Load characteristics of D.C series Generator.

1-Object:
To connect and run the machine as a self excited dc series generator and to
obtain the load characteristics of such a generator.

2-Experiment Tools :
1- Generator .
3- Motor .
5-Digital Taco-meter .
7- 3 Ammeter .
9- DC power supply.
11- 2 variable resistance.
2- switch.
4- Tacho-Generator .
6- 2 Voltmeter .
8-Control unit .
10- Connection wires.

3-Connection Diagram:

1
4- Procedures:
1-The motor-generator set is arranged and connected to the D.C supply as
shown in the figure.
2-The generator is run up to its normal speed by means of the shunt motor .
3-the speed is kept constant for all reading by varying either the motor
voltage supply or the regulating resistance Radj.
4-To obtain the external (load) characteristic a load resistance RL is
connected across the generator and a series of readings between zero load
current and 25% over load is taken
5-plot the relation between VL and IL at constant speed.
6-plot the variation of power input ,power output, and efficiency of motor-
generated set with the load current .
5-Result & Measured Values :
Measured value
Motor Generator
N(r.m.p) Iin(A) Vin(V) IL(A) VL(A)
2000 0.195 227 0 6.4
2000 0.205 226 0.08 28
2000 0.28 235 0.21 61
2000 0.37 237 0.29 81.5
2000 0.74 229 0.52 107
2000 0.84 227 0.62 103

6-Curves:

2
 7-Conclusion:

In this Generator, because field windings are in series with the armature,
they carry full armature current Ia. As Ia is increased, flux and hence
generated e.m.f is also increased. The extra exciting current necessary to
neutralize the wreaking effect of armature reaction at full load is given by
the horizontal distance. It will be noticed that a series generator has rising
voltage characteristics. The armature current, field current in a D.C series
generator are equal. The series field current is zero and the generator
voltage is due to residual flux and residual voltage is very low. However
if the generator terminals are closed through a load resistance, the armature
current will flow which improves residual flux and thus residual voltage.
Simultaneously there is armature reaction, which causes, demagnetization
which results in decrease of terminal voltage. This terminal voltage
increases the field current. Finally flux gets saturated thus increase in load
current. It causes decrease in terminal voltage due to increase in armature
reaction and voltage drops due to armature and series field and finally goes
terminal voltage to zero. The internal characteristic is the relation between
induced e.m.f. and armature current .Similarly external characteristic is the
relation between terminal voltage and load current.

Eg = Ia(Ra+ Rse) + Vt

9-Discussion :
1-Comment on the shapes of curves you have obtained?

3
 In series generator,
Ia = Ise = IL
In practice when there is no load IL = 0, then there exists certain induced
e.m.f. due to residual flux retained by the field winding.
As load current increases, Ise increases. the flux is directly proportional to
Ise. So flux also increases. The induced e.m.f. E is proportional to Ise flux
hence induced e.m.f. also increases. Thus the characteristics of E against i.e.
internal characteristics is of increasing nature. As increases Ia, armature
reaction increases but its effect is negligible compared to increase in E. But for
high load current, saturation occurs and flux remains constant. In such case,
due to the armature reaction E starts decreasing.
Now as IL = Ia increases, thus the drop Ia (Ra +Rse) increases.
Vt = E - Ia (Ra +Rse)
Thus the external characteristics is also of rising nature as E increases but it
will be below internal characteristics due to drop Ia (Ra +Rse).

2-D.C series machines are rarely used as generator.Why?

Because the change in voltage is large, so it cannot be relied upon to cover loads
that need a constant voltage.

3-Explain how can you obtain the internal characteristics given that the
resistances of the armature and series field of the generator are 42 ῼ and
38 ῼ respectively.
1- We need to draw a line la(Ra+Rse) ,and a curve of external
characteristic.

4
 2- We select random points on the IL. Then we measure the height
between it and the line Ia(Ra+Rse).
3- We shift the same height to above external characteristic curve , to
get internal characteristic curve.

4-If the load resistance of a certain load is RL=200ῼ ,find the load current
IL and the terminal voltage VL of the generator?

1- We draw a line IL*RL and then choose a random value for the current, let
it be IL1=0.3A.
2- We find the voltage which is equal to VL1=IL1*RL=0.3*200=60V.
3- We draw a line( IL1 , VL1)which will cross the external characteristic
curve at a specific point which are the actual values of1IL and VL at R=200ῼ

5-At what load current is the efficiency of the motor-generator set? And
what is the value of this efficiency?
Efficiency is taken when the terminal voltage is as high as possible. Because
after this stage the voltage will decrease so: IL =0.52A.
5 5. 6 4
ᵑ= ∗100 %=32.833 %
169. 46

6-Why is the generator terminal voltage at no load very small?

In practice when there is no load IL = 0, then there exists certain induced e.m.f.
due to residual flux retained by the field winding Vt=Eres.