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Capacitor Placement in A Distribution System For Power Factor Correction: An Optimization Approach
Capacitor Placement in A Distribution System For Power Factor Correction: An Optimization Approach
Line currents are reduced from capacitors locations all the way Where:
back to the generation equipment. As a result, losses and ΔACE = annual conserved energy, kWh/yr
loadings are reduced in distributions feeders, substation
QC ,3 = three-phase reactive power due to corrective
transformers, and transmission lines. Depending upon the
uncorrected power factor of the system, the installation of capacitors applied, kvar
shunt capacitors can increase generator and substation R = total resistance to load center,
capability of additional load at least 30 percent, and can S L ,3 = original, i.e., uncorrected three phase load, kVA
increase individual circuit capability, from the voltage
sin θ = sine of original (uncorrected) power factor angle
regulation point of view, approximately 30 to 100 percent.
VL-L = line to lien voltage, kV
Furthermore, the current reduction in transformer and
distribution equipment and lines reduces the load on these
The annual benefits due to the conserved energy can
kilovolt ampere-limited apparatus. In general, the economic
be calculated as given in Eq. (3).
benefits force capacitor banks to be installed on the primary
distribution network rather than on the secondary. The
$ ACE ACE EC
methods used by the utilities to determine the economic
benefits derived from the installation of capacitors vary from (3)
company to company, but the determination of the total
installed cost of a kilovar of shunt capacitors is easy and Where:
straightforward. In general, the economic benefits that can be Δ$ACE = annual benefits due to conserved energy, $/yr
derived from capacitor installation can be summarized as 1, 4: EC = cost of energy, $/kWh
Benefits due to released generation capacity
Benefits due to released transmission capacity Benefits due to Reduced Voltage Drops
Benefits due to released distribution substation capacity The following benefits can be derived from the
Benefits due to reduced voltage drops (voltage installation of capacitors from into a circuit:
improvement) The effective line current is reduced, and consequently
Benefits due to released feeder capacity both IR and IXL voltage drops are decreased, which
Benefits due to reduced energy losses results in improved voltage regulation.
Therefore the total benefits due to installation of capacitor The power factor improvement further decreases the
banks can be summarized 4 as given in Eq. (1). effect of reactive line voltage drop.
I. ENERGY The approximate value of the percent voltage rise along
the line can be calculated as given in equation (4):
$ $ G $ T $ S $ F $ ACE $ GBCE (1
REDUCTION
QC ,3 l
) %VR (4)
10 VL2 L
DEMAN
D
Revenue
Reductio Increase Also, an additional voltage rise phenomenon through
n
every transformer from the generation source to the capacitors
occurs due to the application of capacitors, which is
independent of load and power factor of line, and can be
:Where expressed as:
Δ$G = annual benefits due to released generation capacity, $/yr
Δ$S = annual benefits due to distribution substation capacity,
Q l
$/yr %VRT C ,3 xT (5)
Δ$F = annual benefits due to released feeder capacity, $/yr S
T ,3
Δ$ACE = annual benefits due to conserved energy, $/yr
Δ$GBCE = additional annual revenue due to increase kWh Where:
energy consumption, $/yr % VRT = percent voltage rise through transformer
Δ$T = annual benefits due to released transmission capacity, ST , 3 = total three-phase transformer rating, kVA
$/yr
xT = percent transformer reactance (approximately equal to
In our work, we will discuss the benefits of the transformer’s impedance)
installation of shunt capacitors from the perspective of
reduced energy losses and reduced voltage drops. III. PRACTICAL CASE STUDY: POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
FOR AN INDUSTRIAL 11 KV SUBSTATION
EPSP 078 3
0.92
0.92
0.90
0.90
0.88
0.88
0.86
0.86
0.84
0.84
0.82
0.82
0.80
0.80
0.78
0.78
0.76
0.76
0.74
0.74
4/7/2007
4/7/2007 23:59:00
23:59:00 (H
(H:M
:M:S
:S)) 4/8/2007
1:50:00.000
1:50:00.000P
PMM 4
4HHours/D
ours/Div
iv 1:49:00.000 PM
Figure 2(a). Time trends of power factor over 24 hours (summer condition)
0
0.95
.95
0
0.90
.90
0
0.85
.85
0
0.80
.80
0
0.75
.75
1/31/20
1/31/20
08
08 2
23
3:58:4
:58:40
0 (H
(H:M
:M:S
:S)) 2/1/2008
3:21:00
3:21:00
.000
.000P
PMM 44H
H ou
ours/D
rs/Div
iv 3:19:40.000 PM
Figure 2(b). Time trends of power factor over 24 hours (winter condition)
.
EPSP 078 4
From Table 1, the total power losses in the network are From Table 2, the total power losses in the network are
0.036MW (36kW). 0.036MW (36kW). The losses decreases from 0.036 MW
(36kW) to 0.024 MW (24kW)
Simulation with adding the shunt capacitors
EDSA power flow program has been used to Energy Saving Due Power Factor Improvement
calculate the total network power losses. Power flow The total reduction in the power losses is
solution has been obtained using Newton-Raphson method. calculated as:
The power flow with shunt capacitors is shown in Figure 4.
From Figure 4, it can be observed that the power factor has ΔPloss = Ploss, before cap – Ploss, after cap
been improved to 0.9478. Ploss= 0.036- 0.024= 0.012 MW= 12kW∆
IV CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES