Mathematics in the Modern World

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Data Management

Module 7 Data Management

At the end of this module, you are expected t0:

1. Uses a variety of statistical tools to process and manage numerical data.
2. Apply the measures of central tendency, dispersion, and relative position
in given certain conditions.
3. Advocate the use of statistical data in making important decisions.

Measures of Central Tendency

A data set refers to a collection of numbers or values that relate to a particular subject.
Data Management refers to an administrative process by which the required data is
acquired, validated, stored, protected, and processed, and by which its accessibility,
reliability, and timeliness is ensured to satisfy the needs of the data users.
In this module, data sets and how to use the operations of mean, median, and mode to
manipulate the data is the one to be discussed.

Mean, It refers to the sum of the numbers divided by n.

Median.It refers to the middle number if n is odd for a ranked order list of numbers

or the mean of the two middle numbers, if n is even

Mode. It refers to the number that occurs most frequently in a list of numbers.

Weighted Mean. The formula for the weighted mean of the n numbers x1,x2,x3,…, xn is
∑ (x ∙w)
Weighted mean= ∑w
Where ∑ (x ∙w) is the sum of the products formed by multiplying each number by its
assigned weight, and ∑w is the sum of all the weights.

Measures of Dispersion
Range. It refers to the difference between the greatest data value and the least data
value in a given set of data values.
Standard Deviation and Variance. If x1,x2,x3,…, xn is a population of n numbers with
mean μ, then the standard deviation of the population is 𝜎 = √∑(𝑥 −μ) ²
n
and the variance is ∑ (x - μ) ² If x1,x2,x3,…, xn is a sample of n numbers with mean x̅ ,
n-1
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 then the standard deviation of the population is and the variance is

Measures of Relative Position

z score. The z-score for a given data value x is the number of standard deviations
that x is above or below the mean.
z- score for a population data value:

z- score for a sample data value:

Percentiles. A value called x called the pth percentile of a data set provided p% of
the data values are less than x. Given a set of data and a data value x,

number of data values less than x

∙ 100
Percentile score of x = total number of data values

Quartiles and Box-and-Whisker Plots. The quartiles of a data set are the three
numbers Q1 ,Q2 and Q3 that partition the ranked data into four (approximately) equal
groups. Q2 is the median of the data, Q1 is the median of the data values less than Q2
and Q3 is the median of the data values greater than Q2. A box-and-whisker plot is a
display used to show the quartiles and the maximum and minimum values of a data
set.

References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals
1. Richard Aufmann, Joanne Lockwood, et al; 2018; Mathematics in the Modern World;
Philippines; Rex Bookstore
2. Susana S. Epp;2011;Discrete Mathematics:An Introduction to Mathematical
Reasoning; Brooks/Cole; Cengage Learning

Supplementary Links to Learning Materials

Measures of Central Tendency
 https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/measures-central-tendency-mean-
mode-median.php
 http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/home/statistical+language+-
+measures+of+central+tendency
 http://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/measures-central-tendency-mean-median-
mode/
 http://onlinestatbook.com/2/summarizing_distributions/measures.html
 Mathematics in the Modern World
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Data Management

 https://www.betterevaluation.org/en/evaluation-
options/measures_of_central_tendency
 http://www.learnalberta.ca/content/memg/Division03/Measures%20of%20Cen
tral%20Tendency/index.html
 https://lo.unisa.edu.au/mod/book/view.php?id=646432&chapterid=105911
Measures of Variation
 http://onlinestatbook.com/2/summarizing_distributions/variability.html
 https://people.richland.edu/james/lecture/m170/ch03-var.html
 https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/measures-variation/
 https://www.encyclopedia.com/computing/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-
and-press-releases/measures-variation
 http://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/variability-range-interquartile-variance-
standard-deviation/
 http://www.glencoe.com/sites/pdfs/impact_math/ls8_c1_measures_of_variation.
pdf
 https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/resources/numerical-data/variability
 https://meds.queensu.ca/central/assets/modules/types-of-
data/measures_of_variation.html
Measures of Relative Position
 https://stattrek.com/descriptive-statistics/measures-of-position.aspx
 https://www.anthonypicciano.com/Relative.html
 https://socratic.org/statistics/organizing-and-summarizing-data/measuring-
relative-position
 faculty.ccc.edu/ashuaibi/fall10_Courses/Math125_TUVY/.../ch3_sec3.3.ppt
 https://probsta.wordpress.com/lessons/the-basics/measures-of-relative-
position/
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-statistics/chapter/measures-of-
relative-standing/
 https://www.universalclass.com/articles/math/statistics/measures-of-position-
percentiles-quartiles.htm
 https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_introductory-statistics/s06-04-relative-
position-of-data.html

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