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DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

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Information: Analog and Digital

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Transmission System

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Simplified Block Diagram

Analog to Digital
Conversion - ADC

Digital to Analog
Conversion - DAC

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ADC

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Sampling

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Sampling Theorem
Nyquist Sampling Theorem
Nyquist sampling theorem states that the sampling signal frequency should be
double the input signal’s highest frequency component to get distortion less
output signal. OR
In order to reconstruct the signal back, sampling frequency requires a sample rate
more than and equal to the maximum frequency component of the input signal.

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Quantization
Quantization is
representing the sampled
values of the amplitude by
a finite set of levels, which
means converting a
continuous-amplitude
sample into a discrete-
time signal.

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Analog to digital conversion

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Concept of ADC

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Digital Communication: Block Diagram

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Digital Communication System

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Digital Modulation
• A computer network is used for communication of data from one station to
another station in the network.
• We have seen that analog or digital data traverses through a communication
media in the form of a signal from the source to the destination.
• The channel bridging the transmitter and the receiver may be a guided
transmission medium such as a wire or a wave-guide or it can be an
unguided atmospheric or space channel.

Techniques for conversion digital and analog data to digital signal, commonly
referred to as encoding techniques
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Digital Communication over guided media

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Line Coding

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Line coding & its characteristics

Cost of
Implementation

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Line Coding Techniques

Unipolar: In unipolar encoding technique, only two
voltage levels are used.
It uses only one polarity of voltage level.
In this encoding approach, the bit rate same as data
rate.
Unfortunately, DC component present in the
encoded signal and there is loss of synchronization
for long sequences of 0’s and 1’s. It is simple but
obsolete.

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Line Coding Techniques ...
Polar: Polar encoding technique uses two voltage
levels – one positive and the other one negative.
Four different encoding schemes
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Line Coding Techniques ...
As shown in the figure below, in NRZ encoding, the
signal level remains same throughout the bit-period. noise is more reliable than to compare a
There are two encoding schemes in NRZ: NRZ-L and
NRZ-I
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Non Return to zero (NRZ): The
most common and easiest way
to transmit digital signals is to
use two different voltage levels
for the two binary digits.
Usually a negative voltage is
used to represent one binary
value and a positive voltage to
represent the other.
The data is encoded as the
presence or absence of a signal
transition at the beginning of the
bit time.
The advantages of NRZ coding are:
• Detecting a transition in presence of
value to a threshold.
• NRZ codes are easy to engineer and it
makes efficient use of bandwidth.
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Few examples of Line Code

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Power
Spectral
Density

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ASK- Amplitude Shift Keying

FSK – Frequency Shift Keying

PSK – Phase Shift Keying

QAM -Quadrature amplitude modulation

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Digital Modulation Techniques ...

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Digital Modulation

Amplitude Shift Keying

Frequency Shift Keying

Phase Shift Keying

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Digital Modulation Techniques. ..

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Amplitude Shift Keying

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Amplitude Shift Keying ...

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Higher order of Modulation

Decoded
as 0 or 1

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Constellation Diagram

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Constellation diagram...

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Constellation Diagram ..

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