INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

Flood Risk assessment using Remote Sensing

and GIS for Anigunta Watershed, Telangana

Rathod Ravinder, Penki Ramu, Srinivasarao T

Abstract—Flood is one of the most devastating natural hazards which lead to the loss of lives, properties and resources. Floods resulting
from excessive rainfall within a short duration of time and consequent high river discharge damage crops and infrastructures. They also
result in siltation of the reservoirs and hence limit the capacity of existing dams to control floods. The purpose of flood risk assessment is to
identify the areas within a plan that are at risk of flooding based on factors that are relevant to flood risks. It has therefore become
important to create easily read, rapidly accessible flood map. Maps give a more direct and stronger impression of the spatial distribution of
the flood risk than other forms of presentation like verbal description and diagrams. Remote sensing (RS) is a reliable way of providing
required data over a wide area in a very cost-effective manner. It also overcomes the limitation of the ground stations to register data in an
extreme condition. This paper is aimed at assessing flood risk in the Anigunta region, Sangareddy district, Telangana state, India. Remote
sensing technology along with geographic information system (GIS) is the key tool for flood monitoring. The map will be made using
Geographic Information System (GIS). A GIS database of indicators for the evaluation of hazard will be created. The indicators are road
network, settlements, drainage, contours, Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), slope, aspect, flow
accumulation, flow direction, Landuse-Landcover (LULC), soil map, Geomorphology, and Ground water maps. Each indicator will be
analyzed and weighted, after which, the weights of the indicators will be combined to obtain the final map. The results obtained can provide
useful information to suggest artificial recharge structures for decision making.

Index Terms—Flood risk, RS, GIS, artificial recharge structures, Overlay analysis, Raster calculator.

——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION

I n India, the livelihood of over 75% of the population is

dependent on agriculture, which plays an important role in
the economy of our country. Due to the frequent
occurrence of droughts, more than 70% of the total
geographical area is in distress, and uncertain monsoons
seriously affect agriculture. In order to meet the growing
demand for food, fuel, and fodder of ever-increasing
population, land and water resources need to be optimally
utilized. It requires timely and reliable information on
available land and water resources, which could be derived
from space borne multispectral data. The Remote Sensing and
Geographic Information System together provide an
information base for efficient land and water resource
management. A catchment area is a hydrological unit that
collects runoff water at a common point and is clearly defined
on the basis of ridge and gully lines. The activities under the
drained area strategy fall under soil and water management,
dry land and rain fed agriculture, ravine reclamation, crop
shift protection and vegetative cover enhancement.
————————————————
 Rathod Ravinder is currently working as assistant professor in GRIET,
Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail: rathod506ravinder@gmail.com
 Penki Ramu is currently working as assistant professor in GMR Institute
of Technology, Rajam, Andhra Pradesh, India. E-mail:
ramu.p@gmrit.edu.in
 Srinivasarao T is currently working as assistant professor in VNRVJIET,
Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail: srinivasarao_tanniru@vnrvjiet.in
iii.
1.1 Need Finding
As India is one of the developing countries, due to
increased urbanization and deforestation the vegetative cover
is being decreased as a result of which the hydrological cycle
is being affected and this is resulting in reducing the levels of
the groundwater and increased risk of flood. All these
consequences finally result in desertification of that piece of
land. Anigunta in Zaheerabad Mandal of Medak District,
Telangana state, is selected because of its low levels of
groundwater and frequent floods. The open wells have
become dry forever and even bore wells are becoming dry
after certain period. The urban areas in the study area which
are densely populated are overexploiting the water resources
for various uses. So there is a need to raise the water table to a
reasonable level and controlling flood by various means such
as artificial recharge and constructing recharge structures in
this area of study.
1.2 Objectives
The goals for this analysis are as follows:
i. To generate the thematic maps like a base map,
drainage map, contour map, slope and aspect maps,
LULC, geomorphology, soils, and groundwater
prospectus maps.
ii. To develop an action plan map by overlaying all the
thematic maps.
To propose artificial recharge structures.

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2 STUDY AREA DELINEATION maps are prepared in ArcGIS 10.3 software.

ii. Using the satellite image obtained from National Remote
The current study area is Anigunta region, Zaheerabad
Sensing Agency and Survey of India toposheet number
Mandal of Sangareddy district, Telangana, which spreads over
56G/10/SW of scale 1:25,000 land use/land cover map is
an area of 1,477 hectares. The study area lies between 17° 34’
prepared in ArcGIS 10.3 software.
30‖ N to 17° 37’ 30‖ N Latitude and 77° 33’ 30’’ E to 77° 36’ 0‖
iii. By overlaying all the above-said maps and by
E Longitudes and belongs to Survey of India Toposheet No. 56
performing raster calculations action plan map is created.
G/10/SW to a scale of 1: 25,000. The chief sources of irrigation
in the district tanks, wells, and streams. The net irrigated area
in the district is 1, 27,617 hectares, of which canal irrigation 3.1 THEMATIC MAPS
accounts for only 3.3 %, the remaining irrigation is through
open wells and bore wells. Red earth includes loamy soils, 3.1.1 Road Network and Settlements Map
sandy loams, and loams of sandy clay. Red lateritic soils are Road network is used to locate and create facilities which
present in Zaheerabad mandal. The distict’s climate is would strengthen the economy of the watershed. This road
characterized by a hot summer, and normally dry weather, network map helps to know the connectivity to different
showers, are expected during the southwestern monsoon human inhabitants within a watershed, which is very
season. At the time of summer, temperature expected will important to take up developing programmes that are to be
be42oC. The district’s normal annual rainfall mean is 873 mm. carried. It is also used for knowing the various transport
The study area location map is shown at Fig. 1. facilities within that region. Road network and settlements
map are prepared by using Survey of India toposheet number
56G/10/SW for a scale of 1:25,000 and by the help of satellite
imagery updated in ArcGIS 10.3 software. In the road network
and settlements map, all the settlements and their connectivity
within the study area are digitized from Survey of India
toposheet and each settlement is labelled.
The various types of roads constructed in the study area
connect all the three settlements in the northern part of the
study area. Ondlagadda Thanda is not connected with other
settlements of the study area but it is connected with both
Anigunta and Gadda Thanda with a road from outside the
study area boundary. There are only 4 major settlements
namely Gadda Thanda, Makaha Nayak Thanda, Ondlagadda
Thanda, and Anigunta. Lakaha Nayak Thanda
issmallsettlement Anigunta is the largest settlement inhabited
and Gadda Thanda and Ondlagadda Thanda is the smallest of
the settlements. Ondlagadda Thanda is the only settlement
which is located at southern part of the area of study. The road
network and settlements map of Anigunta watershed are
shown in the Fig. 2.

Fig. 1. Study area Location map

3 IDEATION
The methodologies adopted for this study are as follows:
i. All the thematic maps such as road network and
settlements map, drainage map, contour map,
triangulated irregular network, digital elevation model,
slope, aspect, flow accumulation map, flow direction
map, soil map, geomorphology map, and groundwater

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Fig. 2. Road networks and settlements map
3.1.2 Drainage Map
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface
and sub-surface water from an area. Many agricultural soils
need drainage to improve production or to manage water
supplies. This map consists of all first order water bodies,
rivers, tributaries, seasonal and ephemeral streams, reservoirs,
dams, ponds and the whole drainage network originating in
the region to the last order joining the topography based
rivers, tributaries, and tanks. Drainage density and type of
drainage give ripple, infiltration relief, and permeability
details. Dendritic drainage systems are the most common form
of drainage system. In a dendritic system, there are many
contributing streams which are then joined together into
the tributaries of the main river. They develop where the river
channel follows the slope of the terrain. Strahler system
modification of Horton's classification system is followed for
steams in which the smallest streams are called first-order
streams. Two first-order streams meet to give second-order
stream and two second-order streams meet resulting in the
third-order stream is created and so on.
Using Survey of India to prepare drainage map, the topo
sheet number 56 G/10/SW of scale 1:25,000 in ArcGIS 10.3
software. In the drainage map, whole water bodies and
streams of different orders are digitized and stream orders are
assigned to all the streams represented in the area of study.
The stream pattern in the area of study is dendritic in nature,
which is spread all over the study area.
In the study area, the stream orders ranged from 1st order
streams to 4th order streams. From the number of streams in
each order available in the area of study, it is clear that the
streams in the study area verified Horton's first law i.e, first
order streams are more in number compared to second order,
second order streams are more compared to third order
streams and third order streams are more compared to fourth
order streams. The number of streams in each order in the
study area is shown in the TABLE 1. The drainage map is
shown in Fig. 3.
TABLE 1
NUMBER OF STREAMS IN STUDY AREA
S. No. Stream Order No. of Streams
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1 First order 68
2 Second order 16
3 Third order 5
4 Fourth order 1
3.1.3 Contour Map
Contour is an imaginary line joining the points of equal
elevation. Contour lines are drawn on a topographic map to
show the location of hills, mountains, and valleys. Each
contour line represents a specific elevation and connects all the
places that are at the same elevation. Two contour lines next to
one another are separated by a constant difference in
elevation. This elevation difference between contour lines is
called the contour interval.
Contour lines indicate the slope of the land. Closely-spaced
contour lines indicate a steep slope because of elevation
changes quickly in a small area. In contrast, broadly spaced
contour lines indicate a shallow slope.
A contour map is prepared by using Survey of India toposheet
number 56 G/10/SW of scale 1:25,000 in ArcGIS 10.3 software.
In contour map various contours present in the study area are
digitized form Survey of India toposheet and elevation is
assigned for each contour.
The study area is having an undulating topography and the
elevation varies from 590 meters to 660 meters above the Mean
Sea Level. Contour map has been prepared with 10 meters
interval. The highest contour having an elevation of 660
meters is present in the western part and the lowest contour
having an elevation of 590 meters is present in the southern
part of the study area. The contour map is shown in Fig. 4.
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Fig. 3. Drainage map
Fig. 4. Contour map
3.1.4 Triangulated Irregular Network Map
The topography of a land surface is represented by digital
elevation data. Triangulated irregular network is a surface
representation derived from irregularly spaced sample points
and break-line features. The tin data set includes topological
relationships between points and their neighbouring triangles.
Triangulated irregular networks are made up of triangular
facets and the nodes and edges that make up the
triangles.The most commonly used terrain functions are slope
calculation and aspect calculation. Geographic information
system analysis (Surface analysis and Hydrological analysis) is
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carried out using the contours prepared for the study area. By
using the contours first step of surface analysis is carried out
by generating a triangulated irregular network.
The 2-D contours are converted into 3-D vector form and flat
triangles are formed between the contour intervals, so the gap
between each of the contour intervals is flat.
Using 3 D analyst tool in ArcGIS10.3, Triangulated Irregular
Network map is built from contour data. It is shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. TIN map
3.1.4 Digital Elevation Map
Digital Elevation Models are data files that contain the
elevation of the terrain over a specified area, usually at a fixed
grid interval over the surface of the earth. The closer together
the grid points are located, the more detailed is the
information. Digital elevation model is used for Storage of
elevation data for digital topographic maps in the national
database and three-dimensional representations of landforms
for military purposes. Digital elevation model is the second
step of surface analysis which is created from the triangulated
irregular network using 3-D analyst tool. Therefore surface
analysis is carried out using contours.
Triangulated irregular network is converted into raster form.
The elevation values of the study area are recorded in this
raster. Digital elevation model (DEM) map is created from the
triangulated irregular network map based on ArcGIS 10.33-D
analyst tool. This is shown at Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. DEM map
3.1.5 Slope Map
The slope is one of the important parameters of terrain that ca
n be explained by contour horizontal spacing. In general close-
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spaced contours in the vector form represent steeper slopes

and shows gentle slope, whereas each cell has a slope value in
the elevation output raster. The slope values can be calculated
either in percentage. Preparation of a slope map is a part of the
hydrological analysis. Slope map is prepared using
triangulated irregular network map as an input. The obtained
slope categories are classified into seven classes as per All
India Soil and Landuse Survey (AIS & LUS).
The slope map is divided into seven broad classes as per All
India Soil and Landuse Survey (AIS&LUS), which is shown in
the TABLE 2. The very steep slope is seen mostly in the
western region and less in eastern and southern regions. The
very gentle slope is seen in smaller portions covering all over
the study area. The larger portion of the study area has a
nearly level slope. The slope map is shown in Fig. 7.

3.1.6 Aspect Map

The aspect values of the output raster will be measured in the
compass direction (i.e. 0o -360o in a clockwise direction).
Similarly, flat surfaces which do not possess any direction can
also be depicted. Preparation of aspect map is a part of the
hydrological analysis. Aspect map is prepared using
triangulated irregular network map as an input.
Aside from flow direction and flow accumulation, slope and a
spect maps play a crucial role in hydrological modeling.
Aspect is measured clockwise in degrees from 0o north to 360o
north. Aspect is the direction of the slope a hill faces. Flat Fig. 7. Slope map
slopes have no direction and are given a value of -1 which is TABLE 2
present in most parts of the study area and very steep slope SLOPE CATAGORIES IN ANIGUNTA MICRO WATERSHED
face the north direction in the western part of the study area. Class Percentage Slope Category
The aspect map is shown in the Fig. 8.
1 0-1 Nearly level

2 1-3 Very gently sloping

3 3-5 Gently sloping

4 5-10 Moderately sloping

5 10-15 Strongly sloping

6 15-35 Moderately steep to steep

sloping
7 >35 Very steep sloping

Fig. 8. Aspect map

3.1.7 Flow Direction Map

The direction of flow reflects the direction of surface movemen
t.The raster for output flow direction displays eight potential d
irections. Preparation of flow direction map is a part of the
hydrological analysis. Slope map is prepared using
triangulated irregular network map as an input. The direction
of flow of rainwater towards east direction is high and more

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Fig. 9. Flow Direction map

3.1.9 Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Map

Thematic land classes can be derived digitally by grouping
pixels that have similar spectral signatures from the
measurements of individual bands throughout the spectrum.
Usually, this classification is made with visible, near-infrared,
and middle infrared part of the spectrum. Image
interpretation was carried out with the help of nine elements
of interpretation key. Land use refers to the actions of man
and the various uses that are carried on the land covers. Land
cover refers to natural vegetation, artificial covering of the
water bodies rock or soil and others arising from land

towards south direction and least flow of rainwater is towards

north and northwest directions whenever there is rainfall.
Flow direction map is shown in Fig. 9.

3.1.8 Flow Accumulation Map

Flow accumulation is produced from the data on the error-free
raster elevation. High flow ranges in the output raster are
localized flow areas which are critical for identifying potential
stream channels. Likewise, those zones with zero(low) flow
accumulation value are the areas that are topographically high
like ridges.
The results of the high accumulated flow are used to create a
stream network. Likewise, the stream network is used to
produce stream order, stream line, and stream connection as
data. Preparation of flow accumulation map is a part of the
hydrological analysis. Slope map is prepared using transformations. Different features of landuse or land cover
triangulated irregular network map as an input. High flow are listed here. Built-up land or settlements are an area of
accumulation of rainwater is indicated by white colour and it human housing created as a result of non-agricultural use and
is concentrated mainly in the central region whenever it rains protected by houses, transportation and communication,
and other parts of the study area do not have this high factories, educational institutes, water, vegetation and vacant
concentration of accumulation which is indicated by grey land related services. All manmade constructions covering the
lines. Flow accumulation map is shown in Fig. 10. land surface are included under this category. These are
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human settlements comprising residential areas, 8 water bodies 13.33

transportation and communication lines, Industrial and
commercial complexes, utilities and services etc. Their shape
and high reflectivity differentiate them from other classes.
Agricultural land is the land primarily used for farming and
for the production of food. It includes land under crops
(irrigated and unirrigated), fallow, plantations etc. Croplands
are further classified into two types depending on the season
in which they are cultivated kharif and rabi.
Fallow land is defined as agricultural land, cultivated but tem
porarily permitted to rest, uncropped for one or more seasons,
but not less than a year. Forests exert an influence on climate
and water regime and also provide shelter for wildlife and
livestock.Water Bodies comprise surface water areas, either in
the form of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs or as streams, rivers,
canals and so on. Scrubland is the land with scrub, these are
lands with soils that are too soft, skeletal or chemically
degraded lands with moderate to steep slopes and are mostly
covered in varying density and height scrubs. Land without
scrub occupies relatively higher topography. These lands are
generally prone to degradation or erosion due to various
natural and manmade activities. Land user – land cover map
is prepared by using survey of India toposheet number
56G/10/SW of scale 1:25,000 and by using IRS P6 LISS IV
satellite data of December 2018 in ArcGIS 10.3 software. In
Landuse/landcover map various Landuse/landcover classes
are identified and digitized by using polygons from the
satellite imagery and Survey of India toposheet and each class
is named in the attribute table. The land use/land cover map In the present study, various land-use categories of Anigunta
is prepared by using toposheet and satellite data available for micro-watershed cover an area of about 1477hectares.
December 2018 is shown in Fig. 11. The area covered by each Agricultural Land in the study area is of three types they are
Fig. 10. Flow Accumulation map Kharif crop, double crop, and fallow land. The major rainfed
Land use/land cover category is shown in TABLE 3 and crops are cotton, chilies, Paddy, groundnut, maize, jowar,
the percentage area covered by each feature is shown in Fig. sunflower, wheat, oilseeds, Millet’s that Red gram, black
12. It has been observed that majority of the area is covered grams and etc. There are two different crops identified they
with land with scrub and availability of surface water bodies are kharif crop and double crop.Out of the total area, 317.92
is less and the agricultural activities in the study area are hectares is covered by kharif crops, and 77.89 hectares in the
carried out with the help of groundwater resources only. area covered by double crop (kharif and rabi). Fallow lands
TABLE 3 devoid of crops at the time when the imagery is taken for both
LULC CLASSIFICATION FOR ANIGUNTA the seasons and the total area covered with fallow land is
S.no. Landuse/landcover Type Area in 256.21 hectares. The total area covered with forest land is
hectares 254.13 hectares.
The land with scrub is present in the western part of the
1 Kharif crop 317.92 study area where the steep slope is seen. The total land area
2 Double crop 77.89 covered with scrub is 422.61 hectares. Land without scrub
occupies some portions of the eastern part of the study area
where the moderate slope is seen. The total land area covered
3 fallow land 256.21 with without scrub land is 123.12 hectares. There are only four
4 Forest 254.13 settlements present in the study area. The total area covered
under settlements is 12.21 hectares. Surface water bodies are
very less in the study area. The total area covered under water
5 land with scrub 422.61
bodies is 13.32 hectares, so the agricultural needs are met only
with the help of groundwater resources available in the study
6 land without scrub 123.12 area.

7 settlements 12.21 3.1.10 Soil Map

The formation of soils involves many physical, chemical and
biological activities in the layers of the Earth. The soil is
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produced by weathering of rock material by disintegration

process. Soil layers consist of various decayed living
organisms, water, gas, and minerals. Essentially soil survey is
a study and mapping of soils in the field. It is the systematic
examination, description, classification, and mapping of soils
of an area.
The soils in the study area are of four different type’s namely
gravelly loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clayey Fig. 11.
LULC map
loam. The Soil map of the study area is shown in Fig. 13. And
the area covered by each type of soil is shown in TABLE 4.
Fig. 12. LULC type in percentages

3.1.11 Geomorphology Map

Geomorphology is the science of description, systematic
interpretation and the study of the genesis of landforms
(secondary topographic features) produced by a variety of

exogenetic and endogenetic forces. Geomorphology deals with

the study of the nature of the intra and interrelationships of
different landforms and processes. Geological structure is the
dominant controlling factor in the evolution of landforms.
Continents, oceans, mountains, plateaus, valleys, deltas, etc.,
are some of the examples of landforms. Landforms can be
divided into three orders. First order landforms include
continents & oceans, Second order landforms include
mountains, plateaus, and plains and Third-order landforms
include hills, valleys, and deltas. Geomorphology helps in the 4 Fine, mixed Clayey 427.24
mapping of different landforms. Hydro-geomorphology is the Loam
science of description of various geomorphic units (landforms)
along with their groundwater conditions. Geomorphic maps
are prepared for a variety of purposes such as land resource
mapping, watershed studies, terrain evaluation, and soil
classification in addition to groundwater studies.
In the study area, thick lateritic plateau covers the larger
portion of the study area which is elevated flat land surface
where the drainage density is moderate. A moderately thick
lateritic valley covers the least area in the study area where the
weathered and fractured zones are present and these are
potential zones for the groundwater occurrence. The
moderately thick lateritic plateau is less thick when compared
with the thick lateritic plateau. The geomorphology map of the
study area is shown in Fig. 14. And the area covered by each
type of geomorphic feature is shown in the TABLE 5.
TABLE 4
VARIOUS TYPES OF SOIL CATEGORIES
S.No Soil Series Soil Type Area in
Hectares
1 Fine, kaolinitic Gravelly 708.26
Loam
2 Fine, kaolinitic Sandy Loam 326.22 TABLE 5
VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF GEOMORPHIC FEATURES
S.no Geomorphic feature Area in hectares
3 Very fine, Sandy clay 15.28
montmorillonitic loam

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1 Thick lateritic plateau 901.53
2 Moderately thick lateritic 38.74
valleys
3 Moderately thick lateritic 536.73
plateau
Fig. 13. Soil map
Fig. 14. Geomorphology map
4 PROPOSED ACTION PLAN
Proposing different soil and water harvesting
structures play a very important role. Priority locations are
identified by overlaying various thematic maps in ArcGIS 10.3
using raster calculations. Various water harvesting structures
are proposed at appropriate locations depending on the
priority location by using drainage, slope, land use land cover,
soil, groundwater prospectus and hydro geomorphology
maps in the present study area. The action plan is proposed is
shown in Fig. 15. Two percolation tanks are constructed by
earthen bunds one across third order stream on the south-
eastern part of the study area and other across fourth order
stream which is present in the central part of the study area for
which slope should be less than two percent. Ten check dams
are constructed for stabilizing the slope and harvesting runoff
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water from the watershed. These are made with locally
available materials and are temporary structures. These are
constructed across first and second order streams, with
medium sloping areas. Seven check dams are proposed on
first order streams most which are located in the western part
of the study area and the remaining three on second-order
streams. Contour bunding is the semi-permanent measure,
suitable for all areas irrespective of rainfall and types of soils.
Contour bunding is closely placed dense plantations like
grasses, legumes, and shrubs etc. which are generally grown
in few parallel rows along the contours for effective control of
soil erosion in agricultural lands and for groundwater
recharge with flat to steep topography. Most of the contour
bunding is proposed in the western part of the study areas it
has a steep slope where the contours are concentrated
maximum.
Fig. 15. Proposed Action Plan for Anigunta watershed
5 CONCLUSION
Below are the few conclusions drawn from this study?
i. The drainage pattern of the study area is a dendritic
type of network which provides information for
understanding both structural controls of surface flow
as well as recharge zones.
ii. The highest elevation contour is 660 meters and the
lowest elevation contour identified is of 590 meters
above the mean sea level.
iii. The hydrological analysis is carried with the help of
the prepared raster. The very steep slope is present
towards the northern direction in the western region
and most the study area has a nearly level slope in the
study area. Flow direction is mainly seen in east and
south direction and maximum flow accumulation is
in the central region of the study area.
iv. From the Land use Land cover map prepared, it is
concluded that land with scrub and crop covered
most part of the study area and the main source for
irrigation is groundwater.
v. Most of the study area is covered with lateritic
plateau but there are few weathered zones where the
ground is moderate to good. The study area is mainly
characterized by loamy soils.
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vi. In the study area ten check dams of which seven are REFERENCES
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areas have less than two percent slope. Contour
[2] Rajesh Rojora, ―Integrated watershed management,‖ Rawat Publications,
bunding is proposed on steep slope areas of the study
Jaipur and New Delhi, pp. 339, 343, 1989.
area. All these structures are proposed at appropriate
[3] Dixit, ―Drainage basins of Konkan forms and characteristics,"
locations based on the raster theme weights.
National Geographical Journal India, pp. 79-105, 1976.
[4] Khan, Moharana, ―Use of remote sensing and geographic
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Strip cropping, Mixed cropping is a practice of growing more
131-141, 2002.
than one crop in the same field so there will be one main crop and
[5] Krishnamurthy, Srinivas, " Role of geological and geomorphologic
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factors in groundwater exploration: a study using IRS LISS data,"
recommended in the existing fields which can help in the
International Journal of Remote Sensing, pp. 2595-2618, 1995.
prevention of soil erosion, land capability, improves soil.
[6] Krishnamurthy, Venkatesesa Kumar, Jayaraman and Manivel, "An
Wastelands can be regenerated by sowing seeds of grasses, and
approach to demarcate groundwater potential zones through remote
leguminous plants can be grown to increase the green canopy
sensing and a geographical information system," International Journal
and for improving soil moisture, raising levels of groundwater
of Remote Sensing, pp. 1867-1884, 1996.
levels and also serves as a fodder for animals. Artificial recharge
[7] Madhava Rao, Herman, and Kesava Rao, "Generation of action plans
methods and various types of irrigational practices can be
for watershed development using satellite imagery," NIRD,
adapted to recharge groundwater in the vast unutilized area like
Hyderabad, pp. 56-84, 2010.
land without scrub. Proper Planning and care have to be taken in

the selection of sites for bore wells in the future with the help of
Remote Sensing maps, geophysical and hydro-geological studies.
Awareness among farmers has to be created at village or Mandal
level by organizing campaigns.

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