FREQUENCY SHIFT-KEYING

ALSO KNOWN AS FSK

 FREQUENCY SHIFT-KEYING

• Similar to the analog FM, it is a constant-amplitude angle

modulation
• The modulating signal (fm) is binary.
• Often called binary frequency shift-keying (BPSK).

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 Data

Carrier

Modulated
Signal

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 GENERAL EXPRESSIONS

• General expression for FSK

𝑉𝑓𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 cos{2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑣𝑚 𝑡 𝑓𝑑 𝑡}
Such that:
𝑉𝑐 = Carrier Voltage 𝑣𝑚 = Modulating Voltage
𝑓𝑐 = Carrier Frequency 𝑓𝑑 = Frequency Deviation

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 GENERAL EXPRESSIONS

• The modulating signal is a normalized binary waveform where:

• For logic 1, 𝑣𝑚 = +1V
𝑉𝑓𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 cos{2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑑 𝑡}

• For logic 0, 𝑣𝑚 = -1V

𝑉𝑓𝑠𝑘 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑐 cos{2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑑 𝑡}

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 SPACE AND MARK FREQUENCIES

0 1
Space Mark
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 SPACE AND MARK FREQUENCIES

• The binary 1 has a specific

frequency called the
“mark frequency (f1)
• Likewise, binary 0 has a
specific frequency called the
“space frequency (f0)”

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 SPACE AND MARK FREQUENCIES
• The space and mark frequencies
are determined through the
modulated signal’s frequency
𝑓𝑑 𝑓𝑑
deviation (𝑓𝑑 )
• Space frequency is -𝑓𝑑 away
from the carrier frequency (fc)
• Mark frequency is + 𝑓𝑑 away f0 fc f1
from the carrier frequency (fc)

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 BIT RATE, BIT TIME AND BAUD
• Bit rate (fb): number of bits delivered or received per second.
• Has a unit of bps or bits per second

• Bit time (T): the reciprocal of bitrate

• Baud: number of times a signal changes per second
𝑓𝑏
𝐵𝑎𝑢𝑑 =
𝑁
Where: N = no. of bits per signal period/symbol | fb = bit rate

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 Graph of data
sent in 1 second.

1 1 1
1 division is
0 0 equivalent to a
symbol or signal
period.

Bit rate: 5 bps

1 symbol Baud: 5 baud

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 Graph of data
sent in 1 second.

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 FSK BIT RATE, BAUD & BANDWIDTH
• Baud: Because BFSK uses binary, N = 1
𝑓𝑏 𝑓𝑏
𝐵𝑎𝑢𝑑 = = = 𝑓𝑏
𝑁 1
Where: N = no. of bits per signal period | fb = bit rate
• Minimum Bandwidth:
𝐵𝑊 = 2(𝑓𝑑 + 𝑓𝑏 )

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 MODULATION INDEX
• In analog frequency modulation (FM):
𝑓𝑑
𝑚=
𝑓𝑚
Where 𝑓𝑑 = freq. deviation | 𝑓𝑚 = modulating freq.

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 FSK MODULATION INDEX
• However in FSK:
∆𝑑
𝑚= or ∆𝑑 (T)
𝑓𝑏

Where ∆𝑑 = freq. deviation between 𝑓0 and 𝑓1

𝑓𝑏 = bit rate
T = bit time: reciprocal of bitrate

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 FULL DUPLEX OPERATION

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 FSK MODULATION

Oscillator 1
1

FSK Output
0

Oscillator 2

Digital Modulation Signal

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 PROBLEM
Caused by:
“Glitches” or Phase Discontiuities • Arbitrarily choosing mark and
space frequencies
• Abrupt changes between signal.
1

0 0 1 0 1

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 SOLUTION
➢ Using mark and space frequencies that are coherent and are integral
multiples of the bit rate.
• Coherent FSK: A type of modulation where the mark and space
frequencies start and stop at zero crossing points.
• use less bandwidth and perform better in the presence of noise.

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 CONTINUOUS-PHASE FSK

1
Digital Modulation VCO
Signal

0
0 1 0 1

Carrier Frequency

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 MINIMUM-SHIFT KEYING (MSK)
• An improved variation of CPFSK.
• MSK further improve spectral efficiency by using a low modulation index.
• This type of modulation generally specifies:
m = 0.5

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 GAUSSIAN FILTERED MSK (GMSK)

• An improved form of MSK.

• Gaussian low-pass filter
• removes some of the higher-level harmonics that are responsible for the added sidebands
and wider bandwidth.
• Rounds the edges of the signal lengthening the rise and fall times.
• Reduces harmonic content and decreases overall signal bandwidth.

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 GAUSSIAN FILTERED MSK (GMSK)

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 NON-COHERENT FSK DEMODULATOR

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 PLL-FSK DEMODULATOR

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 AUDIO FSK
• a modulation technique by which digital data is represented by changes in
the frequency (pitch) of an audio tone, yielding an encoded signal suitable for
transmission via radio or telephone.
• A higher tone for marks (1)
• A lower tone for space(0)

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 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantage
• It has lower probability of error (Pe).
• It provides high SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio).
• It has higher immunity to noise due to constant envelope. Hence it is robust
against variation in attenuation through channel.
• FSK transmitter and FSK receiver implementations are simple for low data
rate application.

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 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Disadvantage
• It uses larger bandwidth compare to other modulation techniques such as ASK
and PSK. Hence it is not bandwidth efficient.

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 APPLICATIONS
• Caller ID on Telephone Systems
• Amateur Radio
• Early Telephone-Line Modems.
• Emergency Broadcast Systems
• Modems

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 BELL 103 AND BELL 202
• Introduced on 1965, being the first
commercial computer modem.
• Provided full-duplex service at 300 bit/s
and 300 baud over normal phone lines.
• Originating:
• Mark tone of 1270 Hz, Space ton of 1070 Hz
• Answering:
• Mark tone of 2225 Hz, Space ton of 2025 Hz

Image of AT&T’s (formerly Bell Labs) Data Phone

that utilizes the Bell 103 modem

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 BELL 202
• Introduced on 1976
• Encode and transfer data at a rate
of 1200 bits per second, half-
duplex.
• Mark tone of 1200 Hz, Space tone
of 2200 Hz
• Currently used for Caller ID systems
Image of RACAL VADIC’s modem that
utilizes the Bell 202 modem

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 EMERGENCY BROADCAST SYSTEM
• Japan has the Emergency Warning System (EWS)
• known locally as Kinkyu Keihou Housou (緊急警報放送)

• Utilizes a multiplexed digital alarm signal on the

audio carrier wave.
• Transmitted at 64 bits/s.
• Signal contains area division, and date-time along
with the start and end signals.
• Mark tone of 1024 Hz | Space tone: 640 Hz

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 EMERGENCY BROADCAST SYSTEM
• The U.S. has the Emergency Alert System (EAS)
• FSK is used as a header tone for the warning
called the “SAME” header.
• Uses alternating tones of 853 Hz and 960 Hz

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THANK YOU!