1

Analog Communications

• Amplitude Modulation (AM)

• Frequency Modulation (FM)
 2

Radio broadcasting
30-300M Hz

Transmitted Received
signal signal
SOURCE
Source Transmitter Channel Receiver User

• Analog baseband signal • Bandpass channel

 3

Analog Communications
Analog signal
Bit sequence
t 0001101110……

A-D Digital Digital

Source Baseband Bandpass
Conversion
Modulation Modulation
Analog
Modulation

Bandpass Baseband Bandpass

Channel Channel Channel

Analog
Demodulation
Digital Digital
D-A Baseband
User Bandpass
Conversion Demodulation Demodulation
 4

Analog Communications
Transmitted Received Received
signal signal info.
SOURCE
Source Transmitter Channel Receiver User

• Analog baseband signal • Bandpass channel

• Ignore noise

S(f) ST(f) H(f) Sˆ ( f )

1
?
-Bs 0 Bs f 0 f c  12 Bh fc f c  12 Bh f -Bs 0 Bs f

• For reliable communications, i.e., Sˆ ( f )  S ( f ) , all frequency components of

the transmitted signal should pass through the channel, which requires:
– Frequency components of transmitted signal should be centered at fc;
– The channel bandwidth Bh should be no smaller than the bandwidth of
transmitted signal Bm.
 5

Analog Modulation
Modulation property of Fourier Transform:

s (t ) cos(2 f c t )  12 [ S ( f  f c )  S ( f  f c )]

S(f) carrier
SAM(f)

0 f -fc 0 fc f
• Amplitude Modulation (AM) s AM (t )  As (t ) cos(2 f c t )

• Phase Modulation (PM) sPM (t )  A cos(2 f c t   s (t ))

t
• Frequency Modulation (FM) sFM (t )  A cos(2 ( f c t  k  s( )d ))

 6

Analog Modulation
Modulated Modulated
Received
Modulation signal signal
info.
SOURCE
Source Channel Demodulation User
(AM or FM
or PM…)
• Bandpass channel
• Analog baseband signal • Ignore noise

• Bandwidth efficiency is an important performance metric, which is

defined as:

Information Signal Bandwidth Bs Information Signal Bandwidth Bs

 
Required Channel Bandwidth Bh Modulated Signal Bandwidth Bm

– Required channel bandwidth Bh = Modulated signal bandwidth Bm

– A higher  indicates a better spectral utilization.
 7

Analog Communications
Amplitude Modulation (AM)

• AM-DSB-SC
• AM-DSB-C
• AM-SSB
• AM-VSB
 8

AM-DSB-SC -- Modulation

• Time Domain: s AM  DSB  SC (t )  As (t ) cos(2 f c t )

s(t)

s AM  DSB  SC (t )
 9

AM-DSB-SC -- Modulation

• Frequency Domain: S AM  DSB  SC ( f )  A2 [ S ( f  f c )  S ( f  f c )]

S(f)

Lower sideband Upper sideband

-Bs 0 Bs f
S AM  DSB  SC ( f )

-fc-Bs -fc -fc+Bs 0 fc-Bs fc fc+Bs f

AM-DSB-SC: Amplitude Modulation-Double SideBand-Suppressed Carrier

 10

Bandwidth Efficiency of AM-DSB-SC

• Bandwidth Efficiency :
Information Signal Bandwidth Bs Information Signal Bandwidth Bs
 
Required Channel Bandwidth Bh Modulated Signal Bandwidth Bm

With AM-DSB-SC :
S AM  DSB  SC ( f )

-fc-Bs -fc -fc+Bs 0 fc-Bs fc fc+Bs f

Bm=2Bs
Bs
 AM  DSB  SC   50%
2 Bs
 11

AM-DSB-SC -- Demodulation

 s (t )
• Time Domain: s AM  DSB  SC (t ) ?

sAM DSBSC (t )cos(2 fct )  As(t ) cos(2 f ct ) cos(2 f ct )  0.5 As (t )  0.5 As (t ) cos(2 2 f ct )

 S( f )
• Frequency Domain: S AM  DSB  SC ( f ) ?
1
2  S AM  DSB  SC ( f  fc )  S AM  DSB SC ( f  fc )  A4 [ S ( f  2 f c )  S ( f )]  A4 [ S ( f )  S ( f  2 f c )]
 A4 [ S ( f  2 f c )  S ( f  2 f c )]  A2 S ( f )

1
2  S AM  DSB  SC ( f  fc )  S AM  DSB  SC ( f  fc )

-2fc -fc 0 fc 2fc f

 12

Modulator and Demodulator of AM-DSB-SC

Modulator

s(t) sAM-DSB-SC(t)
Acos(2fct)

What if there is a frequency error?

Demodulator

bandpass lowpass
sAM-DSB-SC(t) filtering filtering sdemod(t)
cos(2fct)

Coherent Demodulation: the demodulator requires a reference signal which has

exactly the same frequency and phase as the carrier signal.
 13

Frequency Error of Coherent Demodulator

Consider that the reference signal has a small frequency error, f.

w(t )  As(t )cos(2 fct )cos(2 ( fc  f )t )

 0.5 As (t )  cos(2ft )  cos(2 (2 f c  f )t ) 

After lowpass filtering, we have

0.5 As(t )cos(2ft )
cos(2ft )  1 when f  0
cos(2ft ) changes with t when f  0

The performance of AM-DSB-SC is sensitive to the frequency error of the

reference signal.
 14

Pros and Cons of AM-DSB-SC

• Straightforward

• Sensitive to frequency and phase error of the reference

signal (coherent demodulation)
• Bandwidth inefficient (AM-DSB-SC=50%)
 15

AM-DSB-C
 16

Envelope and Envelope Detector

• Envelope
Consider a signal s(t)cos2fct. If s(t) varies slowly in comparison with
the carrier cos2fct, the envelope of s(t)cos2fct is |s(t)|.

– The envelope | s(t ) | s(t ) if s(t )  0.

– Envelope Detector:
+ +
s(t)cos2fct y(t)=|s(t)|
- -

How to apply the Envelope Detector to AM systems?

 17

AM-DSB-C -- Modulation

• Time Domain: sAM DSBC (t )  A s(t )  c  cos(2 fct )

s(t)

sAM-DSB-C (t)

s(t) + c  0

c is a dc offset to ensure s(t )  c  0

for any time t.
 18

AM-DSB-C -- Modulation

• Frequency Domain:

s AM  DSB C (t )  A  s(t )  c  cos(2 f c t )  As (t ) cos(2 f c t )  Ac cos(2 f c t )


S AM  DSB C ( f )  A2 [ S ( f  f c )  S ( f  f c )]  Ac
2 [ ( f  f c )   ( f  f c )]

S AM  DSB C ( f )

-fc-Bs -fc -fc+Bs 0 fc-Bs fc fc+Bs f

AM-DSB-C: Amplitude Modulation-Double SideBand-Carrier

 19

Bandwidth Efficiency of AM-DSB-C

• Bandwidth Efficiency :
Information Signal Bandwidth Bs Information Signal Bandwidth Bs
 
Required Channel Bandwidth Bh Modulated Signal Bandwidth Bm

With AM-DSB-C :
S AM  DSB C ( f )

-fc-Bs -fc -fc+Bs 0 fc-Bs fc fc+Bs f

Bm=2Bs
Bs
 AM  DSB C   50%   AM  DSB  SC
2 Bs
 20

AM-DSB-C -- Demodulation

• Time Domain: s AM  DSB C (t ) 

? s(t )
Envelope Detector:

s AM  DSB C (t ) + +
y (t ) | A  s (t )  c  |  A( s (t )  c)
 A  s (t )  c  cos(2 f c t ) - - ( s (t )  c  0)

Non-coherent demodulation (no need to generate a reference signal)

– Apply sAM-DSB-C(t) to an envelope detector. • Simple

– Remove the dc offset c. • Robust

• Any price to pay?

 21

More about AM-DSB-C

• Define the power efficiency of an AM-DSB-C system as:

power of information signal s (t ) P

  2 s  50%
power of modulating signal s (t )  c c  Ps

–  increases as the dc offset c decreases.

– to ensure s (t )  c  0, c 2  Ps

• Define the modulation index of an AM-DSB-C system as:

max[ s (t )  c]  min[ s (t )  c] max s (t )  min s (t )

m 
max[ s (t )  c]  min[ s (t )  c] max s (t )  min s (t )  2c

– m increases as the dc offset c decreases.

Can m be arbitrarily large?
 22

Modulation Index m of AM-DSB-C

max[ s (t )  c]  min[ s (t )  c] max s (t )  min s (t )

m 
max[ s (t )  c]  min[ s (t )  c] max s (t )  min s (t )  2c

m<1 m=1 m>1

when min(s(t)+c) > 0 when min(s(t)+c) = 0 when min(s(t)+c) < 0

  

m should not exceed 1 to avoid over-modulation.

 23

Pros and Cons of AM-DSB-C

• Simple and robust receiver design (non-coherent

demodulation)
Commercial radio
broadcasting

• Cost of power efficiency (<50%)

• Bandwidth inefficient (AM-DSB-C=AM-DSB-SC=50%)
 24

AM-SSB and AM-VSB

 25

How to Improve Bandwidth Efficiency?

SAM-DSB-SC(f) Upper sideband
Double sideband
carries the same
(DSB)
information as the
f lower sideband!
0 fc-Bs fc fc+Bs

0 fc-Bs fc f 0 fc fc+Bs f

Lower sideband Upper sideband

Use a bandpass filter to select the desired sideband, and only transmit
the desired sideband.
 26

AM-SSB
Amplitude Modulation-Single SideBand (AM-SSB)

Modulation (Frequency Discrimination Method)

0 fc fc
fc fc+B
s(t) DSB sAM-SSB(t)
Bandpass filter with
Acos(2fct) a very sharp rolloff

Demodulation (coherent)

lowpass
r(t) filtering sdemod(t)
fc fc+Bs
cos(2fct)
 27

Pros and Cons of AM-SSB

• Bandwidth efficient (AM-SSB=100%)

Mobile communications,
military communications, …

• High requirement on filtering (sharp rolloff)

• Sensitive to frequency and phase error of the reference
signal (coherent demodulation)
 28

AM-VSB
SAM-DSB-SC(f)
DSB
-fc-Bs -fc -fc+Bs 0 fc-Bs fc fc+Bs f
SAM-SSB (f)
SSB
-fc-Bs -fc 0 fc fc+Bs f

Amplitude Modulation-Vestigial SideBand (AM-VSB)

1
S AM VSB ( f )  [ S ( f  f c )  S ( f  f c )]H s ( f )
2
VSB
-fc-Bs -fc 0 fc fc+Bs f
 
Allow a small portion (or vestige) of the lower sideband, , along with the
upper sideband.
 29

Spectrum of AM-VSB Signal

1
modulation: S AM VSB ( f )  [ S ( f  f c )  S ( f  f c )]H s ( f )
2
1 1
 S ( f  fc ) H s ( f )  S ( f  fc ) H s ( f )
2 2
Demodulation:
1
Sdemod ( f )  [ S AM VSB ( f  f c )  S AM VSB ( f  f c )]
2
1 1
 [ S ( f  2 f c )  S ( f )]H s ( f  f c )  [ S ( f )  S ( f  2 f c )]H s ( f  f c )
4 4
1 1 1
 S ( f )[ H s ( f  f c )  H s ( f  f c )]  S ( f  2 f c ) H s ( f  f c )  S ( f  2 f c ) H s ( f  f c )
4 4 4

After lowpass filtering:

Sdemod ( f )  S ( f )[ H s ( f  f c )  H s ( f  f c )]
H s ( f  fc )  H s ( f  fc )  k 0  |f |  B
 30

Spectrum of AM-VSB Signal

Baseband signal S( f )

-fc -Bs 0 Bs fc f

Modulated Signal S AM VSB ( f )

-fc-Bs -f -fc+ 0 fc- f fc+Bs f

c c
1
De-modulation Sdemod ( f )  [ S AM VSB ( f  f c )  S AM VSB ( f  f c )]
2

-2fc-Bs -2f -2fc+ -fc -Bs 0 Bs fc 2fc- 2f 2fc+Bs f

c c
 31

Tradeoff between Complexity and Bandwidth Efficiency

S AM VSB ( f )

-fc 0 fc f
 Bm  Bs  
s

Bs
50%   AM VSB   100% 0<s
Bs  

• The bandwidth efficiency  decreases as the vestige  increases.

• The larger vestige , the lower receiver complexity.
 32

Summary of AM

Coherent Bandwidth
AM-DSB-SC Power efficient demodulation inefficient
=50%

Non-coherent Bandwidth
AM-DSB-C Power inefficient demodulation inefficient
Commercial radio =50%
(simple and robust)
broadcasting

AM-SSB Power efficient Coherent Bandwidth

Mobile and military demodulation efficient
communications =100%

AM-VSB Power efficient Coherent Tradeoff between

Public television demodulation bandwidth and
systems complexity
Bs
50%     100%
Bs  