CHE F312 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAB 1

Experiment No. 12
Group 7

Ayush Ranjan 2018B2A10715P Aditya Prakash 2019A1PS0973P

Sushant Rai 2018B3A10799P Utkarsh Raj 2019A1PS0903P
Aditya Vinit Dixit 2018B5A10500P Aakarsh Pathak 2019A1PS0630P

Experiment - 12(a)
AIM:

(1) To study the unsteady state temperature response of finite geometric shapes.
(2) To calculate the value of surface conductance (h)

Sample Calculation:

The following calculations are performed for the time recorded at t = 20 min = 1200 s

Step 1: Calculation of Vapor Pressure of Acetone

𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐵
𝑙𝑜𝑔 10
𝑃 = 𝐴 − 𝑇+𝐶
Where P sat = Vapor Pressure of Acetone in torr T = Experiment Temperature in ℃
A, B and C are constants where:
A = 7.11714
B = 1210.595
C = 229.664 For t = 20 min, T = 30 ℃
Substituting the values ,P = 284.446 torr

Step 2: Calculation of Log Mean Partial Pressure Difference of B (Air)

Log mean partial pressure difference of air (PB,lm) is given by the formula:
𝑃 𝐵2
−𝑃 𝐵1
𝑃 𝐵,𝑙𝑚
= 𝑃 𝐵2
𝑙𝑛( 𝑃 )
𝐵1
Where PB1 = P - PA1 PB2 = P - PA2
Here PA1 = Partial pressure of acetone at saturation = P sat = 38008.73888 N m-2
PA2 = 0 , as pure air is flowing at this time, i.e, acetone is absent
P = Total pressure of the system = 101325 N m-2
Substituting the values for the first data point, we get:
𝑃 𝐵,𝐿𝑚 =80836.80879 N m-2

Step 3: Experimental Calculation of Diffusivity or Diffusion Coefficient

Diffusivity or Diffusion Coefficient (DAB) can be calculated from the following formulae
when steady state conditions exist:
𝑃 ρ 2 2
𝐷 𝐴𝐵
* 𝑅𝑇
*(Pa1 -Pa2)/𝑃 𝐵,𝐿𝑚
*t = 2*𝑀𝑎
𝑎𝑙
*(𝑧𝑖 − 𝑧𝑓)
Where
zi = Initial length of the diffusion path = 6.54 mm = 0.00654 m
zf = Final length of the diffusion path = 6.07 mm = 0.00607 m
t = Time elapsed = 20 min = 1200 s
2 −1
Thus 𝐷 𝐴𝐵
= 0. 000001776085722𝑚 𝑠

Step 4: Calculation of Theoretical Diffusivity from Gilliland’s Equation

Gilliland’s equation for determining the theoretical diffusion coefficient is as follows:

Where P = Total Pressure in atm = atm T = Experiment Temperature in K = 303 K

VA = Molar volume of acetone = 74 cm3 /gmol

VB = Molar volume of air = 23648.9 cm3 /gmol
𝑀𝐴= Molecular weight of acetone = 58.08 g/gmol
𝑀𝐵= Molecular weight of air = 28.97 g/gmol
T = Experiment temperature = 303 K
P = Pressure in atm = 1 atm
𝐷𝐴𝐵= Diffusivity in cm2 /s
So, 𝐷𝐴𝐵= 0.0000004765245147 m 2 /sec from Gilliland’s eqn
Results:

S. NO Temperature 𝐷 𝐷𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜
𝑎𝑏

1 303k 0.000001776085722 0.00000047652451

2 303k 0.000001175251688 0.00000047652451
3 303k 0.000001445354049 0.00000047652451
Conclusion :

● The average value of experimental D = 0.000001175251688

● The average value of D theoretical = 0.0000004765245147
● Both values are less because molecular diffusion is a very slow process
● The difference in the experimental and theoretical values can be explained as
follows:

In the experimental case we made an assumption that the diffusion process was
in a steady state. Such conditions would be difficult to replicate practically.

● Another reason could be the calculation of P sat using Antoine Equation. The
equation gives more or less an estimated value of P sat i.e. it is not the exact
value. The difference between the exact value that we do not know and the one
calculated using the Antoine equation gives an error in the value of Experimental.

● Gilliland’s Equation assumes that there is a constant relative volatility, large

reflux and constant molal overflow in the system. These all are ideal conditions
which are practically not possible, which could lead to error. Even after all this
Gilliland’s Equation is an empirical correlation, which again gives an estimate and
not the real exact value.

● In reality we find that the experimental value of diffusion coefficient is inversely

proportional to time elapsed and the partial pressures of acetone and in effect,
concentration of molar acetone flow rate. e. For our calculations, temperature
was constant throughout the reaction but upon increasing temperature or
decreasing pressures, diffusivity would increase as it depends on Pressure,
Temperature and nature of the components involved.
 Experiment 12(b)
UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER UNIT

1. AIM
To study the unsteady state temperature response of finite geometric shapes.
To calculate the value of surface conductance (h).

2. Given Data
• Body Shape : Copper Cylinder
• Diameter : 50 mm
• Radius : 0.025 m
• Length : 150 mm
• Volume : 2.9437 * 10-4 mm3
• Surface Area : 0.0235 mm2
• Thermal Conductivity : 206 W/m-K
• Density : 8900 kg/m3
• Specific Heat : 0.38 kJ/ kg K
• Cycle : Heating / Cooling

Heating Cycle:
• Surrounding Temperature (T∞) : 65 ̊C
• Initial body Temperature (Ti) : 34 ̊C

Cooling Cycle:
• Surrounding Temperature (T∞) : 25 ̊C
• Initial body Temperature (Ti) : 65 ̊C

3. Observation Table
Heating Cycle
Table 12. Unsteady Heat Transfer
S.No Time ( sec) T1 (°C) T2 (°C ) T3 (°C) T4 (°C)
1 0 31 32 32 32
2 8 42 42 41 38
3 16 43 49 47 44
4 24 47 52 50 48
5 32 49 50 53 52
6 40 52 56 55 54
7 48 54 58 57 55
 8 56 55 59 58 57
9 64 56 61 60 58
10 72 58 61 61 60
11 80 59 62 62 60
12 88 60 63 63 61
13 96 61 64 63 62
14 104 61 64 64 62
15 112 62 64 64 63
16 120 62 65 64 63
17 128 62 65 65 64
18 136 63 65 65 64
19 144 63 65 65 64
20 152 64 65 66 64

Cooling Cycle

Table 12. Unsteady Heat Transfer

S.No Time ( min) T1 (°C) T2 (°C ) T3 (°C) T4 (°C)

1 0 64 65 64 62
2 30 62 61 62 61
3 60 61 60 60 59
4 90 60 59 60 58
5 120 60 59 59 58
6 150 59 58 58 58
7 180 58 58 58 57
8 210 58 58 58 56
9 240 57 57 58 56
10 270 57 56 56 56
11 300 56 56 56 55
12 330 56 54 55 54
13 360 55 54 55 54
14 390 55 53 54 53
 15 420 55 52 54 53
16 450 54 51 54 52
17 480 54 51 53 52
18 510 53 50 52 51
19 540 53 50 52 51
20 570 52 49 51 50
21 600 51 47 50 50
22 630 51 48 50 49
23 660 50 47 50 49
24 690 50 47 49 47
25 720 50 47 48 47
26 750 49 47 49 48
27 780 49 47 49 48
28 810 49 46 48 48
29 840 48 46 48 47
30 870 48 45 47 47
31 900 47 45 47 47
32 930 47 44 46 46
33 960 47 44 46 46
34 990 46 44 46 45
35 1020 46 43 45 44
36 1050 45 43 44 43
37 1080 44 42 43 42

4. Sample Calculations
For heating cycle

For: t = 8 sec
T1 = 42 ˚C T2 = 42 ˚C T3 = 41 ˚C T 4 = 38 ˚C
T(infinite) = 65 ˚C T(initial) = 34 ˚C
x = 0.025 m k = 206 W / m K Cp = 380 kJ / kg . K
Density = 8900 kg / m3

Temperature response : 𝑇 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇 4 / 4 = 40. 75 ˚𝐶

Y = T - T(infinite) / T(initial) - T(infinite) = 0.782258
We draw a graph between Y and t (including all data points), and calculate the slope at
the point (Graph 1 ) , Slope = -0.02126

Slope is calculated using differentiation of exponential equation of the observations in

Graph 1, that is 𝑦 = 1. 01𝑒^ − 0. 0259𝑥
ℎ = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 * ( − 𝑟 * 𝐶𝑝 * 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ) / 2 = − 0. 0243 * ( − 0. 025 * 380 * 8900 ) / 2 = 898. 9156417
All the values of h are calculated similarly to this and we find an average value of h
h (average) = 290.7759 W / m2
Thermal Diffusivity (α)
α = k/ Density * Cp
= 206/(8900*380) = 6 * 10-5
X (Fourier Number) = α * t / x
2
= 6 * 10-5
* 8 / (0.025)2 = 0.768
Values of X and Y calculated will be used to determine the value of h from Heisler Chart

Taking 2 set of random values of X and Y from the data table, and looking across the
Heisler Chart
We get, m = 7
We know, m = k / h * x
Rearranging the above equation, we get, h = k / m * x
h = 1177.142857 W / m2 K
For Cooling cycle

For: t = 240 sec

T1= 57 ˚C T2 = 57 ˚C T3 = 58 ˚C T 4 = 56 ˚C
T(infinite) = 25 ˚C T(initial) = 65 ˚C
Temperature response = T = T1+ T2 + T3 + T 4 / 4 = 57 ˚C
Y = T - T(infinite) / T(initial) - T(infinite) = 0.8
We draw a graph between Y and t (including all data points), and calculate the slope at
the point (Figure ) , Slope = -0.0004861
h = slope * ( - r * Cp * Density ) / 2
= -0.0004861* ( - 0.025 * 380 * 8900 ) / 2 =20.55 W / m2 K
All the values of h are calculated similarly to this and we find an average value of h
h (average) = 17.419 W / m2

Thermal Diffusivity (α)

α = k/ Density * Cp
= 206/(8900*380) = 6 * 10-5
X (Fourier Number) = α * t / x^2

= 6 * 10-5 * 30 / (0.025)2 = 23.04

Values of X and Y calculated will be used to determine the value of h from Heisler Chart
(attached earlier)
Taking 2 set of random values of X and Y from the data table, and looking across the
Heisler Chart, we conclude that:
We get, m = 18.5
We know, m = k / h * x
Rearranging the above equation, we get, h = k / m * x
h = 445.41 W / m2 K
5. Results and Discussions
Unsteady State Heat Transfer: Heating Cycle with PID temperature as 65 ̊C

Table 12.5 Calculating H value for Heating Cycle with average temperature response as
(T1+T2+T3+T4)/4)
S.No Time ( sec) Unit
Surface
Temperature Conductance
Response: c Fourier
T= (T−T∞)/(T (w/ m2* Number
(T1+T2+T3+ i− T∞) ̊C) F0
T4)/4 Y H Slope X
1 0 31.75 1.072580645 1105.871725 -0.026159 0
2 8 0.782258064 -0.02126352
40.75 5 898.9156417 789 0.768
3 16 0.620967741 -0.01728420
45.75 9 730.6899278 882 1.536
4 24 0.508064516 -0.01404959
49.25 1 593.9464682 12 2.304
5 32 0.451612903 -0.01142030
51 2 482.7935813 943 3.072
6 40 0.346774193 -0.00928307
54.25 5 392.4421722 9176 3.84
7 48 0.290322580 -0.00754581
56 6 318.9993912 6469 4.608
8 56 -0.00613367
57.25 0.25 259.300908 0207 5.376
9 64 0.201612903 -0.00498579
58.75 2 210.7745743 7146 6.144
10 72 0.161290322 -0.00405274
60 6 171.3296013 0421 6.912
11 80 0.137096774 -0.00329429
60.75 2 139.2664764 8673 7.68
12 88 0.104838709 -0.00267779
61.75 7 113.2037389 3942 8.448
13 96 62.5 0.080645161 92.01845864 -0.00217666 9.216
 29 3717
14 104 0.072580645 -0.00176931
62.75 16 74.79785397 6475 9.984
15 112 0.056451612 -0.00143820
63.25 9 60.79996385 1392 10.752
16 120 0.048387096 -0.00116905
63.5 77 49.42168 2159 11.52
17 128 0.032258064 -0.00095027
64 52 40.17276162 23033 12.288
18 136 0.024193548 -0.00077243
64.25 39 32.654713 55528 13.056
19 144 0.024193548 -0.00062787
64.25 39 26.54361408 96943 13.824
20 152 0.008064516 -0.00051037
64.75 129 21.57616416 64438 14.592
Av. H: 290.7759708
Table 12.6: Calculating H value for Heating Cycle with average temperature response as
(T1+T2)/2
S.No Time ( sec) Unit
Surface
Temperature Conductanc
response e Fourier
T (T−T∞)/ Number
(=(T1+T2)/2) (Ti− T∞) (w/ m2* ̊K) F0
̊ C Y h Slope X
1 0 31.5 1.080645161 1024.365525 -0.024231 0
2 8 0.741935483 -0.019902250
42 9 841.3676309 29 0.768
3 16 0.612903225 -0.016346810
46 8 691.0614161 55 1.536
4 24 -0.013426532
49.5 0.5 567.606672 75 2.304
5 32 -0.011027948
49.5 0.5 466.2065144 3 3.072
6 40 0.354838709 -0.009057859
54 7 382.9209994 24 3.84
7 48 0.290322580 -0.007439716
56 6 314.5140345 96 4.608
8 56 0.258064516 -0.006110647
57 1 258.3276395 89 5.376
9 64 0.209677419 -0.005019010
58.5 4 212.1786694 512 6.144
10 72 0.177419354 -0.004122388
59.5 8 174.2739872 816 6.912
11 80 0.145161290 -0.003385944
60.5 3 143.1407912 204 7.68
12 88 0.112903225 -0.002781061
61.5 8 117.5693885 822 8.448
13 96 0.080645161 -0.002284238
62.5 29 96.56619193 721 9.216
14 104 0.080645161 -0.001876170
62.5 29 79.31511374 638 9.984
15 112 0.064516129 -0.001541001
63 03 65.14585635 924 10.752
 16 120 0.048387096 -0.001265709
63.5 77 53.50786754 463 11.52
17 128 0.048387096 -0.001039596
63.5 77 43.94894854 654 12.288
18 136 0.032258064 -0.000853877
64 52 36.0976837 7931 13.056
19 144 0.032258064 -0.000701336
64 52 29.64900895 699 13.824
20 152 0.016129032 -0.000576046
64.5 26 24.35235842 3257 14.592
Av. H 281.1058149

Table 12.7: Calculating H value for Heating Cycle with average

temperature response as (T3+T4)/2)
Time Temperature (𝐓−𝐓∞)/(𝐓𝐢− Unit Surface Slope Fourier
S.no (sec) Response T 𝐓∞) Conductance Number
(=(T3+T4)/2) ̊C (w/ m2* ̊K) F0
Y H X

1 0 32 1.064516 1168.56555 -0.027642 0

2 8 39.5 0.822581 -0.022254

940.8015738 32463 0.768

3 16 45.5 0.629032 -0.017916

757.4308529 75584 1.536

4 24 49 0.516129 -0.014424
609.8007412 61836 2.304
5 32 52.5 0.403226 -0.011613
490.9450711 13001 3.072

6 40 54.5 0.33871 -0.009349

395.2554442 626119 3.84

7 48 56 0.290323 -0.007527
318.2165895 299574 4.608

8 56 57.5 0.241935 -0.006060

256.1933031 160926 5.376

9 64 59 0.193548 -0.004878
206.2589153 980847 6.144

10 72 60.5 0.145161 -0.003928

166.0571905 023429 6.912

11 80 61 0.129032 -0.003162
133.6911448 416198 7.68

12 88 62 0.096774 -0.002546
107.6335336 032729 8.448

13 96 62.5 0.080645 -0.002049

86.65478614 787963 9.216

14 104 63 0.064516 -0.001650

69.76498595 265782 9.984

15 112 63.5 0.048387 -0.001328

56.16716031 614082 10.752

16 120 63.5 0.048387 -0.001069

45.21967365 655202 11.52

17 128 64.5 0.016129 -0.000861

36.40595099 1697454 12.288

18 136 64.5 0.016129 -0.000693

29.31010245 3199869 13.056

19 144 64.5 0.016129 -0.000558

23.59729885 1856617 13.824

20 152 65 0 -0.000449
18.99797225 3902366 14.592

Av. h 295.848392
Unsteady State Heat Transfer: Cooling Cycle

Table 12.8: Calculating H value for cooling cycle with average

temperature response as
(T1+T2+T3+T4)/4)

Time Temperature (𝐓−𝐓∞)/(𝐓𝐢− Unit Surface Slope Fouri

S.no (sec) Response T 𝐓∞) Conductance er
(=(T1+T2+T3+ (w/ m2* ̊K) Numb
T4)/4) ̊C Y H er
F0
X

1 0 63.75 -0.0005636
0.96875 23.827881 4 0

2 30 61.5 -0.0005533
0.9125 23.39158555 195871 2.88
3 60 60 -0.0005431
0.875 22.96327879 88144 5.76

4 90 59.25 -0.0005332
0.85625 22.54281445 422106 8.64

5 120 59 -0.0005234
0.85 22.13004894 783901 11.52

6 150 58.25 -0.0005138

0.83125 21.72484129 93348 14.4

7 180 57.75 -0.0005044

0.81875 21.3270531 838109 17.28

8 210 57.5 -0.0004952

0.8125 20.93654854 465651 20.16

9 240 57 -0.0004861
0.8 20.55319423 78456 23.04

10 270 56.25 -0.0004772

0.78125 20.17685924 763866 25.92

11 300 55.75 -0.0004685

0.76875 19.80741506 373166 28.8

12 330 54.75 -0.0004599

0.74375 19.44473551 582617 31.68

13 360 54.5 -0.0004515

0.7375 19.08869673 362917 34.56

14 390 53.75 -0.0004432

0.71875 18.73917712 685304 37.44

15 420 53.5 -0.0004351

0.7125 18.39605732 521543 40.32

16 450 52.75 -0.0004271

0.69375 18.05922014 843913 43.2

17 480 52.5 -0.0004193

0.6875 17.72855055 625205 46.08

18 510 51.5 -0.0004116

0.6625 17.40393562 838703 48.96

19 540 51.5 -0.0004041

0.6625 17.08526448 458185 51.84

20 570 50.5 -0.0003967

0.6375 16.7724283 457907 54.72

21 600 49.5 0.6125 16.46532024 -0.0003894 57.6

 812595

22 630 49.5 -0.0003823

0.6125 16.16383543 49744 60.48

23 660 49 -0.0003753
0.6 15.86787088 488086 63.36

24 690 48.25 -0.0003684

0.58125 15.57732554 760624 66.24

25 720 48 -0.0003617
0.575 15.29210016 291581 69.12

26 750 48.25 -0.0003551

0.58125 15.01209734 057917 72

27 780 48.25 -0.0003486

0.58125 14.73722146 03701 74.88

28 810 47.75 -0.0003422

0.56875 14.46737864 206655 77.76

29 840 47.25 -0.0003359

0.55625 14.20247671 545053 80.64

30 870 46.75 -0.0003298

0.54375 13.94242522 030802 83.52

31 900 46.5 -0.0003237

0.5375 13.68713534 642896 86.4

32 930 45.75 -0.0003178

0.51875 13.4365199 36071 89.28

33 960 45.75 -0.0003120

0.51875 13.1904933 163998 92.16

34 990 45.25 -0.0003063

0.50625 12.94897152 032885 95.04

35 1020 44.5 -0.0003006

0.4875 12.71187207 947859 97.92

36 1050 43.75 -0.0002951

0.46875 12.47911399 889766 100.8

37 1080 42.75 -0.0002897

0.44375 12.25061777 839803 103.68

Av. h 17.41979355
Table 12.9: Calculating H value for cooling cycle with average
temperature response as

(T1+T2)/2)

S.No Time ( min) Temperature Unit Surface

response Conductanc Fourier
T (T−T∞)/ e Number
(=(T1+T2)/2) (Ti− T∞) (w/ m2* ̊K) F0
̊ C Y H Slope X
1 0 64.5 0.9875 769.954575 -0.018213 0
2 30 -0.010146569
61.5 0.9125 428.9462071 06 2.88
3 60 -0.005652713
60.5 0.8875 238.9684464 101 5.76
4 90 -0.003149159
59.5 0.8625 133.1307223 604 8.64
5 120 -0.001754415
59.5 0.8625 74.16790575 275 11.52
6 150 -0.000977395
58.5 0.8375 41.31937505 0338 14.4
7 180 -0.000544512
58 0.825 23.01926605 5026 17.28
8 210 -0.000303351
58 0.825 12.82416805 1071 20.16
9 240 -0.000168998
57 0.8 7.144419194 6799 23.04
10 270 -0.000094150
56.5 0.7875 3.980197812 15522 25.92
11 300 -0.000052451
56 0.775 2.217391532 60337 28.8
12 330 -0.000029221
55 0.75 1.235321821 0957 31.68
13 360 0.688205027 -0.000016279
54.5 0.7375 5 2437 34.56
14 390 0.383403054 -0.000009069
54 0.725 9 262092 37.44
15 420 0.213596089 -0.000005052
53.5 0.7125 3 539074 40.32
16 450 0.118995633 -0.000002814
52.5 0.6875 4 799135 43.2
17 480 0.066293164 -0.000001568
52.5 0.6875 91 141098 46.08
18 510 0.036932310 -0.000000873
51.5 0.6625 77 6205978 48.96
19 540 0.020575206 -0.000000486
51.5 0.6625 82 699156 51.84
20 570 0.011462568 -0.000000271
50.5 0.6375 33 1429528 54.72
21 600 0.006385864 -0.000000151
49 0.6 007 0553284 57.6
22 630 0.003557602 -0.000000084
49.5 0.6125 271 1538089 60.48
23 660 0.001981961 -0.000000046
48.5 0.5875 079 88258023 63.36
24 690 0.001104162 -0.000000026
48.5 0.5875 135 11856026 66.24
25 720 0.000615135 -0.000000014
48.5 0.5875 1979 55080302 69.12
26 750 0.000342695 -0.000000008
48 0.575 4245 106337659 72
27 780 0.000190917 -0.000000004
48 0.575 6298 516088228 74.88
28 810 0.000106361 -0.000000002
47.5 0.5625 3307 515939224 77.76
29 840 0.000059254 -0.000000001
47 0.55 5208 40164449 80.64
30 870 0.000033011 -0.000000000
46.5 0.5375 04088 7808643614 83.52
31 900 0.000018390 -0.000000000
46 0.525 64438 435024113 86.4
32 930 0.000010245 -0.000000000
45.5 0.5125 53579 2423544834 89.28
33 960 0.000005707 -0.000000000
45.5 0.5125 848043 1350171033 92.16
34 990 0.000003179
45 0.5 875603 0 95.04
35 1020 0.000001771
44.5 0.4875 527338 0 97.92
36 1050 0.000000986
44 0.475 9282646 0 100.8
37 1080 0.000000549
43 0.45 8235214 0 103.68
Av. h 46.98545613
Table 12.10: Calculating H value for cooling cycle with average temperature response as

(T3+T4)/2)

S.No Time ( min) Temperature

response Unit Surface Fourier
T (T−T∞)/ Conductance Number
(=(T3+T4)/2) (Ti− T∞) (w/ m2* ̊K) F0
̊ C Y H Slope X
1 0 -0.0005457
63 0.95 23.0698057 08 0
2 30 -0.0005359
61.5 0.9125 22.65758444 570537 2.88
3 60 -0.0005263
59.5 0.8625 22.25272894 803415 5.76
4 90 -0.0005169
59 0.85 21.85510756 747502 8.64
5 120 -0.0005077
58.5 0.8375 21.46459106 37222 11.52
6 150 -0.0004986
58 0.825 21.08105247 647539 14.4
7 180 -0.0004897
57.5 0.8125 20.70436712 543967 17.28
8 210 -0.0004810
57 0.8 20.33441254 032535 20.16
9 240 -0.0004724
57 0.8 19.97106847 084796 23.04
10 270 -0.0004639
56 0.775 19.61421679 672808 25.92
11 300 -0.0004556
55.5 0.7625 19.26374149 769129 28.8
12 330 -0.0004475
54.5 0.7375 18.91952864 34681 31.68
13 360 -0.0004395
54.5 0.7375 18.58146633 37938 34.56
14 390 -0.0004316
53.5 0.7125 18.24944466 840842 37.44
15 420 -0.0004239
53.5 0.7125 17.9233557 705665 40.32
16 450 -0.0004163
53 0.7 17.60309344 948772 43.2
17 480 -0.0004089
52.5 0.6875 17.28855376 545537 46.08
18 510 -0.0004016
51.5 0.6625 16.97963441 47177 48.96
19 540 -0.0003944
51.5 0.6625 16.67623497 703717 51.84
20 570 -0.0003874
50.5 0.6375 16.37825679 218047 54.72
21 600 -0.0003804
50 0.625 16.08560303 991845 57.6
22 630 -0.0003737
49.5 0.6125 15.79817852 002607 60.48
23 660 -0.0003670
49.5 0.6125 15.51588984 22823 63.36
24 690 -0.0003604
48 0.575 15.23864522 647006 66.24
25 720 -0.0003540
47.5 0.5625 14.96635452 237616 69.12
26 750 -0.0003476
48.5 0.5875 14.69892923 979121 72
27 780 -0.0003414
48.5 0.5875 14.43628242 850956 74.88
 28 810 -0.0003353
48 0.575 14.17832869 832924 77.76
29 840 -0.0003293
47.5 0.5625 13.92498418 905188 80.64
30 870 -0.0003235
47 0.55 13.67616655 048267 83.52
31 900 -0.0003177
47 0.55 13.4317949 243027 86.4
32 930 -0.0003120
46 0.525 13.19178978 470676 89.28
33 960 -0.0003064
46 0.525 12.95607318 712758 92.16
34 990 -0.0003009
45.5 0.5125 12.72456847 951146 95.04
35 1020 -0.0002956
44.5 0.4875 12.49720038 168039 97.92
36 1050 -0.0002903
43.5 0.4625 12.27389501 345951 100.8
37 1080 -0.0002851
42.5 0.4375 12.05457975 467711 103.68
Av. h 16.9869597

The value of m is inverse of Biot Number and as calculated using Heisler chart:
For heating cycle m comes as 7 while for cooling cycle m comes as 18.5.
This means the Biot number was around 0.14 for the heating cycle and around 0.054 for the
cooling cycle.
Accordingly, we calculated h using Lumped sum analysis;
Average h value for heating cycle: 290.7759 W / m2 K
Average h value for cooling cycle: 17.419 W / m2 K

h from Heisler Chart h as calculated using

W / m2 K observations from
Lumped sum analysis
W / m2 K

Heating cycle 1177.142857 290.7759

Cooling cycle 445.41 17.419

There is a comparable difference between our values.

• We have done this experiment assuming the lumped heat system. In this model it is
assumed that the convective resistance is much greater than conductive resistance. This
means that the temperature gradient will be negligible inside the solid. But we know that this
is applicable to the ideal case and is not practically possible.
• It other words Lumped system analysis assumes a uniform temperature distribution
throughout the body, which implies that the conduction heat resistance is zero.
• Small bodies with high thermal conductivity are good candidates for lumped system analysis
because there is not much gradient possible in the temperature and hence the whole body can
be
probably considered at a uniform temperature.
• As we see the thermal coefficient and surface conductance in fact varies accordingly, that
can also be considered for different bodies when keeping their heat transfer in mind.

6. Conclusion
The difference between h values is a result of ideal vs practical case. In unsteady or transient
heat conduction our calculations are in fact based upon assumption of appropriate thermal
symmetry about the midpoint and with heat transfer on a single dimensionally.