REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTURES 1 – CI2091
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Instructor: Ho Huu Chinh Email: chohuu@hcmut.edu.vn

 Chapter 2
Properties of reinforced concrete

2.1 Properties of concrete

2.2 Properties of steel rebar
2.3 Compatibility between concrete and steel rebar

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_01

 2.1 Properties of concrete

• Compressive strength
• Tensile strength
• Stress and strain relationship
• Modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio
• Creep and shrinkage
• Thermal expansion and contraction
For more information, please see
https://www.eurocodeapplied.com/design/en1992/concrete-design-properties

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_02

 2.1 Properties of concrete
• Compressive strength (EC2, 3.1.2)
o Characteristic cylinder strength (fck) is determined at 28 days
of a cylinder specimen
o Characteristic cube strength (fck,cube) is determined at 28 days
of a cube specimen

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_03

 2.1 Properties of concrete
• Compressive strength (EC2, 3.1.2)

Recommended values: gC = 1.5 acc = 1

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_04

 2.1 Properties of concrete
Characteristic and mean compressive strengths for different strength classes in EC2

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_05

 2.1 Properties of concrete
• Tensile strength (very low approximately 10% of compressive strength)

Recommended values: gC = 1.5 acc = 1

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_06

 2.1 Properties of concrete
Values of tensile strength in relation to strength class in EC2

(a) Direct tensile test (b) Splitting test (c) Flexural test

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_07

 2.1 Properties of concrete
• Stress-strain relationship (EC2, 3.1.7)

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_08

 2.1 Properties of concrete
• Modulus of elasticity (Ecm) and Poisson’ ratio (n)

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_09

 2.1 Properties of concrete

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_10

 2.1 Properties of concrete
• Creep of concrete
Creep is time dependent deformations of concrete under permanent loads, for example
long-term deflections in beams or long-term shortening in columns and walls. When
concrete is subjected to compressive loading, it deforms immediately. If the applied
load is maintained, concrete undergoes additional deformations even without any
increase in the load. This time-dependent strain is called creep.

drying
Creep
basic

Shrinkage

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_11

 2.1 Properties of concrete
• Shrinkage of concrete
Shrinkage is shortening of concrete due to cement hydration and drying…, and
shrinkage is independent of applied loads. It is also a time-dependent strain measured
in an unloaded specimen. Shrinkage is mostly a combination of autogenous shrinkage
and drying shrinkage, while the deformations of plastic, thermal, carbonation shrinkage
are small and not considered within the design process.

Creep

(autogenous
Shrinkage
+ drying)

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_12

 2.1 Properties of concrete
• Thermal expansion and contraction
Concrete expand or contract under the changes in temperature. If concrete is free to
deform, the expansion or contraction strain will not cause any additional stress to
structures  no cracking
The coefficient of
thermal expansion, αc,
of concrete is a measure
of the free strain
produced in concrete
subject to a unit change
in temperature and is
usually expressed in
microstrain per degree
centigrade (με/°C).
Values are typically in
the range 8–13 με/°C.

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_13

 2.2 Properties of steel rebar

• Classification of rebar
• Tensile strength
• Stress and strain relationship
• Modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_14

 2.2 Properties of steel rebar
• Classification of rebar
f

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_15

 2.2 Properties of steel rebar
• Classification of rebar

(a) Hot rolled steel (b) Cold worked steel

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_16

 2.2 Properties of steel rebar
• Tensile strength of rebar

EC2 fyk (MPa) k = ft / fyk euk (%)

B500-A 500 1.05 2.5

B500-B 500 1.08 5.0

B500-C 500 1.15, <1.35 7.5

TCVN fyk (MPa) k = ft / fyk euk (%)

CB240-T 240 1.58 2.0

CB400-V 400 1.42 8.0

CB500-V 500 1.30 8.0

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_17

 2.2 Properties of steel rebar
• Stress-strain relationship

Recommendation:
gS = 1.15

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_18

2.3 Compatibility between concrete and steel rebar

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_19

2.3 Compatibility between concrete and steel rebar
✓ Concrete and steel reinforcement work together in reinforced concrete structures.
The advantages of each material seem to compensate for the disadvantages of
the other. For instance, the great shortcoming of concrete is its lack of tensile
strength, but tensile strength is one of the great advantages of steel. Steel
reinforcement bars have tensile strengths equal to approximately 100 times that
of the concretes normally used.
✓ The two materials bond together very well so there is little chance of slippage
between the two. Thus they act together as a unit in resisting forces. The
excellent bond obtained is the result of the chemical adhesion between the two
materials, the natural roughness of the bars, and the closely spaced rib shaped
deformations rolled onto the bars’ surfaces.
✓ Reinforcement bars are subject to corrosion, but the concrete surrounding them
provides the bars with excellent protection. The strength of exposed steel
subjected to the temperatures reached in fires of ordinary intensity is nil, but
enclosing the reinforcing steel in concrete produces very satisfactory fire ratings.
Finally, concrete and steel work well together in relation to temperature changes
because their coefficients of thermal expansion are quite close.

Chapter 2: Properties of reinforced concrete page II_20