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Lecture 3

Digital modulation techniques

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Some Types of Digital Modulation

• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
– The most basic (binary) form of ASK involves the process of
switching the carrier either on or off, in correspondence to a
sequence of digital pulses that constitute the information signal.
One binary digit is represented by the presence of a carrier, the
other binary digit is represented by the absence of a carrier.
Frequency remains fixed
• Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
– The most basic (binary) form of FSK involves the process of
varying the frequency of a carrier wave by choosing one of two
frequencies (binary FSK) in correspondence to a sequence of
digital pulses that constitute the information signal. Two binary
digits are represented by two frequencies around the carrier
frequency. Amplitude remains fixed
• Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
– Another form of digital modulation technique .

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Amplitude Shift Keying

Digital 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
information

Carrier wave

ASK
modulated
signal

Amplitude varying-
frequency constant
Carrier present Carrier absent

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Frequency Shift Keying

1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Digital
information

Carrier 1
(frequency #1)
Carrier 2
(frequency #2)
FSK
modulated
signal

Frequency varying-
amplitude constant

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Differential PSK

Modulation Rate:
When signal-encoding techniques are used, a distinction needs to be
made between data rate (expressed in bits per second) and modulation
rate (expressed in baud).
The data rate, or bit rate, is 1/Tb where duration Tb = bit Duration.
The modulation rate is the rate at which signal elements are generated.

D is the modulation rate (baud)

R data rate (bps)
L number of bits per signal elements.
M number of different signal elements.

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A little bit deep look at Shift

Keying Techniques

Amplitude Shift Keying

In ASK, the two binary values are represented by two different
amplitudes of the carrier frequency.

Commonly, one of the amplitudes is zero; that is, one binary digit is
represented by the presence, at constant amplitude, of the carrier, the
other by the absence of the carrier (Figure 5.7a).The resulting transmitted
signal for one bit time is:

where the carrier signal is ASK is susceptible to sudden gain changes

and is a rather inefficient modulation technique. On voice-grade lines, it
is typically used only up to 1200 bps.

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Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in ASK

Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal transmitting at 2000
bps. The transmission mode is half-duplex.

In ASK the baud rate and bit rate are the same. The baud rate is therefore
2000.
An ASK signal requires a minimum bandwidth equal to its baud rate.
Therefore, the minimum bandwidth is 2000 Hz.

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Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

Full duplex ASK

• Given a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz). Draw the full-
duplex ASK diagram of the signal.
We can find the carriers and the bandwidths in each direction. Assume
there is no gap between the bands in the two directions.
– For full-duplex ASK, the bandwidth for each direction is
• BW = 10000 / 2 = 5000 Hz
• The carrier frequencies can be chosen at the middle of each band
• fc (forward) = 1000 + 5000/2 = 3500 Hz
• fc (backward) = 11000 – 5000/2 = 8500 Hz

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M-ary ASK

Here is an example of 8-level signaling

binary
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
7
5
3
2
1
-1
-3
-5
-7

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Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in FSK

• FSK shifts between two carrier frequencies
• FSK spectrum = combination of two ASK spectra centered on
fc1 and fc0.
• BW = fc1-fc0 + Nbaud

Wat is the minimum frequency separation??

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Example #1
Find the minimum bandwidth for an FSK signal transmitting at 2000
bps. Transmission is in half-duplex mode, and the carriers are separated
by 3000 Hz

• Because For FSK

BW = baud rate + fc1 - fc0
BW = bit rate + fc1 - fc0 = 2000 + 3000 = 5000 Hz

Example #2
What is the maximum bit rates for an FSK signal if the bandwidth of
the medium is 12,000 Hz and the difference between the two carriers is
2000 Hz. Transmission is in full-duplex mode.

– Because the transmission is full duplex, only 6000 Hz is allocated for

each direction.
– BW = baud rate + fc1 - fc0
– Baud rate = BW - (fc1 - fc0 ) = 6000 - 2000 = 4000
– But because the baud rate is the same as the bit rate, the bit rate is 4000
bps.

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A signal that is more bandwidth efficient, but also more susceptible to

error, is multiple FSK (MFSK), in which more than two frequencies are
used.
In this case each signaling element represents more than one bit.

To match the data rate of the input bit stream, each output signal element
is held for a period of Ts= LT seconds, where T is the bit period (data
rate =1/T ) and L is the number of bits per signal element.

T = Ts/L 1/T = L/TS

Thus, one signal element, which is a constant-frequency tone, encodes L
bits. |
Total bandwidth required is 2*M*fd.
We shown that the minimum frequency separation required is
2*fd=N-baud=1/Ts

R = 1/T = L/TS=2*L*fd

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State the frequencies used to send the following sequence, for the
previous 111010101110100010011000

f8 f3 f6 f7 f5 f3 f4 f1

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Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in PSK

Bandwidth similar to ASK, but data rate can 2 or more times greater.

Example #1
What is the bandwidth for a 4-PSK signal transmitting at 2000 bps.
Transmission is in half-duplex mode.

Baud rate is 1000 baud.

BW=baud rate =1000.

Example #2
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz, what are the baud rate and bit rate for
PSK, 4 PSK and 8 PSK?

For PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth, which means the
baud rate is 5000 equal to bit rate.

For 4-PSK, bit rate is double the baud rate = 10000.

But in 8-PSK the bit rate is 3 times the baud rate, so the bit rate is
15,000 bps.

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Given the bit pattern 00110100010, encode this data using ASK, BFSK,
and BPSK

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