PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

JONATHAN FERNANDEZ GR 12 – LOGRO

WEEK 7:
LESSON 1:
WHAT’S NEW: ACTIVITY 1: WHO IS YTS?
Identify the following statements whether it is true to both theoretical and conceptual
framework or not. Write (Y) for “yes” on the space at the left side of the statement if it is true to
both while (T) for “theoretical” and “C” if it is conceptual.

ANSWER STATEMENT
Y. Directly related to a specific study.
Y. Overall view of the research study.
T. Considered as the blueprint of the research.
C. General frame of reference used in conducting the research.
Y. Researcher’s idea of how the study will be explored.
T. Anchor in a particular theory existing already in the field.
Y. Generalized in scope.
C. Guide in choosing an appropriate methodology.
Y. Can be presented using both visual and narrative form.
Enable the readers to obtain a general understanding of the research
Y.
study.
Considers the relevant theory underpinning the knowledge base of the
T.
phenomenon.
C. It may synthesize one more theory.
Y. Can monitor possible threats to the validity of the study.
T. It is more focused and narrower in scope.
C. Develop only during the planning stage of the study.
WHAT’S MORE: ACTIVITY 2: SPOT THE VARIABLE (PART 1)

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

3. MEDICAL 5. NUMBE OF PATIENTS
INTERVENTION RECOVERED FORM PNEUMONIS

MODERATING VARIABLE
1. HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
2. WORK EXPERIENCE OF THE MEDICAL TEAM
6. IMMUNE SYSTEM OF THE PATIENT
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED: ACTIVITY 4: NAME THE TITLE
Direction: Base on the knowledge and understanding that you have gained from the
previous examples and activities, you have now captured the idea on how to make a conceptual
framework from the research title. With this, you are now given the framework, and you need to
formulate the research title according to the elements and factors that are present in the variables.
Give three (3) possible research titles that would reflect on the given variables. Write your
answers in the box provided below.
ANSWER:

WHAT I CAN DO: TASK 1: BUILD A FRAMEWORK

Create an initial research framework for your research study. Consider the relationship
between the concepts and variables in your research. Then, draw a concept map representing this
relationship visually. Use the space below for your answer, or you may use a separate paper if
the space provided is not enough.
WHAT’S NEW: ACTIVITY 1: DEFINE ME
A. Define at least five (5) key terms in your research study according to a conceptual definition.
Write your answers to the space provided or on a separate paper.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Using the terms in your conceptual definition, define them according to an operational
definition. Write your answers to the space provided or on a separate paper.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

LESSON 2:
WHAT’S MORE: ACTIVITY 2: MY ORDER PLACE
Arrange the following words/terms according to how it should be ordered. Note the
number of sequences on the space provided at the left side of the terms.

ANSWER DEFINED TERMS

Response rate. In survey research, the actual percentage of questionnaires
9.
completed and returned.
Accuracy. A term used in survey research to refer to the match between the target
1.
population and the sample.
6. Precision. In survey research, the tightness of the confidence limits.
Control group. A group in an experiment that receives not treatment to compare
2.
the treated group against a norm.
3. Data. Recorded observations, usually in numeric or textual form
Hypothesis. A tentative explanation based on theory to predict a causal
4.
relationship between variables.
Reliability. The extent to which a measure, procedure or instrument yields the
8.
same result on repeated trials.
 Random sampling. The process used in research to draw a sample of a population
7.
strictly by chance, yielding no discernible pattern beyond chance.
Parameter. A coefficient or value for the population that corresponds to a
5.
particular statistic from a sample and is often inferred from the sample.
Synchronic reliability. The similarity of observations within the same time frame;
10.
it is not about the similarity of things observed.

WHAT’S MORE: ACTIVITY 3: SPOT ME WRONG

Read the following definition of terms and identify and encircle the errors on how it was
written. Rewrite the correct terms and its definition to the space provided.

DEFINITION OF TERMS ANSWERS

Mean. The average score within a Mean. The average score within a
distribution. distribution.
Median = The center score in a Median. The center score in a
distribution. distribution.
mode. The most frequent score in a Mode. The most frequent score in a
distribution. distribution.
RANGE. The difference between the Range. The difference between the
highest and lowest scores in a distribution. highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
ANOVA. A method of statistical Analysis of Variance. A method of
analysis used to determine differences among statistical analysis used to determine
the means of two groups on a variable. differences among the means of two or more
groups on a variable.

WHAT I CAN DO: TASK 1: DEFINE ME OPEATIONALY

Based on your research title and research framework, organize your definition of terms.
Write the complete definition of terms of your research study operationally as directed by the
guidelines given to you in this module. Note that there are other ways or formats of writing your
definition of terms depending on the guidelines of your institution. You may use a separate paper
if the space provided is not enough.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
JONATHAN FERNANDEZ GR 12 – LOGRO
WEEK 8:
LESSON 3:
WHAT’S NEW: ACTIVITY 1: OWN WORDS
Direction: In your own words, briefly define the following terms according to how you
understood the lesson. Write your answers to the space provided.
1. Alternative hypothesis
 An alternative hypothesis is a position that states that something is happening, and that a
new theory is preferred over an old one. It is usually consistent with the research
hypothesis because it is built from a review of the literature, previous studies, and so on.
The research hypothesis, on the other hand, is sometimes consistent with the null
hypothesis.
2. Complex hypothesis
 A complex hypothesis is a prediction of the relationship between two or more
independent and two or more dependent variables. A nondirectional hypothesis is a
statement that a relationship exists between two variables but does not predict the nature
of the relationship.
3. Concise.
 Concision, also known as brevity, laconicism, or conciseness, is a writing principle that
aims to eliminate redundancy. For example, "It is a fact that most arguments must try to
convince readers, that is the audience, that the arguments are true." can be expressed
more succinctly as "Most arguments must demonstrate their truth to readers." – the
observations that the statement is a fact and that readers are the audience are redundant,
and the word "arguments" in the sentence is unnecessary.
4. Directional hypothesis.
 A directional hypothesis is a researcher's prediction of a positive or negative change,
relationship, or difference between two variables in a population. A researcher typically
develops a directional hypothesis based on research questions and uses statistical
methods to test the hypothesis's validity.
5. Empirical hypothesis.
 An empirical hypothesis, also known as a working hypothesis, emerges when a theory is
put to the test through observation and experimentation. It's no longer just a thought or an
idea. Rather, it is a process of trial and error, possibly revolving around those
independent variables.
6. Falsifiable.
  the possibility of admitting falsification: the logical possibility that an assertion,
hypothesis, or theory can be demonstrated to be false by observation or experiment. The
most important properties that make a statement falsifiable in this way are that it predicts
an outcome or makes a universal claim of the type "All X’s have property Y," and that
what is predicted or claimed is observable. Karl Popper, an Austrian-born British
philosopher, argued that falsifiability is a necessary feature of any genuinely scientific
hypothesis. Also known as dis – confirmability and refutability.
7. Hypothesis.
 A hypothesis is an assumption, or an idea proposed for the sake of argument and tested to
see if it is true. ... However, in non-scientific contexts, hypothesis and theory are
frequently used interchangeably to mean simply an idea, speculation, or hunch, with
theory being the more common choice.
8. Non – directional hypothesis.
 A researcher may hypothesize that college students will perform differently on a memory
task than elementary school students without predicting which group of students will
perform better. Also known as a nondirectional alternative hypothesis or a two-tailed
hypothesis.
9. Null hypothesis.
 A null hypothesis is one that states that there is no statistical significance between the two
variables in the hypothesis.
10. Testable.
 Testability is a property that applies to empirical hypotheses and consists of two
components: falsifiability or defeasibility, which means that counterexamples to the
hypothesis are logically possible. If such counterexamples exist, the practical feasibility
of observing a reproducible series of them.

WHAT’S MORE: ACTIVITY 2: TYPE IDENTITY

Given the following hypotheses, identify the type and direction which applies to each.
Write your answer in the right column.

HYPOTHESES ANSWER
1. The higher the unemployment rate, the higher will be the
COMPLEX
poverty and crime rate.
2. Increase of food intake with high carbohydrate content
SIMPLE
daily leads to obesity.
3. There is a significant change in my sleeping pattern
ALTERNATIVE
when I drink milk before sleeping or do not.
 4. Planets revolve around the sun at diverse speeds. LOGICAL
5. There is no relationship between the use of social media
NULL
and the attention span of students in school.
6. Implementing a flexible working arrangement enhance
ALTERNATIVE
job contentment of the employees.
7. Sex education for high school students has no effect on
NULL
the rates of teen pregnancy.
8. People who value freedom and longevity are more likely
to experience happiness than those who do not value their COMPLEX
freedom and longevity.
9. The number of lectures attended by the senior high
NULL
school students does not affect their final exam scores.
10. If you sleep at least 6 hours a day, you will get a high
ALTERNATIVE
score on the test than if you get less sleep.

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED: ACTIVITY 3: WITH GUIDANCE

Refer to the guidelines on how to write a hypothesis. Choose at least 3 guidelines and
explain them further on why or how they are vital in formulating hypothesis. Write your
explanation in the right column of the table.

GUIDLINE EXPLANATION

WHAT I CA DON: TASK 1: HO VS HA

Based on your research study, refer to your research questions. Formulate three (3) null
hypotheses and three (3) alternative hypotheses. Write your research title and research questions,
followed by your hypotheses. Use the space provided for your answer.

RESEACH TITLE:

RESEARCH QUESTION:

NULL HYPOTHESES (Ho) ALTERNATIVE HYPOHESES (Ha)

LESSON 4:
WHAT’S NEW: ACTIVITY 1: OWN WORDS
Direction: In your own words, briefly define the following terms according to how you
understood the lesson. Write your answers on the space provided.
1. Peer-review.
 The peer-review process is used to ensure academic scientific quality by subjecting an
author's scholarly work, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the
same field.
2. General references.
 The general reference collection includes materials that serve one or more of the
following functions: factual information overview of a topic
3. In-text citation.
 In-text citations include the author's last name followed by a page number in parentheses.
"This is a direct quote". If the author's name is not given, use the title's first word or
words. Use the same formatting as in the Works Cited list, including quotation marks.
4. Periodicals.
 Periodical literature is a type of serial publication that is released in new editions on a
regular basis. The most well-known example is the magazine, which is usually published
weekly, monthly, or quarterly. Newsletters, academic journals, and yearbooks are also
examples of periodicals.
5. Snowballing.
 Snowball sampling is a nonprobability sampling technique used in sociology and
statistics research in which current study subjects recruit future study subjects from
among their acquaintances. As a result, the sample group is said to grow like a snowball.
6. Body of knowledge.
 A body of knowledge is the entire set of concepts, terms, and activities that constitute a
professional domain as defined by the relevant learned society or professional
association. Any knowledge organization can use it as a type of knowledge
representation.
7. Search engines.
 A search engine is a piece of software that is used to conduct web searches. They conduct
systematic searches of the World Wide Web for specific information specified in a
textual web search query.
8. Reference management software.
  Reference management software, also known as citation management software or
bibliographic management software, is software used by scholars and authors to record
and use bibliographic citations as well as manage project references as a company or as
an individual. Once a citation has been recorded, it can be used to generate
bibliographies, such as reference lists in scholarly books, articles, and essays. The rapid
expansion of scientific literature has fueled the development of reference management
software.
9. Main body.
 The text that constitutes the main content of a book, magazine, web page, or any other
printed or digital work is referred to as the body text or body copy.
10. Government documents.
 Government documents are federal and local government publications such as hearings,
reports, statutes, treaties, periodicals, and statistics. Paper, microfiche, diskette, CD-
ROM, and online versions of government documents are available.

WHAT’S MORE: ACTIVITY 3: COM – CON

Compare and contrast the following terms. Write your answers in the table. You may use
a separate paper.

CONTRAST
TERMS COMPARE
REFERENCE BIBILOGREPHY
List of resources Only sources that have A list of all the sources
used to gather been mentioned or used to generate
literature for a cited in the paper's research ideas, even if
research study that text are included. they were not mentioned
includes or cited in the paper.
information such
REFERENCE
as the author's
AND
name, date,
BIBILOGRAPHY
publisher
information,
journal
information,
and/or DOI if
available.
THESIS AND A study or THESIS DISSERTATION
DISSERTATION research project
A Master's degree A final requirement for
with which a
requirement in which the Doctor of
postgraduate
the student or Philosophy (Ph.D.)
student must
researcher must degree in which the
complete as a final
complete a work of student or researcher
 requirement for original research. must complete an
graduation. original work of
research.
This is the type of CHRONOLOGICA METHODOLOGICAL
literature review L REVIEW REVIEW
that can assist you
A literature review It summarizes and
in organizing your
that focuses on evaluates the
CHRONOLOGIC research study.
probing research in a methodological
AL REVIEW AND specific field in a strengths and gaps of
METHODOLOGI sequential order, various studies, as well
CAL REVIEW typically beginning as the effects of different
with the oldest studies methodologies (research
and progressing to the designs, samples,
most recent studies. process) on different
outcomes.
Resources where PRIMARY SECONDARY
you can gather SOURCE SORCES
information and
PRIMARY Publications in which Publications in which a
ideas for a specific
SOURCES AND a researcher reports on researcher considers
topic as well as
SECONDARY the results of his or her other people's work.
related literature.
SOURCES research. The majority
of primary sources can
be found in journal
articles.
This is the type of THEORETICAL
CONTEX REVIEW
literature review REVIEW
that can assist you
It is focused on the It is primarily concerned
in organizing your
THEORETICAL Other research's with
research study.
REVIEW AND theories and concepts the aspect of research
CONTEX should be compared to content or context in
REVIEW the current study's which the researcher
framework, relates his or her study
hypothesis, to a larger body of
consistency, and knowledge
justification.

ACTIVITY 4: CITE SEEING

Direction: Refer to the types of literature review. Choose at least three (3) from the list
and give example of each. Search them using the internet. Cite the source and make sure that you
have taken your information from a reliable one. Write your answer on the space provided or you
may use a separate/additional paper.

TYPE EXAPLE FROM THE INTERNET SOURCE

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED: ACTIVITY 5: WRITE ME UP
In five (5) to ten (10) sentences, briefly discuss the following:
1. The importance of the review of related literature in your research study.
 The literature review is important because it: • describes how the proposed research is
related to previous statistical research. It demonstrates the uniqueness and relevance of
your research problem. Your research, in particular, differs from that of other
statisticians. It validates your proposed methodology.
2. As a student, which among the different types of literature is/are applicable to your research
study? Support your answer.
 Various types of literature reviews

 Literature reviews can be narrative or traditional.

 Traditional or narrative literature reviews critique and summarize a body of
literature on the thesis topic.

 Scoping Reports.
 A scoping review is a relatively new approach to evidence synthesis that differs in
purpose and goals from systematic reviews. A scoping review's goal is to provide
an overview of available research evidence without producing a summary answer
to a specific research question

 Systematic Quantitative Literature Review

 Systematic quantitative literature reviewing is a smart and effective way to
conduct literature reviews, especially for research students and others exploring
new disciplines. It bridges the gap between traditional narrative review and meta-
analysis methods.

 Cochrane Reviews
 Cochrane Reviews are systematic reviews of primary research in human health
care and health policy that are recognized internationally as the gold standard in
evidence-based health care. They look into the outcomes of interventions for
prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation

WHAT I CAN DO: TASK 1: PRESENTING WRITTEN REVIEW AND FRAMEWORK

Direction: Get ready for the presentation of your written review of related literature and
conceptual framework. The rubrics below will serve as a guide on how you will be rated by your
teacher. The 4C (content, coherence, creativity, communication) technique will be used so that
you can easily remember