The "I" is part of the self that knows who they are and what they have accomplished in life (Pomerleau,
2014) the one who does the thinking

The "Me" is the one who does the actiong

Empirical Self

The totality of the self divided into three subcategories

Material Self

Self consists of what belongs to a person such as the body, family, clothes to wear.

Social Self

We tend to act in a certain situation

Spiritual Self

- who we are at our core. Including our personality, values and conscience. Our spiritual self typically
remaind relatively stable throughout our lifetime. (Green, 1997)

*Spiritually - for you to find your true meaning and purpose of life.

Spirituality - the connection between your physical and mental aspect

Other selves in psychology

Self concept - organized set of perceptions or beliefs of one self.

Self schema- this refers to a long lasting set of memories that summarize a person's beliefs, experiences,
and generalization about the self in specific behavioral domains.

*Past experiences

*Personality traits

*Abilities

*physical features

*values

*goals

*social roles

*own observations

*feedback from others

Carl rogers believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendecy to self - actualize, i.e to
fulfill one's potential and achieve the highest level of human beingness we can.

Possible selves- schematic cognitive representations, of what people believe they may become, are
hopeful of becoming or are fearful or becoming. "Our self concepts include not only our self schemas
about who we currently are but also who we might become."

CARL ROGERS (1902 - 1987)

Proposed a personality theory known as person centred theory self concept used to refer how a person
thinks about or perceives himself

TWO TYPES OF SELF CONCEPT

a. The real self concept - refers to all information and perception the person has about himself.

b. The ideal self concept - refers to what the person aims for himself to be.

the real self. happy life

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The ideal self concept. Satisfaction

Congruence vs. Incongruence

When someone is in a state of incongruence they are said to be having a total opposite of experience. In
rogers view the close the ideal self the more fulfilled or happy it is.

The existential self

- most basic part of the self scheme or self concept; the sense of being seperate and distinct from others
and the awareness of the constancy of the self. (Bee, 1992)

True self

- has a sense of integrity, connected to wholeness that started from an early age.

False self

- is used when the person has to comply with external rules. Such as being polite or otherwise following
social codes.

*Healthy false self - functional can be compliant but without the feeling that it has betrayed the true
self.

*Unhealthy false self - a feeling of forced compliance rather than loving adaptation.

True and false selves

- true and false selves are present in all individuals. They should be functional for the advantage of both
person himself and his society.

Persona archetypes

The persona (or mask) is the outward face we present to the world. It conceals our real self and jung
describes it as the "conformity" archetype.

The persona

- is how we present ourselves to the world. The word "persona" is derived from a latin word that means
mask, it is not a literally mask, howevery.
The shadow

- is an archetype that consists of the sex and life instincts. The shadow exists as part of the unconscious
mind and is composed of repressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts and shortcomings.

The anima or animus

- anima is a feminine image in the male psyche.

- the animus is a male image in the female psyche.

According to jung the animus represents the masculine aspect in women while the anima represented
the feminine side of the men.

The self

- represented the true and absolute of self.