19AIE204: Introduction to Communication Systems

Prepared by: Dr. Arpita Thakre – 29 Jul 2020

Syllabus
Signal types, spectral domain representation of periodic signals, characteristics of noise and interference in
wireless channels, filters, (low-pass, bandpass and matched (correlation) and understand their impact on the
performance of a communication system.
Analog modulation schemes, FM and AM, and specify the effect of system parameters (such as carrier
frequency, bandwidth, rate) on performance.
Quantifying the effect of ADC and DAC on wireless system performance,
Digital modulation schemes (PSK, DPSK, GMSK, QPSK and QAM) , system parameters and synchronization
errors on digital modulation schemes,
Multipath effects of wireless channels and demonstrate their compensation with equalization.
multicarrier (OFDM) modulation and its performance.
Performance predictions of wireless communications with software-defined radios.
Prospects for AI in communication systems.
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What is Communication System?

2
What is the role of AI in a Communication System?

3
 What is Signal?

A signal is the variation of a physical quantity with respect to one or more independent
variable(s).
Signals typically carry information that is somehow relevant for some purpose
Examples of signal:
A voltage or current in an electronic circuit
the position, velocity, or acceleration of an object
a force or torque in a mechanical system
a flow rate of a liquid or gas in a chemical process
a digital image, digital video, or digital audio
a stock market index

4
 Mathematical Representation of Signal
Mathematical Representation of Signal

Signal is represented as a function of one or more variables

5
 Examples of Signal

Speed of wind as a function of height from sea level

Continuous signal ? Yes

Independent variable : height
Dependent variable : speed of wind

Continuous signal

6
 Amplitude of audio signal as a function of time

Continuous signal ? Yes

Independent variable : time
Dependent variable : amplitude of audio signal

Continuous signal – Continuous Time Signal

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 Stock market index as a
function of time

Continuous signal ? No
Discrete Signal
Independent variable : time
Dependent variable : Index of stock market

Discrete Signal - Discrete time signal

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x(t) is a continuous time signal

x[n] is a discrete time signal

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 Energy & Power of a Signal
Energy of a continuous time signal over the time interval [t 1, t2] is

𝑡2
න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡1
Power of a continuous time signal over the time interval [t1, t2] is
𝑡2
1
න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
(𝑡2 − 𝑡1) 𝑡1

Energy of a discrete time signal over the interval [n1, n2] is

1
Power of a discrete time signal over the interval [n1, n2] is σ𝑛𝑛21 𝑥[𝑛] 2
𝑛2−𝑛1+1
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 Energy & Power of a Signal
Energy of a continuous time signal over an infinite time interval is

Time averaged power over an infinite interval is

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 Energy Signal, Power Signal

1. Energy Signal: Signal for which

2. Power Signal: Signal for which 5

3. Signal for which neither nor is finite x(t) = t

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Transformation of Independent Variable
Shifting

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Transformation of Independent Variable
Reflection about t = 0 or n = 0

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Transformation of Independent Variable
Scaling

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Transformation of Independent Variable

Determine x(t+1)

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Transformation of Independent Variable

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Transformation of Independent Variable

Determine x(-t+1)

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Transformation of Independent Variable

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Transformation of Independent Variable

Determine x(3t/2)

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Transformation of Independent Variable

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Transformation of Independent Variable

Determine x(3t/2 + 1)

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Transformation of Independent Variable

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