Module 8 Linear Regression and Correlation

At the end of this module, you are expected t0:

1. Understand the methods of linear regression and correlation to predict
the value of variable given certain conditions.
2. Uses the normal distribution and show appreciation in the use of
mathematics in everyday life.

Linear Regression
Researchers in doing their studies often wish to know whether two variables are related.
The researcher may then wish to find an equation that can be used to model the
relationship when variables are determined to be related. Collection of data is the first
step to do this.

Least-Squares Line. Ordered pairs of bivariate data are given. The line that
minimizes the sum of the squares of the vertical deviations from each data point to
the line is referred to as the least-squares regression line, or least- squares line for a
set of bivariate data. The equation of the least-squares line for the n noted pairs (x1
y1), (x2 y2), (x3 y3),…., (xn yn), is ŷ= ax + b, where
n∑xy- (∑x) (∑y)
a= and b= ŷ- ax̅
n(∑x² )-(∑x) ²

When the value of the other variable is known. ,the equation of the least-squares
line can be used to predict the value of one variable.

Linear Correlation Coefficient. It is the one that measures the strength of a linear
relationship between two variables. The closer the value of |r| is to 1, the strongest
the linear relationship is between the variables. For the n ordered pairs (x1 y1), (x2
y2), (x3 y3), …, (xn yn), the linear correlation coefficient is

Course Module
 Normal Distribution.

Frequency Distribution. A frequency distribution displays a data set by dividing

the data into intervals, or, classes, and listing the number of data values that fail into
each interval. A relative frequency distribution lists the present of data in each
interval.

Normal Distributions and the Empirical Rule. It is a bell-shaped curve that is

symmetric when you draw a vertical line through the mean.
Using the Standard Normal Distribution.It refers to a normal distribution
which has a mean equal to 0 and a standard deviation of 1. The z-score can be
used to convert any formal distribution into the standard normal curve between
them.

References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals
1. Richard Aufmann, Joanne Lockwood, et al; 2018; Mathematics in the Modern World;
Philippines; Rex Bookstore
2. Susana S. Epp;2011;Discrete Mathematics:An Introduction to Mathematical
Reasoning; Brooks/Cole ;Cengage Learning

Supplementary Links to Learning Materials

Least Squares Line
 https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/least-squares-regression-
line/
 https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/least-squares-regression.html
 https://www.varsitytutors.com/hotmath/hotmath_help/topics/line-of-best-fit
 https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-least-squares-line-3126250
 http://www.mathwords.com/l/least_squares_regression_line.htm
 http://www.stat.wmich.edu/s216/book/node126.html
 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LeastSquaresFitting.html
Linear Correlation Coefficient
 https://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Probability-and-Statistics-
Concepts/section/11.2/
 https://stattrek.com/statistics/correlation.aspx
 https://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/pearson/
 https://mathbits.com/MathBits/TISection/Statistics2/correlation.htm
 https://byjus.com/linear-correlation-coefficient-formula/
  https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/probability-and-
statistics/correlation-coefficient-formula/
 https://formulas.tutorvista.com/math/linear-correlation-coefficient-formula.html
 https://www.vitutor.com/statistics/regression/correlation_coefficient.html
Normal Probability Distribution
 https://stattrek.com/probability-distributions/normal.aspx
 https://www.intmath.com/counting-probability/14-normal-probability-
distribution.php
 https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/normal-distribution-
calculations.php
 https://explorable.com/normal-probability-distribution
 https://mathbits.com/MathBits/TISection/Statistics2/normaldistribution.htm
 https://latrobe.libguides.com/maths/probability-normal-distribution
 http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~marchini/teaching/L6/L6.slides.pdf
 http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-
Modules/BS/BS704_Probability/BS704_Probability9.html

Course Module