ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

By:
Eng\ WALEED ELSAFOURY

Copyright © 2014 Waleed Elsafoury

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

GSM Transmission Chain

Speech
Speech Channel
Channel
encoder
encoder 13 kbps encoder
encoder
Microphone 22.8 kbps

Acoustic Analog Digital Interleaver

Interleaver
signal electrical speech
22.8 kbps
speech signal
signal Ciphering
Ciphering

22.8 kbps
Burst
Burst assembling
assembling
and
and multiplexing
multiplexing

33.85 kbps
Modulator
Modulator

Channel
Channel
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

GSM Reception Chain

Channel
Channel

Demodulator
Demodulator

33.85 kbps
Burst
Burst Deassembling
Deassembling
and
and demultiplexing
demultiplexing
22.8 kbps

Deciphering
Deciphering
22.8 kbps

De-Interleaver
De-Interleaver
Recovered speech
22.8 kbps
Speech
Speech Channel
Channel
decoder
decoder 13 kbps decoder
decoder
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

• speech coding must give :

1. Low bit rate

2. Preserving the essential elements of speech quality

3. An acceptable cost of the equipment

- GSM sends information about speech not the speech itself

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

• First step A/D converter

 ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

 A/D is performed by PCM.

 PCM involves 4 steps:
1- Bandlimiting 2- Sampling
3- Quantizing 4- Encoding

-Bandlimiting

F(f) H(f) F(f)

f
f f fX
Baseband signal Low-pass filter Bandlimited signal
 ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

-Sampling

Ts fs(t)
f(t) fs(t)

t t
t

Analog signal Sampling

Sampled signal

fs = 2 fx sample/sec
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

Bandlimiting + Sampling
Ts
fs(t)

t
f(t) f(t)
Sampling
fs(t)

Low
Low Electronic
Electronic
t Pass
Pass t Switch
Switch t
Filter
Filter

Analog signal 3.4 kHz Bandlimited PAM sampled signal

to 3.4 kHz fs= 8 ksample/s
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

Quantizing

q7 Quantized value
Sampled
value
q6

q5
Quantized error
q4

time
q3

q2

q1

q0 o Number of levels = 2^13=8192 levels.

o This gives 13 bit/sample.
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

Encoding

Encoder
Encoder
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

Quantized Samples Binary stream of bits

o Encoding rate = 8000 x 13 = 104 kb/sec.

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Segmentation

20 msec = 2080 bit

104 kb/sec
101010001001111101010010100110010010010100100100110
101010001001111101010010100110010010010100100100110

8 : 1 compression

260 bit
13 kb/sec
01000101111010
01000101111010
 ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

• Discontinuous TX

Voice activity
VAD
detection

Discontinuous
Voice 8000 s/sec Voice frame
Speech coder transmission
13 b/sample

Comfort noise Noise frame

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

• DTX
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• Predictive decoding
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

• Channel coding

o Mobile channel is error-prone.

o Compressed speech is sensitive to errors.
o Error correction is necessary.
o Channel coding adds extra bits to help in
error correction.

o GSM uses:
1. Block code
2. Convolutional code
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

• Convolutional code

50
50 Very
Very Block
Block 53 b
important
important bits
bits coder b 378 378
coder 378 b
b

1:2
1:2
Convolutional
Convolutional
132 Important bits coder
coder

bits 456

0000

78
78 Not
Not so
so important
important bits
bits
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

• Convolutional code
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

Channel Coding for TCH/FR

260 bits/20 msec

Class 1a Class 1b Class 2

50 bits 132 bits 78 bits

50 3 132 4

Parity Tail
check bits
1:2 Convolutional coder

378 78

456 bits/20 msec

 ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

• Interleaving
- First level :Block interleaving

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
57 bits
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
449 450 451 452 453 45 455 456
4
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

- second level :Burst interleaving

- Normal Burst has 2 of 57b blocks
- If Burst is lost BER=25%
- To reduce it to 12.5% we put 2 blocks of two 20 msec

20
20 msec
msec speech
speech 20
20 msec
msec speech
speech 20
20 msec
msec speech
speech
8x57=456
8x57=456 bits
bits 8x57=456
8x57=456 bits
bits 8x57=456
8x57=456 bits
bits

57 bits 57 bits
57 bits

Normal Burst
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

GSM security
• TMSI
• Authentication
• IMEI check
• ciphering
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

Ciphered digital data

A5
EIR A5
IMEI IMEI
AUC
BTS
,IMSI, Ki IMSI, Ki,
A3, A8 VLR A3, A8
HLR MSC
SIM

GSM PLMN
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

Authentication
- It is a processor system that performs the authentication function

AUC

IMSI
Ki
Database
RAND IMSI,Ki
Request for
Triplet from
A3 A8 HLR,VLR

Triplet
RAND SRES Kc
Triplet
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

MS HLR/AUC

IMSI

Ki RAND Ki

A3 A3

SRES

SRES VLR
SRES

=? Continue
Yes ciphering
No

“Authentication Refused"
message
 ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

IMEI check

MSC/VLR
IMEI Request Initiate
EIR
ME
ME
 IMEI request Check
Check
IMEI Response
IMEI
IMEI IMEI

MS BSS MSC/VLR
Black
List
White
Gray
List
List
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

• ciphering
Ms
Network

Ki RAND Ki

A8 A8

Kc Kc
 ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

1. CMC + Kc 2. CMC

VLR
MSC Cipher mode command
MS

BTS

6. Ciphering
CMC Kc FN
mode complete Kc FN

4.Encrypted
Decryption CMC Encryption
process process
If yes using A5
using A5
5. Decryption of
CMC successful?
3.Encrypt CMC
 ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

• ciphering
SYNC.

0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
Kc Kc
A5 Cipher sequence A5
FN Cipher sequence FN
key flow key flow

User data flow User data flow

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

1 1 0 1 0 1 1

Ciphered text

Ciphering Process
Deciphering Process
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

• Modulation

1. High bandwidth efficiency i.e. high bit rate per Hz

2. Low power drain

3. Good BER performance

4. Low implementation cost

• GMSK is the modulation scheme of the GSM system

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

- Gaussian minimum shift keying

modulator