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Digital Communications
Analog Signal
Bit sequence
t 0001101110……
t t
Baseband Bandpass
Channel Channel
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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Digital Modulation
t
Digital
Baseband
Baseband
Channel
Modulation
Bit sequence
Modulated signal
0001101110……
Digital Bandpass
Bandpass Channel
Modulation
t
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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Digital Modulation
• Bandwidth Efficiency:
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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• Binary PAM
• Binary On-Off Keying (OOK)
• 4-ary PAM
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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Binary PAM
A
-A
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 …
s(t) s(t ) Z
n
n v(t n )
A
…... Pr{Zn 1} 1/ 2
0 2 t A, 0 t
v(t )
-A 0, otherwise
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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1 2 Z2
m
Gs ( f ) V ( f ) Z f
2
m
With Binary PAM: V ( f ) A sinc( f ) GBPAM ( f ) A2 sinc2 ( f )
Z 0, Z2 1
GBPAM ( f )
A2
See Textbook (Sec. 3.2) or Reference [Proakis & Salehi] (Sec. 8.2) for more details.
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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90% bandwidth: 1/
90% power
95% bandwidth: 2 /
95% power
• Suppose 90% of signal power must pass through the channel (90% in-band power):
Required Channel Bandwidth: Bh _ 90% 1/
Bh _ 90% Rb
Bit rate: Rb 1/
• Suppose 95% of signal power must pass through the channel (95% in-band power):
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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Rb 1/
BPAM 1 with 90% in-band power
Bh _ 90% 1/
Bh _ 95% 2 /
BPAM 0.5 with 95% in-band power
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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1 1 0 1 0 0 1 …
s(t) s(t ) Z
n
n v(t n )
A
…... Pr{Zn 1} Pr{Zn 0} 1/ 2
0 2 t A, 0 t
v(t )
-A 0, otherwise
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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1 2 Z2
m
Gs ( f ) V ( f ) Z f
2
m
1
GBOOK ( f ) A sinc( f )
2
With Binary OOK: V ( f ) A sinc( f )
Z 1/ 2, Z2 1/ 4 1 1
m
4 4
f
m
GBOOK ( f )
1 2
A
4
… …
2/ 1/ 0 1/ 2/ f
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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Rb 1/
BOOK 1 with 90% in-band power
Bh _ 90% 1/
Bh _ 95% 2 /
BOOK 0.5 with 95% in-band power
Can we improve the bandwidth efficiency without sacrificing the in-band power?
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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4-ary PAM
A
11: 10: 01: 00:
A/3
-A/3
-A
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 …
s(t ) Z
n
n v(t n )
s(t)
A Pr{Z n 1} Pr{Z n 1/ 3}
…... Pr{Z n 1} Pr{Z n 1/ 3}
0 2 t
1/ 4
A, 0 t
-A
v(t )
0, otherwise
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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1 2 Z2
m
Gs ( f ) V ( f ) Z f
2
m
With 4-ary PAM: V ( f ) A sinc( f ) G4 PAM ( f ) 95 A2 sinc2 ( f )
Z 0, Z2 5 / 9
G4PAM(f)
5
9 A2
• Symbol rate: RS 1/
• Bit rate: Rb 2 RS 2 /
Pulse Shaping
• Frequency domain
Baseband Channel
PAM signal H(f) GY ( f ) GPAM ( f ) | H ( f ) |2
GPAM(f)
-Bh 0 Bh f The signal distortion
incurred by channel is
0 f
always non-zero!!
• Time domain
Sinc-Shaped Pulse
Rectangular Pulse
v(t)=Asinc(t/) V(f)
A A
Sinc-Shaped Pulse
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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2 0 2 t -A
s(t) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
… …
t
… …
Pr{Zn 1} 1/ 2
s(t ) Z
n
n v(t n )
v(t ) Asinc(t / )
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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1 2 Z2
m
Gs ( f ) V ( f ) Z f
2
m
With Binary Sinc-Shaped- Z 0, 1 2 GBSSP ( f ) A2 , | f | 21
Z
Pulse Modulated Signal: V ( f ) A , | f | 21
GBSSP(f)
A2
-1/(2) 0 1/(2) f
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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• Time domain
Binary Sinc-Shaped-Pulse signal Baseband Channel y(t ) s(t ) h(t )
s(t ) Z n v(t n ) h(t)
n Zero ISI at t=m!
y(t) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
… …
t
… …
Are there any other (better) choices to achieve zero ISI?
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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Suppose that the bandwidth of unit pulse v(t) is W, which is also the required
channel bandwidth. To pass the digital modulated signal with symbol rate 1/
through the channel:
• If 1/-W>W, there is no way to satisfy the Nyquist pulse-shaping criterion
for zero ISI. V ( f m )
m
…… ……
f
-2/ -1/ 0 W 1/-W 1/ 2/
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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If the symbol rate 1/>2W, there is no way that we can design a system
with zero ISI.
, | f | W
If the symbol rate 1/=2W, we must have V ( f )
0, otherwise
• The maximum symbol rate for zero ISI is 2W.
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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2 0 2 t
1
0
1
f
2 2
• Strong ISI at t n .
• Perfect synchronization is required at the receiver side. 0
1
1 2
cos(2 t ) 2
Raised-Cosine Pulse: v (t ) Asinc(t / ) 1 (4 t )2 V(f)
A
A
2 0 2 t
1 0 1 f
More robust 2 2
• Larger
Larger bandwidth
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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Rb
Binary Raised- 1 2
2 Rb
1
Cosine-Pulse Moderate
Modulation (100% in-band power)
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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• Binary ASK
• Binary FSK
• Binary PSK
• Quaternary PSK
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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1 0 1 0
Phase
modulation Binary Phase Shift Keying
(BPSK)
t
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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1 0 1 0
4 4 m
GBASK ( f )
… … … …
-fc1/ -fc -fc1/ 0 fc1/ fc fc1/ f
2/
2 Rb
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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GBASK ( f )
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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A bi 1 0 bi 1
sb1, BFSK (t ) sb 2, BFSK (t )
bi 0 A bi 0
0
Binary On-Off Keying Binary On-Off Keying
0 1 0 1
t
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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( fc f ) ( fc f ) 0 fc f fc f f
2f
2f 2Rb
• The required channel bandwidth for 90% in-band power:
Bh _ 90% 2f 2Rb
• Bandwidth efficiency of BFSK: 0.5
1
0.5 BASK
1 f / Rb
BFSK
(with 90% in-band power)
The bandwidth efficiency of BFSK signal is lower than that of BASK signal!
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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1 0 1 0
sBPSK (t ) sBPAM (t ) cos(2 fct )
t
GBPSK ( f )
… … … …
-fc 0 fc f
2 Rb
• The required channel bandwidth for 90% in-band power:
Bh _ 90% 2Rb
The bandwidth efficiency of BPSK signal is the same as that of BASK signal!
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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M-ary PSK
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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QPSK
A A
“1 1” s1 (t ) A cos(2 fct / 4) cos(2 fct ) sin(2 fct )
2 2
A A
“1 0” 2s (t ) A cos(2 f c t / 4) cos(2 f ct ) sin(2 f ct )
2 2
A A
s
“0 0” 3 ( t ) A cos(2 f c t 3 / 4) cos(2 f ct ) sin(2 f ct )
2 2
A A
“0 1” 4
s (t ) A cos(2 f c t 5 / 4) cos(2 f ct ) sin(2 f ct )
2 2
A QPSK signal can be decomposed into the sum of two PSK signals:
an in-phase component and a quadrature component.
A A
sQPSK (t ) d I cos(2 f ct ) dQ sin(2 f ct )
2 2
1 if b2i 1 1 1 if b2i 1
dI dQ
1 if b2i 1 0 1 if b2i 0
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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QPSK Modulator
A A
sQPSK (t ) d I cos(2 f ct ) dQ sin(2 f ct )
2 2
1 if b2i 1 1 1 if b2i 1
dI dQ
1 if b2i 1 0 1 if b2i 0
A
cos(2 f ct )
• Modulator Mapping
2
b2i-1 dI
1 if b2i 1 1
Bit series
dI
1 if b2i 1 0
x sQPSK
{bi}
Serial to Parallel
b2i
+
Mapping dQ
1 if b2i 1 x
dQ
1 if b2i 0 A
sin(2 f ct )
2
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7
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… … … …
-fc1/ -fc -fc1/ 0 fc1/ fc fc1/ f
2/
• Bandwidth Efficiency:
QPSK 1 with 90% in-band power
QPSK 0.5 with 95% in-band power
Bandwidth Efficiency
(90% in-band power)
1
Binary FSK 0.5
1 f / Rb
QPSK 1
Lin Dai (City University of Hong Kong) EE3008 Principles of Communications Lecture 7