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B. Covalent bonds
Broken by the strong attraction of H₂O
Ex: HCl
C. Ionic compounds
H₂O breaks the electrostatic forces that bind ions and forms a
solution of the compound
Ex. Salt solution
D. Uncharged biomolecules
Between a carbonyl group and H₂O
Ex. X: H, R, OH, OR, NH₂
Hydrophilic
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Hydrophobic
Amphiphilic
Non-polar molecule =
CO₂
O :: C :: O
– linear
O=C=O
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Biomolecules of hydrogen bonding
The pH Scale
D. Ionization of H₂O
H₂O H⁺ + OH⁻
Equilibrium dissociation:
mass
[ ] = moles/L, m; molecular wt .
M=
VL
pH = -log [H⁺]
Acids
o Sour taste
o Substances capable of donating a proton – “proton donors’
Ex: vinegar, lemon juice, carbonated drinks
Bases
o Bitter taste; Feel-slippery
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Substances capable of accepting a proton – “proton acceptors”
o
Ex: Beetle nut
Acidic Solution
o if an aqueous solution contains more H⁺ ions than OH⁻ ion
Basic Solution
o If an aqueous solution contains more OH⁻ than H⁺
Sample Problems
1. In a sample of lemon juice, the [H⁺]= 3.8 X 10− 4 M . Calculate the pH.
2. A commonly available window cleaning solution has a [H⁺] of 5.3 X 10−9 M . Calculate the
pH
3. A sample of freshly pressed apple juice has a pH of 3.76 calculate the [H⁺] and [OH⁻]
o HA donates p⁺ to H₂O
o H₃O donates p⁺ to A⁻ ion
Example
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HCl Cl⁻
CH₃OCOOH CH₃COO⁻
NH₄ NH₃
H₂CO₃ HCO₃⁻
HCO₃⁻ CO₃
Amphiprotic substance
HA + SH SH₂⁺ + A⁻
B + SH BH⁺ + S⁻
SH₂ + S⁻ 2 SH
______________________
HA + B BH⁺ + A⁺
Ionization of pH
Calculations of pH
HCl H⁺ + Cl⁻
pH = - log [H⁺]
pH = - log [1 x 10⁻2 M]
pH= 2= acidic
pH = - log [H⁺]
pH = - log [4 X 10⁻13]
pH= 2= acidic
CH₃CH₂COOH → H⁺ + CH₃CH₂COOH
Propionic acid
BH⁺ H⁺ + B
NH₃
C₄H₉NH₂
C₅H₅N Uncharged B
Ionization Reaction:
Acids Bases
1. HA H⁺ + A⁻ A + H₂O HA + OH⁻
Ka = ¿ ¿ [ HA ] [OH ⁻]
Kb =
A⁻
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Ka = ¿ ¿ [ BH ] [OH ⁻]
Kb =
B
Pair 1 Pair 2
[ HA ] [OH ⁻] [ BH ] [OH ⁻]
KaKb= ¿ ¿ x KaKb= ¿ ¿ X = [H⁺][OH⁻] = Kw
A⁻ B
EXAMPLE
A table lists the acid ionization constant of triethanolammonium ion BH⁺ as pKa=7.8. Calculate
the pKb of triethanolamine B.
pKa= 7.8
pKb=?
pKa + pKb = Kw
14 – 7.8= pKb
pKb = 6.2
Calculation of pH of:
A. Weak acids
Substituting to:
Ka = ¿ ¿ Ka = ¿ ¿ → Ka = ¿ ¿ → Ka = ¿ ¿ ¿
[H⁺]2 = KaC
H⁺ = √ KaC
pH= -log [H⁺]
EXAMPLE
[H⁺] = √ KaC
√
= ( 1.38 x 10−3 ) (0.10 M )
pH= 1.93
B. Weak bases
pH from initial concentration C & Kb
General equation
B + H₂O HB + OH⁻
[OH ⁻]2
Kb= ¿ ¿ =
C−[ OH ]⁻
If Kb is 10⁻⁴ or smaller
[OH ⁻]2
Kb = k[OH⁻] = √ KbC
C
EXAMPLE
[OH⁻] = √ KbC √
[OH⁻] = ( 0.20 M ) ( 1.5 X 10−9)
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[OH⁻] = 1.73 X 10⁻⁵ = 4.76
pH = -log [OH⁻] pH + pOH = 14
= - log (1.73 x 10⁻⁵) pOH = 14 – 4.76
pOH= 9.24
C. pH of the solution containing both an acid and a base as the conjugate pair.
HENDERSON-HASSELBACH EQUATION
Ka = ¿ ¿
uses:
pH = pKa + log 1
log 1 = 0
pH= pKa
EXAMPLES
1. Calculate the pH of a solution that contains 0.01M o-nitrophenol (HA) and 0.02M solution
o-nitrophenolate (A⁻), pKa for o-nitophenol = 7.21
0.02 M
pH= 7.21 + log ( )
0.01 M
pH= 7.51
3. What is the value of the ratio [A⁻]/[HA] in a solution of lactic acid at a pH of 5? pKa=3.85
4. What is the pH of a lactic acid solution that contains 60% lactate formand 40% lactic acid
undissociated form?
BUFFER SYSTEM
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Buffer – a compound or mixture that when added to a solution, helps maintain specific pH
Buffer solution- a solution that will resist change in pH upon the addition of small
amounts of either acid or base or if either a strong acid or a strong base were added to the
solution
Components of Buffer:
Formation: during the titration of weak acid with a strong base during the titration of a weak
base with strong acid
Buffer capacity- the amount of acid or base that a buffered solution can handle with only
a certain small change in pH
The number of mole of a strong base needed to raise the pH of one (L) of
buffer by one pH.
EXAMPLE
An acid- conjugate pair such as acetic acid + acetate ion has an important
property.
EXAMPLES
Calculate the ration in which sodium acetate and acetic acid must be mixed to give a solution
that is buffered at pH= 5.0
In what molar ratio should butylamine and HCl be mixed to prepare a buffer of pH= 10.0? At M=
0.1,the pKb butylamine (B) is 3.30, and pKa for the conjugate acid [BH⁺] is 10.70.
Alkalosis- condition under which the pH of the body rises above 7.45
H⁺ + HPO₄ → H₂PO₄⁻
Phosphate Buffers
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Protein Buffers
Hemoglobin buffers: HHb + KHb
Oxyhemoglobin buffer: HHbO₂ + KHbO₂
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