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Digital communication course covers

Sampling and pulse modulation

Baseband pulse transmission
Digital transmission through band limited channel
Bandpass digital modulation

Digital signal If
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signal 519hL
digital
compression
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non electrical signal to electrical signal
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2 Source encoding
It is used to reduce redundancy Delta modulation
It is utilized to use Bw effectively
Data compression
Huffman
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hempel Invading for digital
compression

3 Channel Encoding

It is used to provide noise immunity

 By adding redundancy we can achieve
noise immunity
Blockade
Cyclic code
Convolutional codes

4 Digital modulator
Low frequency digital signal into high frequency
analog signal
convert electrical signal into high frequency
modulated signal
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Sampling
time
It is the process to convert continuous signal into
discrete signal

Sufficient number of samples must be taken so

that the original signal is reconstructed properly

Number of samples to be taken depends on

the Max signal frequency present in the signal

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f s 72fm Nyquist
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 DIGITAL WMMUNICATIONS

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PULSE MODULATIONS

Pulse Amplitude Modulation PAM

The amplitude of a
fixed time fixed position
pulse is changed depending on the information
signal
a Pulse width modelelion PWM

The method is also pulse duration

known as

modulation In this method the pulse is proportional

to the amplitude of the information

Pul U PPM

The position of a fixed width pulse is varied

in proportion to the amplitude of of the
information signal
Pulse Code Modulation Pcm

In PCM the information signal is sampled

quantized and converted coded into fixed binary

serial number for transmission
 Deletion
Delta modulation is
essentially a kind of
differential pulse code modulation The main
feature is that it uses a e bit two
quantization levels quantzer This modulation
uses the difference between current sample
and the
previous sample Depending on
whether this difference is positive or negative
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 PULSEIDEMODULATION

Pulse code modulation is a three step process

Sampling
Quantization
coding
It consists the same steps of analog to digital
conversion process

Sampling Quantization Coding

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Sampling Makes the signal discrete time
Quantization Makes the amplitude of the signal
discrete Rounds the amplitude to any of the
g levels Due to this rounding process quantization
is a
bossy process
Coding Converts quantized values to digital words
each with v bit

The signal distortion occurs in the quantization

process

Pcm is used to convert analog data into digital

data

If we use 3 bits to represent then the

total number
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9 quantization level
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 If there are high frequency components
at analog input then we should use LPF at

input before we
give signal to sampling
SAMPLINGINPCM

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QUANTIZATIONINPCMT
The process of measuring the numerical values
of the samples and giving them a treble value
in a suitable scale

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quantization
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is called quantizing interval

Difference between sampled output and

quantized output is called as quantization distortion

quatisation error

3,752 Quantization
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To decrease this distortion we can increase the

number of levels by increasing the number of
bits

QUATIZATIONRESOLUTIONI
The number of bits it used to represent each sample
is called as the resolution of the quantiser

log Cq Quantization
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number levels
bits
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As a result the 13W required to transmit

signal increases
Typically telephone systems use 8 bit resolution
128 d levels

CD players use 16 bit resolution per channel

UNIFORMQUANTIZATION

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The distance between the quantization level is
called the step interval and it is indicated with
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quarters that allow sample values to be

quantized at zero level have zero level

Mid rise type uniform quantization they are

quantizers that do not allow sample values to

be quantized at zero level
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 ProblemswithPCMtansmission
Imposes a increase in BW due to short
duration of pulses
Increase in system complexity due to additional
quantizers end encoders more
signal levels considered
means more
expensive components

solution
trade elf system complexity for increase

spectral efficiency Differential PCM

A Delta modulator
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Sampling Nyquist sampling Bw w

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Quantization rounding level f

coding
PCM
Problems in Pcm

Imposes an increase in the RW due to short

duration
of pulses
Increase in system complexity due to additional
quartisers

Solution
Trade off system complexityfor spectral efficiency
CDPCM

Delta modulation
 traves
Waveform coding is used for digital transmission
of an analog signal
Is it possible to make a good estimate
of the sample values by looking at the
previous sample values

Differential coding
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DPCM We take difference between samples
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arete higher than the Nyquist rate the successive
samples become more correlated
There exists a very little difference between
the amplitude of successive samples

In DPCM to reduce the redundant information

and to achieve more compression only the difference
between the successive samples are transmitted

EI Let us assume that we have two samples

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 PROBLEM in DM

To make the DM more efficient we have a

choice of two parameters

step size s
Sampling rete fs
to eccaunt fastest change in the signal both
end must be increased

Ht
varying fast

1 my t

But increasing sampling rete will account for

larger BW

PCM

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quantization error
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bring two problems like
overload distortion
Slope
noise

SLOPE OVERLOAD DISTORTION

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When step size is small dope overload distortion

occurs The envelope of staircase approximated

will be
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To avoid the quantization error due to slope
overload distortion

choose larger step size to satisfy the

condition
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 Increase fs or decrease Ts

To avoid slope overload distortion we should

have larger slope of staircase compared to
male slope of original signal

sieve
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