Chapter 03

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3. Sources of knowledge and

contents and how citation works
Sources of knowledge and citation

Why Referencing?
 Referencing allows you to acknowledge the contribution of other writers and

researchers in your work
 By citing the work of a particular scholar, you acknowledge and respect the
intellectual property rights of that researcher.
 Students are expected to read widely to gain knowledge and construct

informed opinions about researching and writing in their subject areas.
 Any university assignments that draw on the ideas, words or research of other
writers must contain citations. All you need to do is acknowledge their
contribution to your assignment.
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Why Referencing? ©: unsw.edu.au
 Referencing is a way to provide evidence to support the assertions and claims

in your own assignments.
Paragraph one Paragraph two
The importance, or otherwise, of lyrics in popular The importance, or otherwise, of lyrics in popular
music, and academic approaches to song lyrics, is music, and academic approaches to song lyrics, is
subject to much debate. The supposed ‘poor’ subject to much debate (Frith, 1998; Shepherd,
standard or presumed meaninglessness of popular 1999; Fornas, 2003). The supposed ‘poor’ standard
music lyrics, become a means to critique popular or presumed meaninglessness of popular music
music. Conversely, it could be argued that too lyrics, become a means to critique popular music.
much attention is given to a song’s lyrics, to the Conversely, it could be argued that too much
point where the music itself is overlooked; it is attention is given to a song’s lyrics, to the point
also possible to overestimate the degree to which where the music itself is overlooked; it is also
thewithin
music listener actually listens to the words,
an academic context, the second has far or possible
moretoauthority,
overestimateit isthe degree
more to which the
persuasive
perceives them to be the site of meaning in a music listener actually listens to the words, or
by showing from where you have taken ideas,. It shows that the ideas you are
song. Nonetheless, Simon Frith suggests that lyrics perceives them to be the site of meaning in a song
do discussing
allow songs areto bematters
‘used inthat are important
particular ways’: to (Shepherd,
your particular academic
1999:172). community.
Nonetheless, Simon Frith
lyrics facilitate certain ‘creative articulations’. In suggests that lyrics do allow songs to be ‘used in
the case of protest music, the lyrics allow a song to particular ways’ (cited in Martin, 1995:273): lyrics
be made to speak to political issues. facilitate certain ‘creative articulations’ (Johnson,
2000). In the case of protest music, the lyrics allow
a song to be made to speak to political issues.
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Why Referencing?
 Referencing has several functions:
• acknowledge the source of a quotation/ idea/ figure/ diagram etc.
• demonstrate that you are building on previous research
• provide details so the reader can verify the sources used
• show that you are well-informed and that your writing is
trustworthy
• support a claim being made
• so other writers can find background material to use in their own
writing
• so the reader can check that you have not misrepresented what
the author wrote
• so the reader can find additional background information from
the same source.
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Why Referencing?
 Academic Integrity
• Referencing is a requirement in all academic work.
• It's a formal way to let the readers know exactly where you found
your information and acknowledges other authors’ words and
ideas that you have used in your own work.
• Failure to reference can be considered plagiarism, which is a
serious offence and is considered academic misconduct.
• As a student you're responsible for acting with academic integrity.
©: www.ecu.edu.au

The difference between a reference list and a bibliography?
 A reference list includes only those sources which are referred to in the text. The
names in the text and the reference list should match.
 A bibliography (Mục lục sách tham khảo, Thư mục học) gives extra sources which
might not be mentioned in the text (The reader may find helpful). Some lecturers
use the terms ‘reference list’ and ‘bibliography’ interchangeably.
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What kind of reference?
 Reference when you are using words or ideas from:
• books and journal articles
• newspapers and magazines
• pamphlets or brochures
• films, documentaries, television programs or advertisements
• websites or electronic resources
• letters, emails, online discussion forums
• personal interviews
• lecturers or tutors. (not always necessary but check with your lecturer or tutor
about their preferences before you draw on their ideas.)
©: unsw.edu.au

 Reference when you are using words or ideas (obtain information) from:
• books and journal articles
• newspapers and magazines
• pamphlets or brochures
• websites or electronic resources
• letters, emails, online discussion forums

• personal interviews
• films, documentaries, television programs or advertisements
• lecturers or tutors. (not always necessary but check with your lecturer or tutor
about their preferences before you draw on their ideas.)
©: unsw.edu.au

 You also need to reference when you reprint any diagrams, illustrations,
charts or pictures (borrow or adapt material).
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 No need to reference when you are:

• writing your own observations or experiment results, for example, a
report on a field trip
• writing about your own experiences, for example, a reflective journal

• writing your own thoughts, comments or conclusions in an assignment
• evaluating or offering your own analysis
• using 'common knowledge' (facts that can be found in numerous places

and are likely to be known by a lot of people) or folklore
• using generally accepted facts or information.
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How do I know when to reference sources?
Yes provide an in-text citation and
Q1: Are the words someone else's? add full details of the work to
your reference list.
No
(your own)
Yes
Q2: Is this idea common knowledge? you do not need to reference it.
No
Yes provide an in-text citation and

Q3: Are you re-stating (paraphrasing)
add full details of the work to
someone else's idea?
your reference list.
No (you think of
this yourself )
you do not need to reference it.

How can I use sources into my writing?
 The material from other sources must:

• be relevant to your argument
• join cohesively with the information before and after
• make logical and grammatical sense.
You must ensure that someone else's idea fits properly into the new context of your
writing
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Should I use quotations or paraphrase the information??
 Quotations should be reserved for those occasions when a writer uses an unusual
word or phrase, or expresses an idea in a particularly interesting way. Shorter
quotations are better than long quotations, but you should try to use any quotations
sparingly.
 If you are quoting, always use the original writer’s exact words. If you want to change
them, you can do this by using square brackets [ ] or ellipsis “...” to omit some words.
 For example, if the original reads ‘Chocolate is good for everyone and essential for our
mental wellbeing’,
you could add information: “Chocolate is good for everyone and essential for our
mental [and emotional] wellbeing”;
or you could omit some words : ‘Chocolate is . . . essential for our mental wellbeing’

Should I use quotations or paraphrase the information?
 In most other cases, you should aim to paraphrase or, better still, use your
own words.
 Whether you choose to use a direct quotation or to paraphrase, you will still
need to reference the work.

What are reference styles?
There are many different Author-Date referencing styles. They require

referencing rules for In-text-citation, Direct quotation and Work
cited (Reference list)
1. MLA (Modern Language Association) Referencing
2. APA (American Psychological Association) Referencing
3. Chicago Referencing
4. Harvard Referencing
5. Vancouver Referencing
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In-text citation
 An in-text citation is the brief form of the reference included in the
body of your work.
 It gives enough information to uniquely identify the source in your

reference list. The brief form usually consists of:
• family name of the author(s),
• year of publication.
 In-text citations will look the same for referencing of a journal

article, a report, or a video.
 In-text citations can either be in parenthetical form, or have part of

the citation included in the narrative of your work. ©: www. ecu.au

In-text citation
Parenthetical citation
 The general form is (Author, date), within parentheses.
 A parenthetical citation should directly follow the idea being cited.

Include it within the punctuation of the sentence. For instance:
 Ex ...The trend A as has been shown in a recent study (Mihrshahi &

Baur, 2018), and discussed at length in the literature in years past
(Smith, 2007).
©: www. ecu.au

In-text citation
Narrative citation
 You do not necessarily need to use parenthetical citations in your work,

but you must include both the author and the date of the work you wish to
cite within the body of your text. There are multiple ways to include a
citation within the narrative. Here are two examples:
Ex: Kessler (2014) found that among epidemiological samples . . .
In 2014, Kessler's study of epidemiological samples showed that . . .
 This type of citation can introduce some variety into your writing, and will
sound more natural in an oral presentation than a citation at the end of the
sentence. However, it does require more skill to use clearly. ©: www. ecu.au
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In-text citation
Number of authors
 If the work you are citing has one or two authors, include them in your citation
every time. Separate two authors with an ampersand (&) in parenthetical
citations, but write out the word 'and' if discussing the work in-text.
 If the work has 3+ authors, your brief in-text citation will give only the family
name of the first author, followed by "et al." (which means "and others").
 If the author is a company, government organisation, or other group, use the full
name in your citation
Parenthetical citation Narrative citation

1 author (Smith, 2007) Smith (2007)
2 authors (Mihrshahi & Baur, 2018) Mihrshahi and Baur (2018)
3+ authors (Hewit et al., 2016) Hewit et al. (2016)
Group author (Department of Health, 2020) Department of Health (2020)
©: www. ecu.au

In-text citation
Direct quotations
 If you are including a word-for-word quote from another work, you must
enclose the quote in quotation marks and add the page number or
numbers to your citation. For electronic sources where there is no page
number, use the paragraph number or section heading.
Ex: Social media users "attempted to curate their shared content depending
on how they imagined their audience on …" (Pitcan et al., 2018, p. 170)
 A page or paragraph number would help the reader locate the relevant
information in a long or complex text, even when you have paraphrased
instead of quoting. If your quote spans more than one page in the source,
use "pp." instead of "p.": (Pitcan et al., 2018, pp. 170-171). ©: www. ecu.au

In-text citation
Idea paraphrased Direct quotation included
Social media users will share different Social media users "attempted to
types of content on different sites, often curate their shared content depending
Parenthetical
basing their decisions on a mental model on how they imagined their audience
citation
of how their audience on each site will on different social media platforms"
react (Pitcan et al., 2018). (Pitcan et al., 2018, p. 170).
Participants in a study by Pitcan et al.

Participants in a study by Pitcan et al.
(2018) "attempted to curate their
(2018) shared different content on
Citation included in shared content depending on how
different social media sites, basing their
the narrative they imagined their audience on
decisions on a mental model of how
different social media platforms" (p.
their audience on each site would react.
170).
©: www. ecu.au
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End-Text References (Reference list)
 A reference list contains the information a reader needs to be able to identify and
retrieve works cited in a text. This information is in the form of end-text references.
 End-text references comprise four elements:
• Author: who is responsible for this work? (an individual; multiple people; a group
(government agency, organization or institution); or a combination of groups and people)
• Date: when was the work published? Date of publication can be year only; year, month
and day (exact date); year and month; year and season; or a range of dates (e.g. range of
years).
• Title: what is the work called? There are two categories of titles: works that stand alone
(e.g. reports, whole books, data sets, webpages, and films), and works that are part of a
greater whole (e.g. edited book chapters, podcast and television episodes, and journal
articles).
• Source: where can I find the work? This might be a publisher, a web address/URL, or
both. ©: www. ecu.au

End each element with a full stop, with the exception of the URL or
DOI (adding a full stop can interfere with accessing the content
using the link).
These elements come together to form an end-text citation that
follows this format: Author. (Date). Title of the work. Source.
Example of an end-text citation for a whole book with no DOI:
Grellier, J., & Goerke, V. (2018). Communications toolkit (4th ed.).
Cengage Learning Australia.
©: www. ecu.au

What Is a DOI?
 A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique code used to identify content
and provide a persistent link to a document on the internet. A publisher
assigns a DOI when a journal article is published and made available
electronically.
 A DOI will usually be found on the source near other reference elements
like title and author. For APA style referencing, you should put the DOI in
the following format:
https://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.2016.59.1.1
Or DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2016.59.1.1 if they are is not already in URL format
©: www. ecu.au
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©: www. ecu.au

Reference styles
 MLA (Modern Language Association) Referencing
APA (American Psychological Association) Referencing
Chicago Referencing
Harvard Referencing
Vancouver Referencing

American Psychological Association (APA) Author-Date Style
 APA style is set forth in Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association, 4th ed. (1994)  now is 7th
 The APA reference style and similar styles are the most commonly used citation
formats.
 Citation in Text: APA in-text citations link a source mentioned in the text to the
entry in the reference list by placing the last name of the author and the year
of publication, separated by a comma and a space, in parentheses.
The connection between brain damage and autism is no longer disputed (Bailey, 1993).
 Reference List:
Bailey, A. (1993). The biology of autism. Psychological Medicine, 23, 7-11.
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 Name of Author Included in Text  include only the date in the parenthetical
citation
Williams (1975) independently reached the same conclusion.
 Page Numbers & Quotations: APA style requires page numbers only for direct quotations or
references to a specific part of a source, such as a figure, a table, or an equation. Using the
abbreviation p. for a single page or pp. for multiple pages. For a range of numbers, write out
the full beginning and ending numbers and separate them with a hyphen.
The developer of MIT's Media MOO observes that "virtual communities, social clubs, universities, and
corporations are all groups of people brought together for a purpose. Achieving that purpose often requires
that there be some way to determine who can join that community" (Bruckman, 1996, pp. 51-52).
Bruckman (1996) observes that "virtual communities, social clubs, universities, and corporations are all
groups of people brought together for a purpose. Achieving that purpose often requires that there be some
way to determine who can join that community" (pp. 51-52).
©: web.mit.edu

 One Work by Multiple Authors
• Two Authors: : include both last names, and an ampersand (&)

between them in a parenthetical citation or the word and for the
authors are the text.
A few years later, British cosmologists (Collins & Hawking, 1973) discussed the
flatness problem in the context of the anthropic principle.
A few years later, the British cosmologists Collins and Hawking (1973) discussed
the flatness problem in the context of the anthropic principle.
©: web.mit.edu

 One Work by Multiple Authors

• Three, Four or Five Authors: : List all the last names the first time a reference to the
work appears, placing a comma and a space (, ) after each name. Place an
ampersand (&) before the last name in a parenthetical citation or the word and for
the authors are the text.
One method (Nelson, Miller, Lutz, & Fayer, 1982) optically excites and monitors coherent acoustic
waves in transparent or light-absorbing liquids and solids.
Nelson, Miller, Lutz, and Fayer (1982) developed a method of optically exciting and monitoring
coherent acoustic waves in transparent or light-absorbing liquids and solids.
• Six or More Authors: Give only the first author's name followed by "et al." in the first
as well as all subsequent citations.
Varela et al. (1995) describe a design for object-oriented databases on the World Wide Web.
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 More Than One Work by the Same Author: List the year for each source and separate
the years with a comma and a space.
Recent research (Mulderig, 1993, 1995) confirms this effect.
Mulderig (1993, 1995) confirms this effect.
 More Than One Work by Different Authors in the Same Parenthetical Citation: List the
sources in alphabetical order and separate them with a semicolon.
Recent research (Catano, 1995; Mulderig, 1993) confirms this effect.
 Two Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: Order the sources in the reference
list in alphabetical order by title and attach to the year of each entry a corresponding
lowercase letter, starting with a. Include the letter suffix in all parenthetical citations.
(Nier, 1940a)
(Nier, 1940b)
©: web.mit.edu

 Two Works by Different Authors with the Same Last Name : Include the authors'
initials in all references in the text and in all parenthetical citations.
G. Williams (1995) and R. H. Williams (1993) independently reported similar results.
 Organizational Author: If the author of a source is a corporation, an agency, or a group, list

the full name of the organization in your first reference. If your audience is familiar with an
abbreviation or acronym for the organization, include abbreviation or acronym in brackets after
the full name and use it in subsequent citations. Otherwise, write out the full name of the
organization in each citation.
The standard performance measures (United States Department of Transportation, Federal

Aviation Administration [FAA], 1989) were used to evaluate the system.
A "Missed Decision" is defined as a "failure of a runway-status light to illuminate as it should"

(FAA, 1989, p. 34)..
©: web.mit.edu

 Unknown Author: Use the first two or three words of the reference-list entry
(usually the title) and the year. Use quotation marks for titles of articles, and
underline or italicize the title of a book or journal.
Already several new security holes have been discovered and outlined in detail (New Hacker's
Guide, 1996).
 Personal Communication and Other "Nonrecoverable" Information: the readers do

not have access to conversations, interviews, telephone calls, personal letters, and notes, APA
style considers these and similar types of information "nonrecoverable data." Cite such
information in the text, but do not include it in a list of references. List the initials and the last
name of the person being used as a source, the type of communication, and the date of the
communication. .
A. P. French (personal communication, April 18, 1994)
(A. P. French , personal communication, April 18, 1994)
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 APA Reference List
• General Structure of Entry:

An APA reference-list entry has four elements: author(s); date (in parentheses); title;
and publication information. Separate the elements with a period and a single space.
- Author or authors: List all authors, regardless of the number, in the order in which
they are listed on the title page of the document. List all authors by last name, a
comma and a space, first initial, and if included, middle initial, placing an ampersand
(&) before the name of the last author. Separate initials with a period followed by a
space. If a work produced by an organization lists no individual author, give the full
name of the organization as author. If no author or organization is listed, move the
title of the work into the author position.
©: web.mit.edu

• Format:
- Title: References (centered).
- Ordering of entries: Arrange in alphabetical order by first author's last name; then in
chronological order, earliest items first; then in alphabetical order by title. List all
single-author entries before multiple-author entries beginning with the same author's
name. Do not number entries.
- Spacing: Double-space both within and between entries.
- Indentation: Indent the first line five to seven spaces or one default tab
(approximately one-half inch).
©: web.mit.edu

• General Structure of Entry:
- Date format: The year of the entry always follows one space after the period concluding the author
element. It is enclosed in parentheses and is followed by a period and a space. If two or more works by
the same author were published in the same year, arrange them alphabetically by title and attach to
the year of each work a lowercase letter, starting with a. In some cases, the month or the month and
day are included as part of the date; then the year is followed by a comma, a space and the month
(spelled out completely), and, sometimes, the day in arabic numerals.
- Title: Give the full name of the work, including subtitles, which are separated from the title by a colon
and a single space. Capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word after a colon, and all
proper nouns. If the source is not a book or an article, include a description of the source's form (for
example, Brochure, Specifications, Map) in brackets immediately following the title but before the
period.
- Publication information--page numbers: If giving a range, write out the second number in full: 222-227.
Use the abbreviations p. and pp. only for articles in books and newspapers and when listing
discontinuous pages: pp. 44-49, 102-122.
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• Books:
- Title: Underline book titles (including spaces). Include any edition number in
parentheses immediately before the period ending the title element.
- Publication information: List the city (written out in full). If the city is not well
known or could be confused with another location, add the state (two-letter
postal abbreviation) for U.S. locations or the country for foreign publishers. End
the location information with a colon and a space followed by the full name of
the publisher (omit such terms as Publishers, Company, and Inc.).
©: web.mit.edu

• Books:
- Edited Book or Anthology: Place the editor or editors (followed by the abbreviation
Ed., or Eds. in parentheses) in the author position.
Spudich, J. L., & Satir, B. H. (Eds.). (1991). Sensory receptors and signal transduction. New York:
Wiley-Liss.
- Book by an Institutional or Organizational Author:

Council of Biology Editors. (1994). Scientific style and format: The CBE manual for authors,
editors, and publishers (6th ed.). Chicago: Cambridge University Press.
- Government Publication
United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. (1989, 21
September). Air traffic control. In FAA Handbook (7110.65F with Changes 1-5) (pp. 123-98).
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
©: web.mit.edu

• Journal Articles:
- Write out the full name of the periodical. Capitalize all words except prepositions
and articles that do not begin the title or follow a colon. Underline both the
periodical title and the volume number.
- Article in a Journal Paginated by Annual Volume: Give the title followed by a

comma, a space, the volume number (all underlined), another comma, a space,
and the page numbers of the article without the abbreviations p. or pp.
Nelson, K. A., Miller, R. J. Dwayne, Lutz, D. R., & Fayer, M. D. (1982). Optical
generation of tunable ultrasonic waves. Journal of Applied Physics, 53, 1144-1149.
©: web.mit.edu
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- Article in a Journal Paginated by Issue: If the journal is a monthly or bimonthly
periodical, list the month of publication after the year. A comma, a space, and
the volume number (all italicized or underlined) follow the title. The issue
number follows the volume number in parentheses without a space. After
another comma, list the page numbers of the article without the abbreviations p.
or pp.
Denning, D. E. (1995, July). Resolving the encryption dilemma: The case for the clipper
chip. Technology Review, 98(5), 48-55.
Denning, D. E. (1995, July). Resolving the encryption dilemma: The case for the clipper
chip. Technology Review, 98(5), 48-55. ©: web.mit.edu

- Article in a Daily, Weekly, or Biweekly Magazine or Newspaper: Include the year,
month, and day. List the page numbers with the abbreviations p. or pp.
Metcalfe, B. (1996, September 30). The numbers show how slowly the Internet runs today.
Infoworld, p. 34.
- Paper Published in Conference Proceedings: Treat a presentation in conference

proceedings like an article in an Edited Book. If the title of the book does not indicate
the name of the conference, place, in brackets, after the title, "Proceedings of"
followed by the name of the conference, capitalized.
Halle, M. (1987). A biblical pattern poem. In N. Fabb, D. Attridge, A. Durant, & C. MacCabe
(Eds.), The linguistics of writing: Arguments between language and literature [Proceedings of
the conference The Linguistics of Writing] (pp. 67-75). New York: Methuen. ©: web.mit.edu

- Unpublished Dissertation: Underline the title of the dissertation. Then add
"Unpublished doctoral dissertation" and the name and location of the university.
Glazer, F. G. (1987). Hierarchical motion detection. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
©: web.mit.edu
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• Electronic sources:
In general, all electronic sources in APA style have five elements: author, date,
title, document type, and publication information
CD-ROMS and Other Portable Databases: provide the author, date, and title
information as you would for a print source. Identify the medium (such as CD-
ROM), electronic tape, cartridge tape) in brackets after the title. At the end of the
entry, include the location and name of the product.
- Journal Abstract on CD-ROM:
The self-image of adolescent patterns with eating disorders [CD-ROM]. International
Journal of Eating Disorders, 13(2), 221-227. Abstract from: Silverplatter File: PsycLIT
Item 80-33985.
©: web.mit.edu

- Information Published Only on CD-ROM:
Solution Software. (1996). Material Safety Datasheets [CD-ROM]. Enterprise, FL:
Author.
- Computer Software:
Corel Corporation, Ltd. (1996). Quattro Pro (Ver. 6.02 for Windows) [Computer Software].
(1996). Dublin, Ireland: Author.
- Document Available through the World Wide Web:

Land, T. (1996, March 31). Web extension to American Psychological Association style
(WEAPAS) [WWW Document] (Rev. 1.2.4). URL
http://www.nyu.edu/pages/psychology/WEAPAS/ (visited 1996, September 21).
©: web.mit.edu

- Journal Published Only Online:
Harnack, A., & Kleppinger, G. (1996). Beyond the MLA Handbook: Documenting
electronic sources on the Internet [On-line serial]. Kairos, 1(2). URL
http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/1.2
- Document Retrieved from a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Archive:

Curtis, P. (1992). Mudding: Social phenomena in text-based virtual realities [FTP archive].
Available FTP: Hostname: parcftp.xerox.com.pub/MOO/papers/DIAC92
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Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) Note Citations
 Citation in Text: Each reference in the text is followed by a consecutive raised
(superscript) number, which refers to a note placed on a separate sheet at the end of
the text.
Physicists have long sought a grand unified theory, since scientists have always preferred theories
with the fewest of elements.1
In addition, CMS style recommends that long documents also include an alphabetized
bibliography, which contains the same information as the notes but in a different format.
 Reference List:
1. Alan Lightman, Ancient Light: Our Changing View of the Universe (Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1991), 106.
 Listing in Bibliography
Lightman, Alan. Ancient Light: Our Changing View of the Universe. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1991.
©: web.mit.edu

 CMS Note List

A CMS entry has four elements: author(s); title; publication information including the date; and the page
number or numbers. Separate the author's name from the title with a comma, and place the publication
information in parentheses. If a page number is included, follow the parentheses with a comma and the
page number or numbers.
• Author or authors: List up to three authors, all in straightforward (rather than last-name-first) order.
• Title: Give the full name of the work, including the subtitles, if any, which is separated from the title by a colon
and a single space. Capitalize all significant words, the first word of the title, and the last word after a colon. If the
source is not a book or an article, include a description of the source's form.
• Publication information--date format: Always give the year. In some cases, such as some types of periodicals and
online sources, the month or the month and day are included as part of the date. Dates are in arabic numerals
the format day, month (not abbreviated), and year, or month and year. Dates are not punctuated.
• Page numbers: For a range of numbers, write out the full first number followed by a hyphen and the final one or
two digits of the last number (66-98, but 105-9). Give all the digits of the second number in cases where they are
needed to make the range immediately apparent to the reader (66-98, but 66-103 instead of 66-03). Use the
abbreviations p. and pp. for page numbers of sources from journals without volume numbers.
©: web.mit.edu
17
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 CMS Note List
Books
• Title: Italicize or underline book titles (including spaces). Include (not italicized or
underlined) a second or subsequent edition number after the title.
• Publication information: Enclose the location information in parentheses. Begin with the
city (written out in full). If the city is not well known or could be confused with
anotheration, add the state (full, not postal abbreviation) for U.S. locations or the
country for foreign publishers. End the location information with a colon. Type a space
and give the full name of the publisher followed by a comma, a space, the year, and the
closing parenthesis.
©: web.mit.edu

 CMS Note List
Books
1. Alan Lightman, Ancient Light: Our Changing View of the Universe (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1991), 106. (Book by One Author)
Lightman, Alan. Ancient Light: our Changing View of the Universe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1991. (bibliographic form)
2. Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle, The Sound Patterns of English (New York: Harper & Row,
1968), 77-81. (Book by Two or More Authors)
Chomsky, Noam, and Morris Halle. The Sound Patterns of English. New York: Harper & Row,
1968. (bibliographic form)
3. John L. Spudich and Bruce H. Satir, eds., Sensory Receptors and Signal Transduction (New
York: Wiley-Liss, 1991). (Edited Book or Anthology)
Spudich, John L., and Bruce H. Satir, eds. Sensory Receptors and Signal Transduction. New York:
Wiley-Liss, 1991. (bibliographic form)
©: web.mit.edu

 CMS Note List
Journal Articles
The author's name is followed by the article title. Enclose the article title in quotation marks
and capitalize the first and last words of the title and subtitle and all other words except
prepositions, articles, coordinating conjunctions, and the to in infinitives. Write out the full
name of the periodical. Underline or italicize the periodical title but not the volume number.
Put the date in parentheses followed by a colon and page numbers.
Article in a Journal Paginated by Annual Volume: The volume number follows the name of the
journal. If there is an issue number, it may be included after the volume number, preceded by
no.
1. Keith A. Nelson, R. J. Dwayne Miller, David R. Lutz, and Michael D. Fayer, "Optical Generation of Tunable Ultrasonic
Waves,“ Journal of Applied Physics 53, no. 2 (February 1982): 1144-49.
Nelson, Keith A., R. J. Dwayne Miller, David R. Lutz, and Michael D. Fayer. "Optical Generation of Tunable Ultrasonic Waves.“
Journal of Applied Physics 53, no. 2 (February 1982): 1144-49. (bibliographic form)
©: web.mit.edu
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Academic integrity
Students are expects to understand their responsibility for academic

honesty and to develop the knowledge and skills to avoid plagiarism in
all assignments and publications.
• Source credibility: cite all primary sources (the original or ‘raw’ research) or
secondary sources (someone writes about another person’s ideas)
• Presenting other’s ideas and works in parallel expressions.
• Avoiding-plagiarism by using the plagiarism checking software (ex: TurnitIn)
and online plagiarism checker (ex: www.ithenticate.com)
References
References
http://josecarilloforum.com/forum/index.php?topic=7765.0
https://www.adelaide.edu.au/writingcentre/re
sources/referencing-guides
https://www.adelaide.edu.au/writingcentre/re
sources/avoiding-plagiarism#avoiding-
plagiarism-achieving-academic-writing
http://www.sussex.ac.uk/ei/internal/forstudents/engineeringdesign/studyguides/tech
reportwriting
http://www.sussex.ac.uk/ei/internal/forstudents/engineeringdesign/studyguides/labwriting
https://www.monash.edu/rlo/assignment-samples/engineering/eng-writing-technical-
reports
19

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3. Sources of knowledge and

Sources of knowledge and citation

 Referencing allows you to acknowledge the contribution of other writers and

 Students are expected to read widely to gain knowledge and construct

Sources of knowledge and citation

 Referencing is a way to provide evidence to support the assertions and claims

Sources of knowledge and citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

• newspapers and magazines

• films, documentaries, television programs or advertisements

• websites or electronic resources

• letters, emails, online discussion forums

Sources of knowledge and citation

• newspapers and magazines

• websites or electronic resources

• letters, emails, online discussion forums

• films, documentaries, television programs or advertisements

Sources of knowledge and citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

 No need to reference when you are:

• writing about your own experiences, for example, a reflective journal

• evaluating or offering your own analysis

• using 'common knowledge' (facts that can be found in numerous places

Sources of knowledge and citation

Yes provide an in-text citation and

Sources of knowledge and citation

 The material from other sources must:

• join cohesively with the information before and after

• make logical and grammatical sense.

Sources of knowledge and citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

There are many different Author-Date referencing styles. They require

Sources of knowledge and citation

 It gives enough information to uniquely identify the source in your

 In-text citations will look the same for referencing of a journal

 In-text citations can either be in parenthetical form, or have part of

Sources of knowledge and citation

 The general form is (Author, date), within parentheses.

 A parenthetical citation should directly follow the idea being cited.

 Ex ...The trend A as has been shown in a recent study (Mihrshahi &

Sources of knowledge and citation

 You do not necessarily need to use parenthetical citations in your work,

Ex: Kessler (2014) found that among epidemiological samples . . .

In 2014, Kessler's study of epidemiological samples showed that . . .

Sources of knowledge and citation

Parenthetical citation Narrative citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

Idea paraphrased Direct quotation included

Participants in a study by Pitcan et al.

Sources of knowledge and citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

Sources of knowledge and citation

 MLA (Modern Language Association) Referencing

APA (American Psychological Association) Referencing