Harmonics & Filters

CONTENTS :
 Generation of Harmonics
 Characteristics harmonics
 Calculation of AC Harmonics
 Non –characteristics harmonics
 Adverse effects of harmonics
 Calculation of Voltage & Current harmonics
 Effect of pulse number on harmonics
 Types of AC filters
 Design of Single Tuned filters
 Design of High Pass filters
P.Buchibabu HVDC Transmission 1
 Introduction
 It is defined as “Periodic steady state distortion of voltage/current waveforms in
power system”. Deviation from perfect sinusoidal waveform is generally
expressed in terms of harmonic components.
 It is defined as” the content of electrical signal whose frequency is an integral
multiple of fundamental or system frequency produced by generators”.
 Harmonics are mainly existing due to:
1) Converter---- Huge source of harmonics
2) Converter T/F--- more flux density is required
3) AC system Itself

HVDC Transmission * 2
 Impact of Harmonics
 Hvdc converters introduce both AC & DC harmonics which are injected into AC
system and DC line respectively.
 There are several problems associated with injection of harmonics , they are
1. Telephone interference.
2. Extra Power loss and consequent heating in the machines.
3. Overvoltage's due to resonances.
4. Instability of converter control primarily with IPC scheme of firing pulse
generation.
5. Interference with ripple control system used in load management.

HVDC Transmission * 3
 Characteristic Harmonics
 Generally harmonics are classified into two types:
1) Characteristic Harmonics  h=np±1(ideal case)
2)Non-Characteristic Harmonics h≠np±1(Non-ideal case)
 These are the harmonics of those order which are always present even under
ideal operation like balanced AC voltages, symmetric 3-Ø n/w & equidistant
pulses.
 These harmonics in AC current of order h=np±1.
 The harmonics in the converter dc voltage are of order h=np

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 Non-Characteristics Harmonics
 Harmonics of order other than characteristic harmonics are termed as non-
characteristic harmonics. These are due to
1. Imbalance in operation of two bridges forming a 12 pulse converter.
2. Firing angle errors.
3. Unbalance & distortion in AC voltages.
4. Unequal transformer leakage impedances.

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 Design of Single Tuned Filters
Derivation :
A Single tuned filter is a single RLC Series circuit connected between a phase & earth. The filter is tuned to one
particular characteristic harmonic frequency.
𝟏
The Impedance( Zf ) of the filter between phase & ground is given by 𝒛𝒇 = 𝑹 + 𝑱[ 𝑾𝑳 −
𝑾𝒄
] ------- 1

𝑹
The final expression for the impedance of the single tuned filter is given by 𝒁𝒇 = 𝟏 + 𝟒𝜹𝟐 𝑸𝟐
Design of AC Filters :
 The major design objective of AC filters is to reduce the telephone interference. This can be measured by any of
the following performance indices.
1. Harmonic Distortion
2. Telephone Influence Factor
3. Telephone Harmonic Form Factor
4. IT Product

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 Introduction


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