Perencanaan Rekayasa

SWOT Analysis
Sheylin Wimora Lumban Tobing
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT)
Originated by Albert S Humphrey in the 1960s
• A useful technique for understanding Strengths and Weaknesses, and for identifying
both the available Opportunities and the existing Threats
• A simple icebreaker helping people get together to "kick off" strategy formulation
• A more sophisticated way as a serious strategy tool
• In a business context, helps carve a sustainable niche market
• In a personal context, it helps develop career in a way that takes best advantage of
talents, abilities and opportunities
• Help uncover opportunities to exploit
• By understanding the weaknesses of business, to manage and eliminate potential
threats

By looking at yourself and your competitors using the SWOT framework, you can start
to craft a strategy that helps you distinguish yourself from your competitors, so that
you can compete successfully in your market.
Strengths

• What advantages does your organization or your product have?

• What do you do or your product may be better than anyone else?
• What unique or lowest-cost resources can you draw upon that others can't?
• What do people in your market see as your strengths?
• What is your organization's or product Unique Selling Proposition (USP)?
• Consider your strengths from both an internal perspective, and from the
point of view of your customers and people in your market.
• Be realistic and if you're having any difficulty with this, try writing down a
list of your organization's or product’s characteristics.
• When looking at your strengths, think about them in relation to your
competitors. For example, if all of your competitors provide high quality
products, then a high quality production process is not a strength in your
organization's market, it's a necessity.
Weaknesses

• What could you improve?

• What should you avoid?
• What are people in your market likely to see as weaknesses?
• What factors lose you sales?
• Again, consider this from an internal and external basis: Do other
people seem to perceive weaknesses that you don't see? Are your
competitors doing any better than you?
• It's best to be realistic now, and face any unpleasant truths as soon
as possible
 Opportunities

• What good opportunities can you spot?

• What interesting trends are you aware of?
• Useful opportunities can come from such things as:
• Changes in technology and markets on both a broad and narrow scale
• Changes in government policy related to your field
• Changes in social patterns, population profiles, lifestyle changes, etc
• Local events
Threats

• What obstacles do you face?

• What are your competitors doing?
• Are quality standards or specifications for your job, products or
services changing?
• Is changing technology threatening your position or product?
• Do you have bad debt or cash-flow problems?
• Could any of your weaknesses seriously threaten your business or
product?
Internal-External

SWOT Analysis is sometimes called Internal-External Analysis and the SWOT Matrix is
sometimes called an IE Matrix.

• Strengths and weaknesses are often internal to your organization

• Opportunities and threats generally relate to external factors
SWOT Matrix
Example: Small Company
Strengths:
• We are able to respond very quickly as we
have no red tape, and no need for higher
management approval.
• We are able to give really good customer
care, as the current small amount of work
means we have plenty of time to devote to
customers.
• Our lead consultant has strong reputation in
the market.
• We can change direction quickly if we find
that our marketing is not working.
• We have low overheads, so we can offer
good value to customers.
Weaknesses:
• Our company has little market presence or
reputation.
• We have a small staff, with a shallow skills
base in many areas.
• We are vulnerable to vital staff being sick,
and leaving.
• Our cash flow will be unreliable in the early
stages.
Opportunities:
• Our business sector is expanding, with
many future opportunities for success.
• Local government wants to encourage local
businesses.
• Our competitors may be slow to adopt new
technologies.
Threats:
• Developments in technology may change
this market beyond our ability to adapt.
• A small change in the focus of a large
competitor might wipe out any market
position we achieve.
• As a result of their SWOT Analysis, the
consultancy may decide to specialize in
rapid response, good value services to local
businesses and local government.
• Marketing would be in selected local
publications to get the greatest possible
market presence for a set advertising
budget, and the consultancy should keep
up-to-date with changes in technology
where possible.
SWOT Analysis
O

• (X,Y)
IV I
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W S
• III II

T
Questionaire
Tika
Roy
Name : Rini Tia
Age :
Point : 1 = Disagree, 2 = Acc, 3 = Agree, 4 = Totally Agree

Question 1 2 3 4
STRENGH
Food very cheap
Taste very good
Healthy food
WEAKNESS
OPPORTUNITY
THREAT
 Questionaire Matrix
Respondent
Questionaire Average Rating Answer
Rini Tia Roy Tika
STRENGTH
Food very cheap 3 3 4 4 14/4=3,5 3 A
Taste very good 4 4 4 4 4 4 TA
Healthy food 1 2 1 2 1,5 1 DA
 Factor Integrity Rating Score
STRENGTH
1. Cheap 3 3 9
2. Taste 3 4 12
3. Healthy 2 1 2
4. Nice Location 2 3 6
Total 10 29
WEAKNESS 15
OPPORTUNITY 20
THREAT 24
 O

(X,Y)
IV I

W S
III II

T
CPM (Critical Path Method)
• CPM mirip dengan PERT
• Perbedaan CP dan PERT adalah bahwa CPM menggunakan satu jenis waktu
untuk perkiraan waktu penyelesaian setiap kegiatan
• PERT menggunakan tiga jenis waktu : prakiraan waktu optimis, waktu
paling mungkin dan waktu pesimis.
• CPM digunakan jika waktu penyelesaian setiap kegiatan diketahui dengan
pasti, dimana tingkat deviasi realisasi penyelesaian dibandingkan rencana
relative minim atau dapat diabaikan.
• PERT digunakan pada kegiatan yang waktu penyelesaiannya tidak dapat
dipastikan karena belum pernah dilakukan sebelumnya atau kegiatan
tersebut memiliki variasi waktu perkiraan penyelesaian yang lebar.
CPM
• CPM atau Metode Jalur Kritis merupakan model kegiatan proyek
yang digambarkan dalam bentuk jaringan. Kegiatan yang digambarkan
sebagai titik pada jaringan dan peristiwa yang menandakan awal atau
akhir dari kegiatan digambarkan sebagai busur atau garis antara titik.
CPM memberikan manfaat sebagai berikut:
• Memberikan tampilan grafis dari alur kegiatan sebuah proyek,
• Memprediksi waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menyelesaikan sebuah
proyek,
• Menunjukkan alur kegiatan mana saja yang penting diperhatikan
dalam menjaga jadwal penyelesaian proyek.
Langkah-langkah dalam perencanaan proyek menggunakan metode CPM :
• Tentukan rincian kegiatan. Dari rincian kegiatan yang harus dilakukan dalam sebuah proyek, tambahkan informasi durasi dan
identifikasikan prasyarat kegiatan sebelumnya yang harus terselesaikan terlebih dahulu.
• Tentukan urutan kegiatan dan gambarkan dalam bentuk jaringan. Beberapa kegiatan akan dapat dimulai dengan sangat
tergantung pada penyelesaian kegiatan lain. Relasi antar kegiatan ini harus diidentifikasi dan digambarkan secara berurutan
dalam bentuk titik dan busur.
• Susun perkiraan waktu penyelesaian untuk masing-masing kegiatan. Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menyelesaikan setiap
kegiatan dapat diestimasi dengan menggunakan pengalaman masa lalu atau perkiraan dari para praktisi. CPM tidak
memperhitungkan variasi waktu penyelesaian, sehingga hanya satu perkiraan yang akan digunakan untuk memperkirakan
waktu setiap kegiatan.
• Identifikasi jalur kritis (jalan terpanjang melalui jaringan). Jalur kritis adalah jalur yang memiliki durasi terpanjang yang
melalui jaringan. Arti penting dari jalur kritis adalah bahwa jika kegiatan yang terletak pada jalur kritis tersebut tertunda,
maka waktu penyelesaian proyek secara keseluruhan otomatis juga akan tertunda.
• Pada jalur selain jalur kritis, akan ditemui waktu longgar/waktu toleransi (slack time) yaitu sejumlah waktu sebuah kegiatan
dapat ditunda tanpa menunda penyelesaian proyek secara keseluruhan.
• Update Diagram CPM. Pada saat proyek berlangsung, waktu penyelesaian kegiatan dapat diperbarui sesuai dengan
diperolehnya informasi dan asumsi baru. Sebuah jalur kritis baru mungkin akan muncul, dan perubahan bentuk jaringan
sangat mungkin harus dilakukan.
• Keterbatasan CPM adalah digunakannya satu angka perkiraan waktu penyelesaian bagi setiap kegiatan. Jika memang
dibutuhkan perencanaan proyek yang lebih kompleks, metode PERT dengan tiga varian waktu perkiraan akan dapat
memberikan aternatif perkiraan waktu penyelesaian proyek yang lebih terbuka.
CPM
NORMAL CEPAT
CODE ACTIVITY PENDAHULU LANJUTAN
T Rp T Rp
A FONDASI A BC 5 500 2 575
B TIANG B DE 5 250 2 550
C AIR C F 4 600 4 600
D DINDING D G 4 400 4 400
E SALURAN E H 2 100 1 150
F LISTRIK F H 4 400 3 800
G ATAP G I 6 300 2 500
H JENDELA H I 3 600 3 600
I FINISHING I 3 300 3 300

Biaya tak langsung minggu 1-10 Rp 200/week.

Biaya tak langsung minggu 11- Rp 100/week
• Jaringan kerja
• Jalur kritis
• Waktu penyelesaian dan total biaya normal
• Waktu dan biaya optimal
• Gant Chart
 ES A EF
1 2
LS 5 LF
BESAR

KECIL
 B 10 D G
14
3 5
5 10 4 14 6

E
A H 20 I 23
0 5 2
1 7 8 23
2 3 20 3
0 5 5

C 9 F 13
4 13 6
4 4 17
• Jalur kritis A-B-D-G-I = 5+5+4+6+3 = 23
• Biaya langsung 500+250+600+….. = 3450
Biaya tidak langsung 1-10 = 200x10 = 2000
Biaya tidak langsung 11-23 = 100x12 = 1300
Total = 6750
TERIMA KASIH