BY LIONEL CASSON Ships and Seamanship in THE ANCIENT WORLD ‘THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS BALTIMORE AND LONDONab yy Minnie Pen ew pag 8195 The ee pin ies Pa ‘vig ve gay se ahd ny Pat Unie Pei esgic tio pr “Teh phi ety Pr mer Mind 6 i ape Clin ied caer ak ti Bish ay Iseveanssroa4ahy To Judy, Gail, and AndiPREFACE Mex orm ances world throughout he pan of hei itor, were oth to sray far frm the ve. I wat worn ito the fabri of hie lines and among this reat contusion tater ages was thir mastering ofthis upebly weal bur want dangerous Way of communication. "The ancient marines of th{ Mediterranean ta claim credit for most cf the major dcovere in ship and wing thatthe western world was to kaow unl the age of seam, The dal ofthis achiverent—the ar agement they hit upon for rsting war galleys the sigs they devised fr merchanmen the ways they worked out for ssembling a hull, and the likeaake up a highly tecical and spcalied subject, ye one that thay an intimate connection with ancient man's dayo-day experience. Tt ‘eno acident that he eat Bat pe poet chet sig of a toumosed i ot hii to ati ght «culm Dope te malt imporans of theses, sow ame oe te ding ter ot he very end ofthe a centery. In 8 Cel Tore publed his dace Ship ast bot admis armay PW Wat then known shox the Sign construaion and equipment of Grek and Roman cafe Thi filled mach of he nen but badly all and hgh "Torr promised studs ofthe cher phn of shippog, he never eed them cmpleon, More beat the rowing mas of aon rte archos were stay uosarthing even wht be dd peo ‘denon became ox “Then, er World War Il, nderwater archaeal sprang int beng and bean pa wou of tly new vdees. This ent at Toe tok war now pela sie. Ar the sane ting, by a cro ny, the very one who bad out hor flne guaranteed it new Tee onli he cr ncening suber of dives who tak wp marine archac- ly, nd io fn ted i dea of Medterancan nat ane ful made Ancient Ship thee rade meri wa afer al the sole ‘erence work salable The sepptup demand bgt about + new Fring a 16 tough cla eond elie, reprodued Toe tet Wikoo skein. ott gather etl orth resent work in 1953 when, with he hulpal a gant fom the Guggahem Foundaton 1 visted the poner Cceraton of an scat wreck Oat Jcgbs Coens had opened at— 1 yee abt ne Mites. compee he mana st «dee 159-2 Nand halter wk he lp tte a rat en he Nao Ewen forth Fann wich yi ne ‘ yer ava fo lor dts sled me sel te vee hal gee ta ‘te on, Mri fasten wpe Tors menogaph with a eomprchensive sod pode work af rec! hae bedened th pe nde Al ae of rf rom ny iting co mer Bracers {tom an adil’ pig «crapping spay, The td to cores thm inal apt wi heat int than th ona sale tht dove tenth ocean en tnt mand he es at ‘wegen tem the spe te hd. sd we, The tk wat bythe ely pps of Maron and Willa et Gt Sis abe ao mi oe Cnc tt tae of te je, hone gue ay ingen Tew of tema fr he at gr Thong gi ty the ertemamet hen en ft me wn th sr ad ay a yeah nye ee elt Str bite my ona oly On te pris nd so {Gece td Rae, hve coin we ad say te nian “hen ak gach eT id ot want mez formulae ‘int we nwa hk we Laon yen int 1 we eal Scene putter the ade poten of wt ut Low Si te on: And he tet ery ape yt at Sit wht rides intent Weng Caen bevy dame welt wor ec aos), ps sa ‘apes and mode he er a sch nd ver, Theme ‘Tato well he many eatrovni plate lias sly sch a thi The that eed extend cn el a topes to speilizal forthe tex and ton voluminous for nos, ae Sale ‘within appendices. aie ao my of hes har ied wih some phase ofthis fl Ihave designed my work forthe fll spear ot sade, fom the psa in he history of technabgy oe in anit Fistry and Resor to thse with but «casual ines in the apt ‘Thetert feof Grek character or sina etre citations fom the Grek or Latingeneally quota in exeno for handy reference te cerysere given in rarlton ar well tthe ecg the publeatios of aut experts are refered to at fel those of Clas scholar and rchacologts; wherever posible, paras ave been adduced from the thipe and pret of ltr ages have bid moch welcome hep. Thwe aleady mentioned the grants I recived from the Nasional Endowment for the Humane: and the Guggeaheim Foundation. 1 smu hak in parca the former deco of the Guggenheim Found tion, Heney Allen Moe, who, «profesional seaman himself onetime, fa followed ay werk with gratifying iatret. New York Univers fon two osasoos awarded me grants for wave and the acquiring of photograp Tove an coormous db othe underwater achaologis. George Bs ‘Gerhard Kapitan Michael Kater, Peer Throckmorton, Frederick van Deoraink,Jrall hive uasiatiagly supplied photographs of, and in formation about, their Itt findings, while Prédéie Duman, M, Ys Gira, Aana Margucite McCann Kindly alowed me to reproduce hotograp thy had taken. Inde, Cam grateful to many who genes ‘uly provided phatgraphe: A and AM. Bon, Michael Hisman, Alon Franz, Ch, Mikaronas, Mario Moret, John Marion, Ent Nash, Jovephine Powell G. M. Richer, tes "Tesaguzza. ‘The drawings for Fig 7s and wpa were made by Tonph Asche) for Fig. 173 by Mion Brown, Jan Moron pu at my sapoal ase of proofs of his Greck Cured Ship six months before ww pobetion, and Roberto Peli, publaber of O. Testaguzss's Porta, ried the Br copy off he pres {tno my hands. Ihave had ovale advice on naval mater from Ole GromfinPedenes, Mano Gur, above all R. C, Andenon; on Gree tava tactics fom Herman Waliaga: on point of Roman law from ‘Arthur Seiler; on papyrlopical preblems from Naphta Lewis oo Inumismate pont foun Bhima Tras on macees relating to ancient art from John Ward Perkins and Blanche Brown; on Egyptian shipaanes ftom Alan Schulz “A dul and lavlved manos was put in superb shape fr prince and platomaker by the til of Pally Hanford and Jan Lily. “The manusce andthe cals dat that gece twee typed by my vf; without he pint and able elp the completion ofthis ook would Inve taken years more Ard Rae D. Michelman conuibuted long 2nd arduous hous to dhe preparation ofthe nderes. Sly 297 RomeCONTENTS Prelace 2 List of Hiateations (Corean On: Flas, Rafts and che Balt Bots 1 Raft The Bare Boats CCusrraa Two: Egypt and Mepotaia 1 Egypt: The Predyoasic Age IL Egypt goo 2 1 Meepocmia ‘Arenson 12 Riverboat of Mesopotamia 2 Towing, CCaurrms Tan: The Esters Medteranean:jo1000 ne. 1 The Aegean : Ml Cree 1K The Levant IV Somnary Arrmiut: The Evidence ‘Ciaran Foun: The Eaton Mediterranean: 10050 6 1 The Homeric Galley 1 Galleys on Geometric Vases LL The Invention of the Two Banked Galley TV. Sach Century Warcalt the Blck Figured Vues V Merchntmen VI Rig [Armes 1: The Ship lee on Geomire Vases 2: Aghaact in Geomctrie Age Representations CCourre Fit: The Age ofthe Tareme: 570533 46. I The “Taceme Question” Tetrion ofthe Teeeme IIL The Rowing Arrangements IV. Hull of the Greck Treme ‘WV Types of Grek Trremes VE The Phoenician Tiree SEFSEUV AY aR NMssS seuyss VALS(Crea Sox: The Washipe af the Helene Age: 3a3¢ a 1 Teneree, Peters, Plyrete, The Onrage of the Pagers IIT Hl Rigging, Armament IV Light Cafe Arocox 1 Ship in Sexton for Transport 2: The Naval Arme Racy 319250 86 (Cusrra Se: The Roman Imps and Byeastine Navies 1 The Reman Imgesil Novy Ml The Byzantine Navy ‘Avrmenx: Coin Evident far Single Buked “Fours” "Five" and Large Units ‘Curren Ese: Merchant Galleys CCusrran Now: Selig Ships 1 Size 1 Hull IL Hold, Decks, Accomodations ‘Arrowoc: Tonnage and Dimensions of Ancient Freghtrs ‘Causa Tie Shipbuilding ‘Avrowox 12 Hull Characerisis of Ancient Weeks 21 Odyses" Bout (2.524457) 3: The Teemiaclogy for Sirctral Members of ‘he Hill, ‘Cours Faavnw: Rudder, Rigging, Mclancous Equipmest 1 Ruder 1M Rigging ML The Wanbip Rig IV. The Mechanubip Rig V Foreand-Alt Ri VI Micellancou Equipment Arron 1 "The Terminology for Rigging 2: The Wanhips Emergeacy Rig 43° Did Symes Sail on a Later? (Crurrm Tw: Sens and Winds, Sailing, Rowing, Speed 1 Seaoos and Winds Sang 4 ML Rowing WV Spend V Speed of Flats Under Ss ‘Avrexvt: The Alerandis Rome Sling Schedule Curren Tirmrene: Ofcrs snd Men 1 Nery Merchant Marine Avresur: The Use of Staves Ccusren Fours: Small Craft 1 Skis Rivera Il Harbor Craft IV. Coal Cre ‘V_ Geographil Types CGuurres Forms: Markings and Names 1 Markings Names (Curran Serra: Harbors 1 Eady Grek Harhors, Greek std Roman Naval Bases MD Greek and Reman Comercial Harbors Lise of Abbevistions Glowary of News Teme (Gosry of Grek and Lata Temas Indexes General Index Index of Cations Inde of Ships" Names ‘Addenda and Corrigenda “7 48ILLUSTRATIONS Iolowing p30 Rafe of ited shi, Rl frotn the Palas of Sennacerb (5 tne). Air V. Plc, Nive et Faure a (Pai 1867) Pega. Herulr ona pot aft Etnucan carted gem (Gh na). Pato cour ey ofthe German Archelogia Tutu, Rome Primitive cared vert in brdeye view. ave of Armaan psi (eso ne) After Antgty 35 (999) Bg Rive sre with coral and fermen riding inflated Boats, Reet from the Plc Sennacheri (yom), row athe Beith seam (BM 1242), Photo Mal ‘aime ocd vents with ais. Vase of Geracan pid (cx "00 ne) Alter Pai, Prekioc Egypt (London 130) pl. 0, ‘The caren example of si. Vase of late Gezcan prod (300 te) Afer H. Pant, Studies in Bary Ptry ofthe New sts (London is) pl 358. Mode of ceed tat Late Predyaic pid (C3100 42). From ‘Nagads, and tow in the Ashmolean Moscum, Oxord. Photo couresy ofthe museum, Modes of red bet ofthe XI Dynasty (c.an0 ne). Tn the Ciro ‘Marcum. Photo curry of the Matopolan Mca of At Now Yor. ‘Nob huting in the marshes from red canoe. Rel inthe tomb ‘of Tat Sakkaa (ca. a0 x). Photo Hlimer, Mode of wood riverboat (43000 na) in the Metopaitan Mo sm of At Photo courtesy of the meu Boatwright posing together a rivera owt of shot lengths of planking Ret fom te tm of Khnembosp x Bent Han (aan a2) Afr Kier. Model of wooden sveboat (e210 16). Alter ©. Jie, Fouls 12 Saygarah Ler Pyramies des ines Nei t Apout (Ciro 1939) fi 2, Dawg showing the eonsrcion of one ofthe Dabs boa Ar Reins, 303, Recoatucon of & masive buge carrying oes. Rel from7 he templet Hat ti ar cn) Afr MM 26 (1940) 24045, fig, 2 15 The Faypton mo olin. Reker the Wea Tem iS Say Ate Wein edd eae fdas Ep (Peg 16 Siting eth pt nod al Wl ing fhe ‘ob of Hayat Ths (apt), Ate Deir Out (eto elw) pb 7 Raypin serpin vote mid-rd millenium ne Rett Tr de mora tempt Sse a Abs 25042) Phew coun othe Sece Misc, andi 18 Beptin sng veel ofthe mid ileium n Ree rm templet Hep at Deir Dah. 8c) Afr A. Maret, Der Beer Lapis 18). 1 Salinger with pod ma norte sal Paling fom the tmb of Kao hae aoerayoo ve Aer Deca apd Gains i pir ag egy Bree 2 hy mad f+ Maoptanion sil pmbsly «con oe) Fa titi Pe Fa Sct mp cane f Life Meare, cpyigt 96 Time, Ie 24, Meoptmin ed bt. Sl (cag ne) i the Be Maca (on), Pho ey ofthe Mam ‘The Argan Galley 2 Tecra “ying it” fom Sys Gd milaiom a2). CE Nestor tr 79. Ps cour Janine Towa 23. Cy model fom Palate, Cree (dl nlm ne), Maron "oro. 19 Aer En 24. Gali ct ae) found on Mae, Ae Antigua 3 (45) 6 25. Rakslawig frm Hy, Ges (as peta), OOS Tso, Leper, Sppe (Aces gg) ws sd Phe sooner o Alton Fane, 26, Ceca (er pn) Manso Ae a 2 Ona fm Cyan 2). Abe Seller Eafe Alin: Novels misions ex Cire, peg» (Pat So) 5g 3 28, Chay fx fom Pye (2001100 #2). GOS, A a Aer ph rch ‘Goud tobe 245, List OF ILLUSTRATIONS sa. Vase from Asin (rtes00 22), GOS, BA 3. After O. dda and “A. Pesson, dain, Renltrof the Swelish Exezbtons 1922 {9 (Seockboln 138) 8-272. 4 Cap from Ese 5200 x2). GOS, Geom a8, Photo courtesy of the National Archaeal Museum, Aten ‘he Aegean Mercasan sie As Fig. 24 bor As Fg 3 be Betis a acgued cup ofthe be Gt ae (ee Fig 8 be tow) Geral Vee Pred on Sas ste Minoan sea EMC nt (2, sa 8). Muito no. 28. After "mf 77 ga Mino sal EM re Maino 39. After Era 6 { Minoan sel EM wt Mavis mp. Afr Evan B38 46" Minoan wa MM (cyano). Aer P- Dear aise de Tr gre (ac) sa sp. Miogan ea 1D (eee). fer Mains 005 3 Min ak LM. Aer A. kl ere mines tection Giaralat(P 198) m0 34 sp. Mian seal EM Ate Err 8 oy 2B Minen sa Ain (ch tpn). Aer. Renma, CMMS i (Ber Tin 196) 0.18. ‘ge Minoan 2a EM Aer V. Kean, CMMS vx (Bein 167) ‘ge Masa ta 1M, Aer V. Kean, CMMS vw (Bin 19) 4: Minn eh EM. After A Soro, CMMS 1 (Bei 196) 0 se Mate, LM. Aes V Kean, CMMS (Beta) 2. 45 Minor seal LMDx (ca 1910n).After V. Kean, CMS wa (Ber in 96). Round Hulled Cretan Vsels 46 Fragment from Phylakopi on Melos (rd millennium ne). AferLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 Dusnud, Les cicaions prbeténiguer (Pact 3914) 46, i. 55. 47 Minoan sea, MM n (c.1o x). Marino no 40. After Evans Be. 9. 4 Mins al MM (c, 20001609.) Marnatos no. 38 After Evae ‘Scripta Mince 195 2p, “# Pragment from Myeense (12001100 na), Mavists a0. 15. ‘Aer C. Twounas and J. Mana, The Mycenaren Age (Loon 1925) 333 Bi. a8. 5 Gold ornament from Tiyns. LH un (ca. 130 ne). Matntos no. ‘3 Aler Bran 8.43, 5%. Goldring from Crete, LM. Afr Evan fi. 923 5% Chy seal from Crete, LM (e140 ne). Ate Kenn, Cretan Seals (Orfoed 9) 9 fg 15. 58 Chy wal fom Crete, LM 1. Afer Kenn, Cretan Sel pf 121 Sell Craft with Projecting Forefoot, ‘5 Chy model from Macon EM 1 (ea, aonagon ne). Matinator 0 2. After M, Eber, Ralleiton der Vorgeaciche x1 (Beli 47) 239 6. 1 Symbol from she Phe disk (c, 1600 26). Mariatos na. 59 ‘After Evans, Seite Minow 1276, fig. 126, . 35 Aoonb ld Mecannen 1. Gal fom Mato ise 3 Si a ati nba Renan Ta (a ipone). Ar TE4'9 (oe) ae Sniping (ie) he Mate der Vorderasiatischen Getellschaft 9 (1904) 113-8, pl. 3 ‘> Diced mein sd on Ine Np i ado Cpe mort). GOR BA Alar A. We sod Sigs 4 Copan oom (non 9) 65 6%, Macha 0 Cee nc) Fo a ferme 461. Naval Bate between Egyptians and Penples ofthe Se. Rel on & temple at Medinet Habu (4.1190 ne). After Journal of Newt stern Studies 3 (1993) 4033 864 G Aphratgally. Fragment of 2 mixing bow (mid th ne) in the Lownre. GOS, Geom. 17, Phos Girsudon. J galley From a ob siing (2 900). AlerR. Lap er Denker our dg nd Atipen (Dn 18188) top Ath pa ne Apa gal. Fragen of portery om the Agen st Athens (a Arno). GS, Com Ate Bs, The dein Tie vs (Pct 195) 9.2 6 Wanbip stacked shore. Prom a mixing bowl (Gt al of Sh no) in be Mexopaan Mascum of At, New York. COS, Geom 35 Po corey ofthe mem. 6, Same hp an Fig. slg of. 6, Bow ofa wahip. Fragment of» mixing bowl (mid thn) in the ‘Lome: GOS, Go, 4 Photo Cinuon (Bow ofa wankip, Fragment of» mixing bowl (width) in the ‘ure, GOS, Gena Afr Kise, 2 Go. Suggeredresonstction ofthe ship in Fi. 6 yo. Twebunked wanbip with bath eves maned. Fagment of potery “rom he Apel Aten endo 32) 005, Gem. ‘er Bert (= Fig 34 abe) 35- 71 Twobunked wasp with fh ve manaed. agent of potery ir the Acme ot Aten (nd af Hh 8) GOS, Goa. 4 ‘er Boer ‘7p: Wardip ering with pper le mana. Fragment of «miing Tow (ena) Inthe Laore GOS, Gam. Pho Gr sudo 2 Singebnakd ahrat wankip, Reet (6h 2) ia Basel Aiken muum, GOS, Ach sbi Pha cours ofthe eum. 1: Tw banked warp preparing ce wih ype eel manned owl frm Ther (ond a of 6h a) in the Bh Max team. GOS, Geom 1p. Aer Kiser, 1p. 15: Pl of the Sighting deck of he hip in Fg 76 Aer Sle, War velar 16. Twobanked Phonic wari. Rel fom the Pale of Sem vache (pote) Inthe Drksh Mesum (BM 1472). oto our of te mem 17 Twounkd wanhip wi oth vs manned Fragment of i Tne tov! (aid ne) inthe Lame GOS, Gam. 1 Photo Gira 78. hosicin twotuaked wankipr abd eanpors, Rl fom theLIST OF LLUSTRATIONS Pace of Seanacherb, Afer A. Layard, The Monuments of Ninerch (London 18) p72. Ct. Foon, note 7. 17 Asia Minor warship. Ree from Karstepe (cu jo 6). Photo ‘cours of Josephine Powell. CE Foun, note 3p. { Merchantmen pepsing to withstand stack Mixing bowl, probably fom south Kal (mith nc) in the Palizgo del Coserator, Rome. GOS, Arch, 5: Photo German Archaclogial Insite, Rome. 8, Pate cra chasing unnupetiog merchantman. Athenian eup (se- ‘ond half of 6th nc) in the Bats Moscum GOS, Arch 8s Photo courcy ofthe minum. (Se Sx, note 114) 1% Pirate raft preparing to board ae merchant attempts to excape. ‘Same ag 4 Twobanked warship, with the banks out of ime, Ja from Coindh (nid wc) inthe Athens Naonal Museum, GOS, Arch 50. 14 Decked wanip. Gem (end of hae) in the Metropolitan Mase ‘of Ary New York. GOS, Arch 107. Pho coy of G. M. Richer, 85 Twotanked warhip probably saoater, Pitcher fom Targuinia (Int 6h 22) GOS, Arc 86. Photo Anderon. 6. Mecchane galley. Clay model om Arathi, Cypras(gdhlth ne), "Now inthe Bes Museum (BM A 2:2). Photo courtcy of he moscam. 8). Another view of galley shown in Fig. 86 8, Twobankal (?) warship withthe wpe eel manned. Fragmentot bowl by Exess (ied quarter of h 2) in the Vile Cla ‘Mascum, Rowe. GOS, Arh. 53. Afr E. Muh, Maserpiee of Greck Dring and Paitng (Landon 1936) 6.5. %, Signed pentcontr. Atheaian owl (cd fall of Gh we) in the Lowe. GOS, Arch 5. Photo Girnudo, 9m Aptract warship ering. Athenian cop (cond half of éh mc) in the Louve. GOS, rch 7. Photo Hirmer 9% Merchant galley. Athenian jag (at Gh we) in the Meeemanno- Westreenianom Museum, ‘The Hague, Photo cousey of the ‘A. Phoenician cargo veel. Rel in the Louvre from the Palace of Sargon (722705 ne) at Khoa 9 Mechastmaa. Vase fom Vuks (th nc) in the Brith Moseum (BMC F230), Phot eousey of the museum, ‘94 Merchaneman. Clay model from Cyprus (h 2.) in the Metopai- ‘an Moscum of Ant, New York 495 Merchentaa, loaded with shipping jar» anchoring. Vase from ‘Cyprus (7th ns) inthe British Meum (Gr. and Rom. Ant ‘92 65) Photo courtesy ofthe mae. 6 Another view of merchanman shown ia Fig. 95. 57. Resoasrucion ofthe merchanman picured in the Tomba della ‘Nave, Tarquin (cul sth ne). Phot courtesy of Dr. M. Moe 68, Sura of « merchant, Votive plage found et Corinth (ih). ‘Ae O. Rayet and M. Coligoon, Hise dete ceramiqe srecque (Pas 138) wf. op, Skach of + wireme ofthe sth 8. in profile view. After GOS to Sle fear argent in ates fhe gh ner 08 oh a5. To views of model showing the oat arrangements ina ts reme ofthe ith ve Model, contracted by Mr. Sinclair Mor ‘ion, ow in he Naonal Martie Meseu, Greenwich. Pho- tos courty of J. $. Moston sos, Suboard side of a Phoenian treme (hard x2). Teneo ‘model fund at Erment, Egypt, now in he Departnent of Orin ‘al and Canal acquit ofthe Naonal Muar, Copen: ‘agen. Photos cousyof the muscu, 104, View fom overcad showing the expanse of the iphig deck. 10g. A Pesan wreme Sal impreion (50/7331 8) found inthe ‘Treaury at Peep. CLE. Schmid, The Trearary of Per sepals (Oriental Insite Commuricaons, 0. 1, Chicago 1339) 4, Photo courey of te Oriental Tnstae of the Un seit of Chicago, Se Fi, ate 0 16, After oro fee Scene (df gh 2.) inced on bronze canker (ihe Fioronian cia in the Vil Gioia Museum, Rome), Peto Alina See Fo, note 37. sep, Pow of «Helle gle. Coin of Dematios Police, mioted (2 jo ne. After G, Hl Sees Grok Goin (Pr 1937) pl ae tof, Reconstruction of a rei showing dhe stra of Rhoian galley (Carved ca 209 22 inthe side of lif near Lindon, Alter Blnkenber. 2List oF ILLUSTRATIONS 109. Graito inthe Maiton de Dionya. Se Fig. 10, "Ho. Gra (Gotha of i 26) ia the Maton de Danyios on Dek. See Bone Frame dihener: Exploration archélgique de Dato fas. 8 (Pars 322) 20205 08 BCH 30 (19) 5952 Photo Mase de le Maine, Pasi. smn, Recnsron of the coeur, Ate Walliga, Boarding Bridge ae snains, Reonsretion ofthe fory” of Prokny TV. ‘ng. Stern of galley. Roman rele (2nd an) in the Plan Spada Rome. Phot Ander. Wankip equipped wih fe pot. Gratin an Akxadsian tomb (Gxt ae). Alter A. Sci, lerndrinicke Ding x (Lepr 293) pl NG, Helene gly. Del of 4 moss in the Palasso Baber at alton (erly nt 22) 1, Heian, Deal of Fig. 3 118, Oarpor (942 361 m= 3 1/16" x 143/16) ofa Helene ga ley (fo nz), Deal ofthe potside of the prowshped bate on which the Vioy of Subothrace tnd, Phot couresy ‘ofthe Service de Documentation Phtoraphique dea Réunion des Manes Nationaux, 1p, Tworanked gly. Pro «eens, done in aie pop ye ‘probably from a wm (ands ne—not irscany at sige by A. Roach, Guide irs del Museo Nasionle di Nepal, [Napl pe .G,and [Sel uae ad mare, Min 2935 19s). tan Galley, probably a quadtree or quinguereme, bebagng tothe fet of Sets Pompe. Cai of . Nasi, on ofthe aia ited 36 ne CE BM Repub mp 9031. Phow cut tay ofthe Kon, Peannghabine, The Hague le, probably larger an qingucems, longing to the eet of Mark Antony. Cin mite by Antoy in 32st ne. Cl. BM Republe ups no. 233 Pho uty of he Kon, Penning kabine, The Hague sam. A twotuaked and singlebanked gay of the Roman Ime ‘el Navy. Coin of Hadan (na 1738) CE BM Empire tm, Hadsan no. 195. Afer a photograph inthe Moco dla Civil Rotana, Rome 124. Foe view of Roman gly. Tne of Neo. Deal of «pining LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Polyps nd Calta) inthe House of he Pret Amanda in Pompei Phot German Archaeslopal Taste, Rome sag, Roman tee. Relic Ona (cond hal of stn). The promi eat rectangle not the eps bt plague bering dhe hi’ device. 126, Grillo (end ofr a2 o begining of rt an) of 2 Roman quad rem (nar ters longa). Found st Albs Fuces. The low hull would Be snglebanked, at most a doubletanked, rangement of rowers. After Not Se (953) #30 2p. The prow of Tee's treme with artemom raved. Above, a bur san wih ling ig fered and ring on crates. From Tes jan columa (Cichoros Soar), Photo German Archasogiea Tse, Rome ‘a8, Emperor Trajan athe helm ofa rree (ate the quar ssl ‘ong the cabin nd he commande ight hanging from the plutre). Blow, a Rborian ccryig egionary standards From ‘Tajan's Column (Cichorius 79209). Photo German Archao- lage Tase, Rome. tap, Roman wire, Reif (iat 2. st 4) found at Porzoll and now in the Naples Nasonal Museum, Photo Anderson, 130, Twobanked Roman galley, probably» qudsreme o lage. Rel (cond half frst.) found at Praeneste and now inthe Vat ‘can Meum, Phen courtesy ofthe maecom. rot Roman wireme. Relief (iat x6. to st 4) found at Porzull end ‘now ia the Naples National Museum, Photo Andesen, 12. Anaher view of alle shown ia Fi. 20 123, Romaa gay, probably lyger than trirmes, witha fll comple ‘ment of marines. Wallpsining fom the Temple of Isis =t Pompei (st am) and now ia the Naples National Moseum. 154, Dromoa using Greck fre Mlstation in 2 mance of Toanas| Seltzes (4th an) in che Bibbowea Naioal Mads Photo ‘ourtery of the Biotec. 15, Small welfited galley for carrying pasengers, perhaps an admirals ‘ge, Resaisance copy of an ancient votive model found at Rome near the te of barracks that incided the tpl of Tuppiter Redux, where the orginal may have beea deicaeds L-Memore dle pontfcaacsiemia romana darhecog 7 (ou) 232. Te now decorates the fount in front ofthe church of & Marian Dominic Photo Andenoa.136, Revontrution ofthe deck plan of Rerdouas (4 Es, note 4). 137. Tweniyone difeent Kinds of crf nay ofthe merchaet galleys, “Monicfrom Abtsburs (ed oh) and now inthe Basdo Museum, Tunis, After Duval, “Forme” pl 18. Merchant gaily approaching «coat under sil and ons, Paaing from ils neat Simione (end of ut ne). Photo courtesy of ‘he Sopritendena alle anihih dell Lombardia, Mian. 1. Rel of Roman merchant galleys (sce Fc, ote 8). From Aver ‘ano, and now ia the Torona Masum, Rome} ct Antite Denkpaler is 1A. Photo fom a ast inthe Maso della Cid Romina, Rome. 4a. Merchane galley leded with amphorae. Monte (nd or jd a2) found at Tebews in Algein 141. Gale wed for eanporting beats forthe gladatoral gues, Mo ‘i fom a vil at Panea Armesina th) Sci. 142 Salling veel. Rei rm Uses (4. 20) snd now nthe Bech Moseam, Phto courey of the muse, 145 Saling veel pictured on the tomb of Kallio, a shipper (rd ‘43)- Found in Conantinople and now in the Arcesogcl Moscum, Inanbu. Por the inscription, see BCH 44 (520) 35157. 44. Cargo veel shown entering the harbor of Rome and the ted wp ‘ata quy and unloading cf, C. Pad in BCH 76 (153) o Relief (€2 40 20) in the Todonis Museum, Rome. Photo Gabineto Fotgrafco Nazionale, Rome. (See Nist, ote 63, sand Ensen, ace 17.) 14s. Freighter with rounded bow and tandad rig and another with rejecting cutter and hee mated nig pctured atthe cntrace to Rome's har, Moe in the For delle Corporaioni, Oxia (ean 20) 146, Deal of Fig at. 17. Two ves with standard sig and one wih the speicsig plwred ‘atthe entrance to Rome's harbor Surpass (ard a) i the NyCuaberg Glyothek, Copenhagen See AM aaa Photo ‘Anat. 14h Two cont cf at the entrance to Rome’ habor Rel (jr an) ound ia the Catcamb of Prasexatis, Rome. Alter Triple omegai «Ses Sanit Pio XII we (Roene 138). 4 LUST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Cargo vel unde fll sil Reb (rd an) found at Ports and Sw inthe Toros Murcom, Rome. Photo Gabineto Ft tatce Nazionale, Rome. congue in am Advi port. From aan Clima (Cichoris "3s8j10829). Phato German Arcasnlogical Insite, Rome . Sling veel entering por. Prom te wmbstoue of Naevolcia Tychs, ‘upper of Pomp (2.40.5) Plan vicw of the galley ofthe Yas Ade Byrantine week, Alter an Deore ig 6, Seaton of the port side ofthe sip 2 he fourth fame from the ten. Ato, the rot tir; kelow, the hearth tes. Afer van Doering. Ship tthe entrance to Rone’ nor: Mosc rom a howe in Rome {Grd 4) and now inthe Antiquarium ofthe Capitline Mi sain Rome, Pho Alia ull arg res! wit dd ad of amphore resting on dunoage "ele in the Villa Walkonsky, Rome (rd a; ) inthe National Moseum, Heiut Photo Archives Photographie, Pats ‘Dail ofthe Draront A wreck showing the botom of he hull and ‘rine jt stowed in three layen- Photo courtesy of Y. Gira Recanaruton of the car joning teapot to Kec inthe Yas Ada Teaatine wreck After van Doorsiack, 6.20. Planking from the Grand Conloué wreck: one half of a pec hat depts i ited, After Beavis 8 Reconstruction of Fig. 19, showing the potion ofthe morties ‘Alter Beit p34 Reconstruction of eset from the Tita week: pecs of planking thowing mete; planking made fst to frame with tena Teansined by copper a; keelan, Soo Gnber, kee and gar bard sakes. After Taylor fig 35: [A mode Swedish boatrights€ work Phtograph ken in 99; Thom the chives of the Gothenburg Hioreal Muse, fr nied though the ourey of Olt Fst See Tex, note 24 Romina shipwright completing a beat. Rel from the tombstoneList oF nuuusrearions £7. Longin kr al (eae yr a), Se ax, n nn te Aras Mac, Rees. Fs Fe Urn Rome 16, Reconton song te ead fae th Yai Ads yen Se we. Aran Deis 35. Paling om he Ams we. Ph ay of Per Toren 6p, Rennton smi ein of he Yas Ada Bane ‘Tek towing Kel fms Eng wal peed en “Speedy Roping lean gal re ning Eire Aten Dock 18, Pking ints and ng ef be Crm A wack Po Soucy oF Dance 16 Sing sip with ey vil reat ain of Diino Man (x 9) Aer A, AD AF of Roe teh Christa Bmpr of the 1 Cerys o Noone and Arco te Pleo Ura of Bodipr, Dinas Pomoc fn Bud 20) he sy ck ngs seing om, Fam 2 sae of Ose skp (ree ora as) ie Spmgr Man, Ph Geman sei fee Rone 17 Sach neg ing i. "Skah using tng Fag "Ps Sech sig fea 174. Sexe wmting» cee vine as. Oo the uy athe hig nc of whan bly ie ok tain exh rete we nes mae opps coinage Rec Sond a Poa wn ‘Too Mac Rone. Ph ete Uso, ame 1 Shige” wnt wi i rng "wing tl rng” Rel oth een Ro of Cr and hs) i te ‘het! Meus ental 17 Sl ves with ial Relet and 4) in he Asp ‘Museum, “Thaw, . z sr Spiegel colt Rel nthe gene of Dene of Langs ‘ov Gdn ya) ine Arcus vo Sprig al gc Rlt 2 mtn (Roman Imperial pid) inthe Archaeological Mosca, Saloni, Photo ‘natey of Dr. Ch, Makarons. rp: Soviegged craft. Del of Fig. 147. IR Eatecnsiggad raft, Grate on a pice of of tie found on Thass ‘Due indeermitate, See AM. Bon and A. Bon, Ler timbres limphoriqer de Thais (Ele nostic Athos, rade ha. Senne, Pts 157) no. 2274. Photo courtesy of M, and Mine Bon, i, Lateenriged raft, Rei on the tombstone of Alerander of Mile tur (snd 42). Found near Piraeus and aow in the National ‘Arcaclogie Moneum, Athens. Photo courtesy of the mnt fa, Lateensiged craft and smal boa offside vill. Mae (prbe bly ahaa) inthe Maco Core, Veni, Photn courtesy af the My, Tron anchor, with corable tock, ened in wood, From one ofthe "Nem barges. After Ue 27. 18g, Wooden anchor with lead sock, From one ofthe Nem barges: Be- ind, the hal of ne of che barges covered wn te guneles with 2 lead sheathing Phowo Foureea Unione, Rome. 185, Resnstrction ofan anchor with arms and shank held wogether by ‘ead cll, After Benoit ig 91 186, Lead or os wooden zachr stack. The pee has accidentally been at double; originally was i the shor rounded prin the ‘center passing through aol a the shank. Found in Syracuse Habor- Photo couresy of G, Kapiti, 1p. Stone anchor recovered from 2 week of 359 86 off Taam Phow courtesy of Dr. A. McCann. 18K. Sketch showing method of miliag spins dhe wind with ail baled ‘op; ace Tw ate 24 1p, A sierra ofthe Rhine or Moselle Relief om the rombstone ofthe ‘alle Blu (nit a3) in the Mitelreinche Landes eum, Maine Eepéaadau 38x Photo couesy of the museum. typ, Plan of a harbor barge, Same provenience at Fi. 14 19%: Conta craft wnlanding bas of lead onto beach. Mosse from a tomb chamber near Soe (ja), now in the Bardo Mi sum, Tunis, Phto Fetosea Union, RomeLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1o2: Fishing boat. Wallpainting inthe Tombs di Cacia ¢ Pesca Tar ‘hias th x2). 193. A hubor wpa. Note the twin that go from these upward protumaly to th prow ofthe veel undertow, Rel Gon 4 tomb in the Iola Sacra between Ona aad Portis (irda), Phowo Foote Unione, Rome. 1094 Fig boat Roman Imperial perad) found inthe md of what was once she harbor of Caos at Pots. Note the well for Keeping the exch alive. Photo courte of ©, Teaguor, 195. Rivet of the Sarre or Movalle, Relief (2ndjrd nn) in the ‘Rheinsches Landesmuseum, Tier. Eopéuadicn 561 and vo. 2, Sopp pl 08. 196. Move of Ports the harbor of Rome. After Archaolgy 19 (1964) 74 Bi top. Pn and reconstruction ofthe boathouse a Zea, After W.Judich, ‘Topographic won Athen (Millen Handbuch dec Akertums. wineaschaft 1022, Music 1931) 3, 96 SHIPS AND SEAMANSHIP IN THE ANCIENT WORLDCHAPTER ONE Floats, Rafts, and the Earliest Boats ‘Man rast war down tothe sea not in boats but on whatever ‘hey could find that would keep them afoat. A Nev Zealand serigine today pales over Ikes astride 2 bundle of reds, an Tagi herdaman crows steams on an inflated goatskin, a Tamil native ocr his fishing ditting with a log under his arms while a Sindhi ocr his lying prone over an openmouthed pot. Such devices must reach back in an unbroken line to man’s cre forays on the water. Available, simple, cheap, and convenient, they retained a certain vicfulness even after far superior and mote sophisticated devices ‘nad made their appearance? 1 RAFTS, (Owe carly tep must have been from oat orf, from the single Jog or bundle of reeds that would support one pera toa platform that would support several. In wooded ateas, it must have been the raft mos of us know best, of bound logs” Along the Nile or atnid CL Hora 14. The bt known camper of neds al Bot setae nthe Ae ene Gren se them PE 1) or Wie Ar fin sles ing om then sping mr woe (11 St ters Whe Agri coe te snd epee, he Sp oop ‘Seer apima Cacarin ae (Ce, Bel yc Sana ll 37.) ‘le on eats eo hs eon rreing sole etn Sra tne ig «pa ole (rosin, Sa. "When als on er pc of een, hy eld gon | ying ih hatte every sig them Wi hay tei, dong om ake Tai te way me of emp Gros ese coal te apn (lah 30) sd hey Aude veered wk ara verte Bale (Gran ah 98) sete Ones (Arn aa 394). Ce nel sre “Tescl (659) antes te meld fn fog nw ey the 3 49CHAPTER ONE. the marty lover stretches of the Tigris and Buphrates, regions of for tees but thick with reads rafts of red bundles early came into ‘we and, inthe couse of tim served at stepping stone to an impor. tant form of boat, the reed ance (31 below). ‘Where particular geographical conditions or special requirements demanded something beter, a moze sophisticated form of raft came int being, the buoyed raft. In Mesopotamia, fr example, the upper ‘reaches ofthe Tigris and Euphrates with ther swift waters and stony rapids would be death on any ordinary type, Flere, in remote times, someone with imagination, observing his fellows crossing the river on inflated skins, figured out that i one lat could hold up one rider, a numberof floats should beable to hold wp platform cairy- ing several, and thereby invented the felek, the raft made up of 3 wooden frame resting on multiple bladders. Rockatrewn rapids which would splinter 2 log raft wo bis, mercy give Relea few blowouts which can be repaired in shore order. Moreover, when the rafemen want to get home, instead of fighting thee way up- stream, they simply sll che wood ofthe platform, deflate the skins, pile them on some donkeys which they had mindfly loaded aboard at the out, and Iesurely walk back, We ee such rafts pictured in ‘Ayrian relics ofthe eighth century ne, (Fig. x); until afew years ago they were sil in use on the win rivers, including some that were all of 50 feet square and kept allar by as many a8 a thousand skin bladders? it thi wicca erin or ap wg al nds ‘sent tos nde nding sain to meno oie el, okie capil a te ote nr erng 9 ae ‘Ec isnt aw ty hs wor pans sa he Rha i862 iy ara8g: ck lpn 3 rh dno gine the ae) te oer Goma "at his fr Mego Eprints (Dirge). Theat (iin Pl $83) es hb Rann re pe ona te Iie nena groped by mo fer 35 esd ie Sin, Wusrarene 869s Hn ogee te modem ‘steven the Akan werd ata ne Snes asrovang 6 (Hod canon ofthe Itt snd fla mt 20 ele ean, ‘Ava 438 enn he nae eo eine “ee le oe 4 Where there was no danger from rocks, an equally ecient and far cheaper way to buoy a zaft was with a line of pots instead of Jnfated skins, Bo raft are common in egy modern India, where the natives use them in the mudbotomed alluvial areas! Their Celis appearances in connection with a myth of Hercules a serce Gf Etruscan gem picture him comfortably Goating along on such a tafe (Fig.2)* From historical times we have reports of versions large enough to ferry substantial numbers of solders and even war ele- pants acros considerable distaness* THE BARLIEST BOATS ‘Auowo with rafts men created true boss, craft that would not only keep wer afloat but enable him to tay dey in the process. ‘One ofthe earliest forms must have becn the skin boat, made of sewn hides stretched over a light frame of branches and laced to- her with withes, cords thongs. Such craft can be built with the em Aa Bed ras be al es ped he oa of ys Wes he mater ona rn (eh). ‘Te ld be inetd eg, a pe the Armee oe eps Fy smn tat on wie (Aras 923) Haan Sih let Voie deal pens gt aoe Rhona wes ch nl 2a hs dh (Gey Kept) st Hs sd ty 0d “ye alg wee sence cel gee ofr 4 gran We Xe th ge sted 2 oy a te Gin foe ‘sre Tie (dea gues ase’ ein 9 ney eo ‘fs amy ut (Aton 24313) During he Ran npr ett ry pray alang he Re eta Dc bd p< cert adres Te ey ee einen ea ec oy era in ls ts Rage, "Unc Clr Thane «(a9) ts “Hees ar "Theme ten tke by R Spi, “Hee aa dem Arore an lbektesetretcten uss 4 (9) eten Sparc and heen mere taped te tee Bot 98 sitet ga lo ager ati @ done ra ‘ato wasp ted ge by men of (Ree 323) tx naar dans eur dab Sapna al vert ec rn, Nn Faro Ren won to he Eb 5(CHAPTER ONE. simplest of tols—a flint knife and bone nedle—and ina very short time. They can be made light and small enough tobe packed on the back for use when needed, or large and commodious enough to carry up tofour and five tons of cargo "The ancient version that we know bese the gu the round cracle ofthe lower Euphrates? They ace depicted in det in Assyrian relies of the ninth to the seventh een- trie ne (Fig. 4), they were seen by Herodotus,” and the modern versions are sll an essential means of river transport, The ele show ws fairly good-sized corace, driven by four oarsmen and big enough to carry a chariot or a load of masive stones (modern guflas ‘run 13 feet in dameter and 7 fet dep).* Ebina PE Pe nh le ase so Hae as ea “tee Cc ei ety cba ei ar BaP ate (enh tr oat aon {or bse sv opin yr, i eres mse eer ea le ena ett as aaa a eearae ‘Sha pow atm roc tes Fw he nn learner eee rae ee ir tener, re hgaar eter ont Bon thc os ia bear ye oSas aimee ee Tae rie Se cian araucrs betas No oa rete rec tier ra rah a Ghiscim screenees steele iene eager a SIU Poros earn ea fe Seer a eet een ee ee hae tan aheacy eon Baia eo emecareenio Cr ao ara ti get irene aay ve eve he at gen rl ln ec Star ape 6 voter regon where cracks and skin bots have Housed is abe Dash sks; Jolin Cacsar was the fst to eepore sing them thea and they are frequen mentioned by ltr writers! Other on found he of erie foc they have abo been ported in eo Wal, along the noth coat of Spa, in the Red Sa, on Take Mocts inthe Ceimes* Tras ree frocks frm of oat catservs the sae purpose asa amallerace bu a cheaper to make i the ely tah. These ies in ws in nd here the natives get about in ther ding the rainy seaon when thi vag ae Booed for long pid france times they were crinly in we inthe Nie Del" and to ge from another ofthe myths of Hercles, one which has hrm tovazing ina pot the Geek word probably kew of them a well” ‘Were woo! was avilable, men inevitably turned tothe bark aoe and the gut Perhaps the bark canoe came ist—inded, femay ene be the cate form of boat devised for it an be made vito oll that needed isa ough rp of bark and two Iam of clay to top up the ends” The dugout isl reuires ile Sn 3 io mii Ce mar in gmt oe ‘ets ft gmp naan vine coc er ee "wee a on of he a enn eased tot Phe el wo we made ot fight wo The oe af he ya te cnt wo mu of whew ad eed SEL aay Gen ha raphy dn bey bert sd Hae 1 ani (eta) in dnt Ba 996; My, NH 4304 7206 496; Dio ca hy (liege aca te rp i ont Sea of Mes el Sy od) ab (ae mate Mane ho Way: ican ype (cme me made sine parse [tevin in ron, cards ace Tie wi ce ed ender Bens wen no awl cae and snr wc he inf ge ‘la arco pi S215 ti sh “ade bat) Heh sn gears tor — hey Cty. 18 Capa vp eal St in) stented Sab spt (hare Se“ ees Beto 5 Garrsesies “oun tu ty cay gpd ee arty Piha crn i ih) ‘Son 9 (lla rae exter Sie) Joven 157 (St ho pa fe 1 eo) a), "ESC Hei dtc Hack ipwed Lek (is 996) 0.28 a CE Ha 7more: stone cuting-tol (or even just a hardshell) or che con. tolled use of fre, and infinite patience.” Inthe ancient world we «an trae the dugout chronologically fom che Stone Age tothe fifth century AD, and geographically from Spain to Indi, wherever there were frets to supply the logs: on the Guadalquiver, Rhone, be, Danube, Nile, Phass, Euphrates; along the cout of Spi, Ger ‘many, the eastern Mediterranean the Back Sea, Eat Affi, India, In many parts of che world dugouc-uilders have fied their eaft for open water by raising the sides with planks and inserting frames to strengthen the complex. Here we have in embryo the fandamental elements ofthe planked boat—kee, sibs, and stakes, There i god reason to think that a least one avenue which led to the wooden boat proper was by way of such dugout, and that, inthe course of time so many planks had besa added tothe sides that they «came to form what we may propesy cll a hull, andthe original ‘dugout had shrunk inthe proces to the dimensions of kee" Just ‘when this took place no one can sy. Our earliest evidence of planed boat is fom Fay, but the Egyptian type sem to have come ito being vin avery diferent route (13 below), ews Boars “Wt the planed boat we rach akey question in the history of boat uiding: how were the planks poe together? The sol area for which fe have sure information that dates to an early age is Egypt, but The rather special technique devised there had best be delayed for the next chapter. For other place the only evidence available are onse straw inthe wind to indicate that atleast one ely way of Fastening planks was by sewing them with fers, cord, or thongs. "The boat of sewn planks is no anomaly but a well-authencated ‘ype. Though rapidly succumbing to wenith century technology, es sill widely sed in East Afia, India, and Ceylon, and even Tingerd on late in northern Europe. Its particular home has been the Indian Ocean, where it was the boatbuilding technique par ex cellenc right upto the end ofthe Stent century, wien the atval ofthe Portugues brought in contemporary European methods We ‘an trace sewn boats in this region afar back af the Rist century ‘ho, and they were unquestionably onthe scene much eather, More- over there are strong clues tha they were a primitive form of throughout the Mediteranean. When Verpil describes Aenea de- scent into the underworld, he has him eros the Styx in a “sewn si" The Roman dramatist Pacuvius (second century nc) in a ‘play about Odpscus has the hero make a craft of sewn planks to ‘ext his scape from the charms of Calypso. Both authors must ave chose the sewn boat because they knew their audienes would re gies ec fac Soe Ferns ly, bas two ig Ogos (tage soe 127m) dating tthe th oe 3 ‘oy ane nd Hat Hay Cin ages Po he ‘Gn ow nthe Yo Ve ne NA “Pi sti et PO “tna Conegealerosioee Ji Sahm st Cn Race ‘rate a Coen a8) ho ‘hs Sake fe, Reoe! Fae 342 Liry at Ee: Va si a Ar a Pein Ha Ne ‘Se: St tsp; Guy, Py MF ng: tanen Meer rel, ‘i ani gh lc Sets Menge, fase gst, Mone 9 ener ‘a or tr By ny WPT Say Po Mr Rp te ‘Stats nea pp) Tht dpa ethno emp ‘Sue Grek seen, tn Led torn aan | he ofthe reason Tree alana ew nt ae caving he exes day nm ont fo? Nong bigs wet. Rena gj hry ‘Tras Calin” Pups the Be Sho! Rome ins) hs can tenet gH 78 Te Hn al he No Sins te century cng Mut oss ww ase vn fnnd ew bens Pr May Byth $ad 16 (rey Za), Hh Ee Ra a Sooee sea ba Cis he en “Nei ny mrs el ogee he jon of ly bat [eft] wate etaing wa rion sed meee tons ®CHAPTER ONE. ‘connect it with the days of long ago, chat it would conjure up th asocatons which, sy, “galleon” or “ark” does today. Vaeo (Brst ‘century 20), followed by Pliny the Eder (fst century 40,), both sober encyclopedis and not erative pacts, were convinced thatthe salleys which in remate Homeric times brought the Greck warriors to Troy were of sewn planks” and Aeschylus attributes sewn boats to the heroic age his characters lived i. All the above gives the impression that, when the dwellers around the Mediterranean turned to making a bat of kel and planks, one of their ealieseechniques—if not the earlet™—forfartening the Ime was the ich cep and ete oe of ining them CHAPTER TWO Exgypt and Mesopotamia ‘Tux cazarios or the planked boat fom the dugout at suggested in the previo chapter would have taken place by the shores of the Mediterranean or other great bodies of water, where trees were lentfal. Along the thee great vers, the scene of 0 much of man's pionerig elo, Hgype’s Nile and Mesopocami’s Tigris and Eu- hates, special circumstances and needs resulted in a diferent ine of development. Varro ap. Gels 17.4 Lita... persue naees lors xebuns, Grace mags eee ee ee SEES het See rcp hey er i ral See Mites Se ket go og sa Si cy wep pa a Rah ye Sto te i ne re“ he po eee nf dn pt Wt oe pe Tdi of Py Gk) eee : a en ef lg mi at iy te inh ey lw Ber ne weet ce (alec ns sn ey Cees one Aswan at che First Cataract a boatman ca side the Niles carrent without obstruction right to the rive’s mouth, 750 miles ‘aray. And, when ready to retura, a prevailing wind that blows from the north will waft him back upstream. With so useful a means of communication at thee disposal, t was only robe expected that che Egyptians would make swift tides in the development of water borne transport. ‘The Valley of the Nl a it happens is short of timber. The one ‘nee wieful for boatbuilding is the acacia, and its hard brite wood ‘comes only in shore lengths.* However, reeds—the famous burushes that selered the baby Moses—were to be had for the cutting all, lng the banks, and they were a perfectly adequate material for oiling craft to ride the rive’ placid water. And s, the fst ves see the Egyptians created were simple rafts of bundles of reeds lashed together” By the second half ofthe fourth millennium nc, they had leaned to shape thei rafts, making them long and slender and bring- ing them to a point at each end, had learned to propel them with puddles and to dec them with tecring oars slung on the quarters A La duc Erion Mati ed Idi (Lnioe 19) 95 4; » ”Ina word, the red raft had been transformed int a reed bot. Thee earliest Egyptian craft are frequently pictured (Figs. 35) but in so sketchy and stylized a fashion that we cannot be sre of the precie features? They boast cabins and a goodly numberof osrimea. In form some ae bowed of sckleshaped, some squarsh with prow or stern ofboth rising in a high vertical line* Mont significant of all some were powered by a sil, 2 square sil st well forward of amidships (Fig 6).° To use the wind instead of muscle for driving atboat was an epoch-making idea; the Valley ofthe Nile, with it s0 ‘very convenient prevailing wind, would sem the logical birthplace. ‘A reed boat, despite its name, i actually a kindof rat, slid plat. fort of bundles so lshed as 10 take the external form of a boat. AS “Egypt's boarwrghts grew more adept, they advanced from the piti- te long slender hull toa gracefl spoonlike shape (Figs. 79) while ‘the plain vertical extremities often gave way to elegant carved stem and sternposts ending in an adornment resembling a lotus bud. “ae Pi oy ne) se ae chet Recher i ep Se Rrra Vina ll ole ATO Fo tinaerastacattne tees ct See aio Cem hy mined ht be tn a i St Ts pe wi Ma ti ea etn sawn ars Cn ane nl ea sips chants dese atta eal SE Sife cette enere ue ee Gia ge Se a Rr a eke ag wey Sa) STE ore Se Sh ay he Se ly inc tt ek ny dot SEER SRER aa PE at Pi 1 (Mich 2968) 270. It hs by no means gone unchallenged eg, A Shar, "Die RR ida tf as Tisserant ol ei Gna pt mse sei me he each le ot a ie ania soar Se crams Me, 2 ti lon indy ly ee ah ee tielarly wetul along Egypt's muhitudinous canals and inthe reed- Sms ele cg ec ey eel 9 ceienat te ited Epp ay a pie ted ha ore tr i ai cet pen Sa ee eas a eosin mle Ti et nee Steere fry mene a te ‘Se dn es Egan are Hl sy bored Stage re by pg enw 2 Ee srs ym haw ng by sig be beg ft aot ge ope Te frre my det Ns ox wet cep wed eh oll ge yen {Sel te nee eesti ea ae te rpen dign non Se trad Ce “sean hw sn eee th ped fined wr npn ear cy» barn om thn wit wi nen song com woe sy sa teu sl rep mh ee coe Ly, Soy ho ai ey a er tee er sty we pak ian me hk ed nr Mme cpap et ges et mame eee sr ies ema art ore See cetera om ga eect yah Sirti oO. Sacer Sed re ee cehe oe eet nee cee Shu ine tt, bytes shape diopside te ha Loree Gis eteieaey teat ESS bee'g. ot Const erate aig? dealer de der nl de spe «3 Ca) 5970 ow iba ae OS B