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Digital Communications
Digital Modulation
Digital Communications
Analog Signal
Bit sequence
t 0001101110……
t t
Baseband Bandpass
Channel Channel
Digital Modulation
t
Digital
Baseband
Baseband
Channel
Modulation
Bit sequence
Modulated signal
0001101110……
Digital Bandpass
Bandpass Channel
Modulation
t
Digital Modulation
• Bandwidth Efficiency:
1 2 Z2
m
Gs ( f ) V ( f ) Z f
2
m
8
• Binary PAM
• Binary On-Off Keying (OOK)
• 4-ary PAM
9
Binary PAM
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 …
s(t) s (t ) Z
n
n v(t n )
Pr{Z n 1} 1/ 2
A, 0 t
v(t )
0, otherwise
10
1 2 Z2
m
Gs ( f ) V ( f ) Z f
2
m
With Binary PAM: V ( f ) A sinc( f ) GBPAM ( f ) A2 sinc 2 ( f )
Z 0, Z2 1
GBPAM ( f )
A2
90% bandwidth: 1/
90% power
95% bandwidth: 2 /
95% power
• Suppose 90% of signal power must pass through the channel (90% in-band power):
Required Channel Bandwidth: Bh _ 90% 1/
Bh _ 90% Rb
Bit rate: Rb 1/
• Suppose 95% of signal power must pass through the channel (95% in-band power):
Rb 1/
BPAM 1 with 90% in-band power
Bh _ 90% 1/
Bh _ 95% 2 /
BPAM 0.5 with 95% in-band power
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 …
s(t) s(t ) Z
n
n v(t n )
Pr{Z n 1} Pr{Z n 0} 1/ 2
A, 0 t
v(t )
0, otherwise
14
1 2 Z2
m
Gs ( f ) V ( f ) Z f
2
m
1
GBOOK ( f ) A sinc( f )
2
With Binary OOK: V ( f ) A sinc( f )
Z 1/ 2, Z2 1/ 4 1 1
m
4 4
m
f
GBOOK ( f )
1 2
A
4
… …
0 f
15
Rb 1/
BOOK 1 with 90% in-band power
Bh _ 90% 1/
Bh _ 95% 2 /
BOOK 0.5 with 95% in-band power
Can we improve the bandwidth efficiency without sacrificing the in-band power?
16
4-ary PAM
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 …
s(t ) Z
n
n v(t n )
s(t)
Pr{Z n 1} Pr{Z n 1/ 3}
Pr{Z n 1} Pr{Z n 1/ 3}
1/ 4
A, 0 t
v (t )
0, otherwise
17
1 2 Z2
m
Gs ( f ) V ( f ) Z f
2
m
With 4-ary PAM: V ( f ) A sinc( f ) G4 PAM ( f ) 95 A2 sinc 2 ( f )
Z 0, Z2 5 / 9
G4PAM(f)
5
9 A2
• Symbol rate: RS 1/
• Bit rate: Rb 2 RS 2 /
Pulse Shaping
• Frequency domain
Baseband Channel
PAM signal H(f) GY ( f ) GPAM ( f ) | H ( f ) |2
GPAM(f)
-Bh 0 Bh f The signal distortion
incurred by channel is
0 f
always non-zero!!
• Time domain
Sinc-Shaped Pulse
Rectangular Pulse
v(t)=Asinc(t/) V(f)
A A
Sinc-Shaped Pulse
24
0 t -A
s(t) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
… …
t
… …
Pr{Z n 1} 1/ 2
s (t ) Z
n
n v(t n )
v(t ) Asinc(t / )
25
1 2 Z2
m
Gs ( f ) V ( f ) Z f
2
m
With Binary Sinc-Shaped- Z 0, 1 2 GBSSP ( f ) A2 , | f | 1
2
Z
Pulse Modulated Signal: V ( f ) A , | f | 21
GBSSP(f)
A2
-1/(2) 0 1/(2) f
• Time domain
Binary Sinc-Shaped-Pulse signal Baseband Channel y (t ) s (t ) h(t )
s (t ) Z n v(t n ) h(t)
n Zero ISI at t=m!
y(t) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
… …
t
… …
Are there any other (better) choices to achieve zero ISI?
27
X ( f m )
m
…… ……
f
-2/ -1/ 0 W 1/-W 1/ 2/
28
If the symbol rate 1/>2W, there is no way that we can design a system
with zero ISI.
, | f | W
If the symbol rate 1/=2W, we must have X ( f )
0, otherwise
• The maximum symbol rate for zero ISI is 2W.
See Reference [Proakis & Salehi] (Sec. 8.3.1) for more details.
29
t
1
0
1
f
2 2
• Strong ISI at t n .
• Perfect synchronization is required at the receiver side. 0
1
1 2
cos(2 t ) 2
Raised-Cosine Pulse: v (t ) Asinc(t / ) 1 (4 t ) 2 V(f)
A
A
t
1 0 1 f
More robust 2 2
• Larger
Larger bandwidth
30
Rb
Binary Raised- 1 2
2 Rb
1
Cosine-Pulse Moderate
Modulation (100% in-band power)
31
• Binary ASK
• Binary FSK
• Binary PSK
• Quaternary PSK
32
1 0 1 0
Phase
modulation Binary Phase Shift Keying
(BPSK)
t
33
1 0 1 0
4 4 m
GBASK ( f )
… … … …
-fc -fc -fc 0 fc fc fc f
2/
2 Rb
35
GBASK ( f )
A bi 1 0 bi 1
sb1, BFSK (t ) sb 2, BFSK (t )
bi 0 A bi 0
0
Binary On-Off Keying Binary On-Off Keying
0 1 0 1
t
37
( f c f ) ( f c f ) 0 f c f f c f f
2f
2f 2 Rb
• The required channel bandwidth for 90% in-band power:
Bh _ 90% 2f 2 Rb
• Bandwidth efficiency of BFSK: 0.5
1
0.5 BASK
1 f / Rb
BFSK
(with 90% in-band power)
The bandwidth efficiency of BFSK signal is lower than that of BASK signal!
38
1 0 1 0
sBPSK (t ) sBPAM (t ) cos(2 f c t )
t
GBPSK ( f )
… … … …
-fc 0 fc f
2 Rb
• The required channel bandwidth for 90% in-band power:
Bh _ 90% 2 Rb
The bandwidth efficiency of BPSK signal is the same as that of BASK signal!
40
M-ary PSK
“01” s4 (t ) A cos(2 f c t 5 / 4)
41
QPSK
A A
“1 1” s1 (t ) A cos(2 f c t / 4) cos(2 f c t ) sin(2 f c t )
2 2
A A
“1 0” 2s ( t ) A cos(2 f c t / 4) cos(2 f c t ) sin(2 f c t )
2 2
A A
s
“0 0” 3 (t ) A cos(2 f c t 3 / 4) cos(2 f c t ) sin(2 f c t )
2 2
A A
s
“0 1” 4 ( t ) A cos(2 f c t 5 / 4) cos(2 f c t ) sin(2 f c t )
2 2
A QPSK signal can be decomposed into the sum of two PSK signals:
an in-phase component and a quadrature component.
A A
sQPSK (t ) d I cos(2 f c t ) dQ sin(2 f c t )
2 2
1 if b2i 1 1 1 if b2i 1
dI dQ
1 if b2i 1 0 1 if b2i 0
42
QPSK Modulator
A A
sQPSK (t ) d I cos(2 f c t ) dQ sin(2 f c t )
2 2
1 if b2i 1 1 1 if b2i 1
dI dQ
1 if b2i 1 0 1 if b2i 0
A
cos(2 f c t )
• Modulator Mapping 2
b2i-1 dI
1 if b2i 1 1
Bit series
dI
1 if b2i 1 0
x sQPSK
{bi}
Serial to Parallel
b2i
+
Mapping dQ
1 if b2i 1 x
dQ
1 if b2i 0 A
sin(2 f c t )
2
43
… … … …
-fc -fc -fc 0 fc fc fc f
2/
• Bandwidth Efficiency:
QPSK 1 with 90% in-band power
QPSK 0.5 with 95% in-band power
Bandwidth Efficiency
(90% in-band power)
1
Binary FSK 0.5
1 f / Rb
QPSK 1