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ASSIGNMENT
REPORT
This document provide basic information about LINUS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................3
Open Source Philosophy.........................................................................................................................3
Multiple Platforms...................................................................................................................................3
Architecture Support...............................................................................................................................3
 The Bootloader............................................................................................................................4
 The Kernel...................................................................................................................................4
 Daemons......................................................................................................................................4
 Graphical Server..........................................................................................................................4
 Desktop Environment..................................................................................................................4
 Applications.................................................................................................................................5
Excellent Stability And Reliability..........................................................................................................5
Extremely secure.....................................................................................................................................5
Long term Support and rolling release.....................................................................................................5
Linux distros performance.......................................................................................................................5
Best Linux distros - A glance..................................................................................................................6
UBUNTU....................................................................................................................................................6
SOFTWARE REPOSITORIES WITHIN PACKAGE MANAGER...........................................................6
ADVANTAGES OF LINUX BRIEF..........................................................................................................7
 Open Source................................................................................................................................7
 Security........................................................................................................................................7
 Revive older computer systems...................................................................................................7
 Software Updates.........................................................................................................................7
 Customization..............................................................................................................................7
 Various Distributions...................................................................................................................8
 Free to use (Low Cost).................................................................................................................8
 Large Community Support..........................................................................................................8
 Stability (Reliability)...................................................................................................................8
 Privacy.........................................................................................................................................8
 Performance.................................................................................................................................8
 Network Support..........................................................................................................................8
  Flexibility....................................................................................................................................9
 Compatibility...............................................................................................................................9
 Fast and easy installation.............................................................................................................9
 Proper use of Hard Disk...............................................................................................................9
 Multitasking.................................................................................................................................9
 Run multiple desktops.................................................................................................................9
DISADVANTAGES OF LINUX..............................................................................................................10
 Hardware drivers:-.....................................................................................................................10
 Learning curve:-........................................................................................................................10
 Software alternative:-.................................................................................................................10
 Games:-.....................................................................................................................................10
FUTURE OF LINUX & OPEN SOURCE................................................................................................10
Are Containers the New Linux OS?......................................................................................................11
Security Black Eye................................................................................................................................12
Best Practice..........................................................................................................................................12
INTRODUCTION
Open Source Philosophy
Linux is an operating system which is open source and the community developed Bing used for
computers mainframes servers and embedded devices. The philosophy of Linux can be attributed
to its uniqueness in the way it is designed and effectiveness in use. Open source software is the
central philosophy of Linux. The development of Linux is done by a group of developers from
all over the world who are willing to develop the system.
The stability of Linux is obtained from the frequent divisions of new releases where bugs have
been fixed as compared from the previous releases..

Multiple Platforms

Linux could be used in multiple platforms in which one can require individual building under the
other country choir common components of all platforms. The Linux OS is also termed as the
cross platform OS and it can run on any platform without any special preparation because it is
mainly developed on python , C, C++, etc and it can also be integrated to other OS to perform
main core features

Architecture Support

The architecture support of Linux operating system is very vast and it can revive the oldest
computer with 250 MB of RAM. The architecture of this OS is made up of several pieces which
are below and these special tools can run the PC with a very low and old configuration.

 The Bootloader

The Linux is software that manages the boot process of your desktop or laptop or computer. For
most general users, this would ideally be a simple application screen that flashes a warning and
eventually goes to boot into the operating system.

 The Kernel

This is a one-line explanation for the entire Linux operating system. The kernel acts as a core of
the system and manages memory, peripherals, and the processor. The kernel is at the "lowest"
level of the operating system.
 Daemons

These parts execute background services of the Linux operating system, such as programming,
printing, sound, etc., either at startup during operating system startup or after connecting to
computers.

 Graphical Server

It helps the Linux os to display the graphics on your monitor. It is commonly termed as just “X”
or x server.

 Desktop Environment

This is the most interesting part of the operating system, as it plays a puzzle between the user and
the system. There are many desktop environments available on Linux operating systems such as
Gianodia, Ekta, Cinnamon, GNOME, KDE, XFCE, etc. Every desktop environment has a large
number of internal applications, such as file managers, configuration tools, web browsers,
games etc..

 Applications

The desktop area does not have a library for all applications. As with Mac and Windows, Linux
is similarly equipped with hundreds of programs that are accessible and can be installed at any
time.

Excellent Stability And Reliability

Linux devices are known for their reliability. Many Linux servers have long had trouble-free problems.
There are many solutions, including management and software management, process management, and
other security. You can make changes by modifying system or program configuration files without
restarting the server that is not assigned to Windows system.
Extremely secure

According to Moore, Linux has a protective effect because it includes Pareto Linux, one of the
better distributors of Debian. Igor Bedianko says it's a dreamer's dream to dream and express
himself, but that's the main reason why Linux is so secure. , Simple CMS solution. Wilkinson
continues the statement: "The operating system on Linux and UNIX is a low level of security
that protects the world's data. Attempts have been made to use Lex code with Security Linux for
security assistance. The risk is small.". [ CITATION Aar17 \l 2057 ]

Long term Support and rolling release

Linux is open source that anyone can program to modify, improve or enhance the operating
system. All updates are reviewed, tested and approved before they are released to ensure high
standards of security and reliability.[CITATION Bro \l 2057 ]

Linux distros performance.

All Linux distributions can work with Linux applications and software and, of course, with any cloud-
based application running in a browser. However, Linux distributions come with many different types of
software included..

Best Linux distros - A glance

1. Ubuntu
2. Fedora
3. Elementary OS
4. Linux Mint
5. OpenSUSE
6. CentOS
7. Arch Linux
UBUNTU
Ubuntu is released every six months, with long-term support (LTS) every two years. On April
23, 2020, the most recent version and also the most recent version of long-term support is 20.04
("Focal Fossa"), which is supported until 2025 with public support and until 2030 as a paid
option.
It was developed by Canonical and a community of other developers, under a meritocratic
management model. Canonical provides security updates and support for all versions of Ubuntu,
from the release date to the designated end date. Canonical generates revenue by selling
premium services related to Ubuntu. Ubuntu wants to be standard to be safe.
Ubuntu combines its packages with GCC features, such as PIE and buffer overflow protection, to
strengthen its software. These additional features significantly increase security at the cost of
running 1% on 32 bits and 0.01% on 64 bits. The last, but not the least, is that Ubuntu can work
much better on hardware older than Windows. Customers who may not be able to purchase a
high-end laptop and laptop can therefore install Ubuntu on their old workstations with the
guarantee that they will be able to deliver their work with little or no hiccups on the road.

SOFTWARE REPOSITORIES WITHIN PACKAGE MANAGER

 By the help of package manager you can add and install any software by repository and
these software are fully tested and verified
 There are many useful software are placed in the source of ubuntu for example PPA ,
Json , etc or you can add and install any software you want to use through package
manager such as chrome or vlc player etc

ADVANTAGES OF LINUX BRIEF

 Open Source

It is an open source operating system i.e. its simple code for everyone. Anyone with identifiable
ability can contribute, refine, improve and distribute numbers to an individual and to a specific
purpose.

 Security
Linux is not completely secure as there is some malware for it also but it is less vulnerable than
others. There is no requirement of any anti-virus program in Linux.

 Revive older computer systems

Linux helps you to use or utilize your old and outdated computer systems as a
firewall, router, backup server or file server and many more. There are many distributions
available to use according to your system capability.

 Software Updates

In Linux you encounter a larger number of software updates. These software updates are much
faster than updates in any other operating system. Updates in Linux can be done easily without
facing any major issue or concern.

 Customization

You can customize any feature, add or delete any feature according to your need as it is an open
source operating system. Not only this, various wallpapers and attractive icon themes can be
installed to give an amazing look to your system.

 Various Distributions

Some bistros of Linux are Fedora, Ubuntu, Arch Linux, Debian, Linux Mint and many more. If
you are a beginner you can use Ubuntu or Linux Mint.

 Free to use (Low Cost)

Linux is freely available on the web to download and use. This proved to be one of the major
advantages Linux faces over Windows and other operating systems.

 Large Community Support

Forums by excited users are made on the web to help and solve the problem any other user is
facing. There are a lot of dedicated programmers there to help you out whenever and wherever
possible.
  Stability (Reliability)

Linux provides high stability also this is good advantage i.e. it does not need to be rebooted after
a short period of time. Your Linux system rarely slows down or freezes. As in windows, you
need to reboot your system after installing or uninstalling an application or updating your
software but this is not the case with Linux.

 Privacy

Linux ensures the privacy of user’s data as it never collects much data from the user while using
its distributions or software but this is not true for many other operating systems.

 Performance

Linux provides high performance on various networks and workstations. It allows a large
number of users to work simultaneously and handles them efficiently.

 Network Support

Linux gives support for network functionality as it was written by programmers over the internet.
Linux helps you to set up client and server systems on your computer systems easily and in a fast
manner.  

 Flexibility

Linux provides a high range of flexibility as you can install only required components. There is
no need to install a full or complete suite. You can also keep Linux file under multiple partitions
so if one of them corrupts then there is no major loss.

 Compatibility

Linux runs or executes all possible file formats and is compatible with a large number of file
formats.

 Fast and easy installation

Linux can be easily installed from the web and does not require any prerequisites as it can run on
any hardware, even on your oldest systems.
  Proper use of Hard Disk

Linux performs all the tasks efficiently even after the hard disk is almost full. This increases the
performance of the Linux hence Linux provides high performance also.

 Multitasking

Linux is a multitasking operating system as it can perform many tasks simultaneously without
any decrease in its speed such as downloading a large file would not slow down the system.

 Run multiple desktops

Linux provides various desktop environments to make it easy to use. While installing Linux you
can choose any desktop environment according to your wishes such as KDE (K Desktop
Environment) or GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment).

DISADVANTAGES OF LINUX

 Hardware drivers:-

Hardware companies prefer to make drivers for windows or mac because they have more users
as compared to Linux.

 Learning curve:-

You have to learn about the command-line interface and searching for new software is also little
bit difficult. If you face any problem in the operating system then finding solution is problematic.

 Software alternative:-

Take an example of Photoshop which is a popular graphic editing tool. Photoshop is available for
windows but is not present in Linux. There are other photo editing tools but Photoshop is a more
powerful tool than others.

 Games:-

Most of the games are made for windows but not Linux. As windows platform is widely used so
game developers have more interest in windows. [CITATION Jun20 \l 2057 ]
FUTURE OF LINUX & OPEN SOURCE

The Linux desktop computer has not found a home in many consumer and business computers.
Without a siege, motivated by Linux, it has long controlled the Internet, overcoming the activism
of cloud and Internet stuff. Linux and free open source licenses dominate in other ways.
Microsoft Windows 10 is similar to an executive experience, with proprietary developers looking
for better solutions to support customers and business users.
Linux, meanwhile, is the most rigorous operating system, but it suffers from a list of open source
risks and compatibility issues. Meanwhile, the open source Android phone platform Linux is
based on a world leader. Powered by the Linux kernel with a browser-based environment, the
Chrome operating system is an amazing improvement on ease of use and effective product
production. Soon, the ability to implement Linux programs will enable the development and use
of open source resources, both personal and business.
One of the most successful aspects of non-proprietary software trends is the development of
cloud container technology, powered by Linux and open source. That development has pushed
Microsoft to incorporate the Linux element into the Windows operating system and its
containers into the cloud environment.

Advancement in Progress

The future of the open source model can be invested in the ability to overcome security
vulnerabilities in exploded encryption. This is a big "yes" as security risks have increased with
the evolution of Linux-based applications from isolated systems to large time frames. Linux
Insider asked several open source innovators to exchange ideas about where the open source
model might work, and to recommend the best practices that developers should use to take
advantage of different operating system models.

Oracle’s OS Oracle

The safety of the container is crucial for its reliability. "Security should be part of the way the
application is implemented and not something you would consider later. You really have to
include security as part of your planning, "he told Linux Insider. Different packaging procedures
require safety.
This safety assessment begins when you pack something. When building a container, you need to
consider the source of the files you pack, Coekaerts said. Security continues to create your
image.

The input of the technological equation is to ensure the safe construction of containers.
According to the current Coekaerts model, the current model is to introduce containers to the
world of cloud providers in a virtual machine. "While it's great, it's a big change of direction
since we started using containers. Related A related issue is focusing on launching containers
because there is not enough isolation during procedures. The new answer is to run containers in
the VM to protect them. Security is not compromised due to many fixes in Linux and the
hypervisor.

Are Containers the New Linux OS?

"The Linux kernel is the Linux kernel. If you look at the Linux distribution, it's definitely a little
annoying, "he replied. Coekaerts continued in the part of the model that instead of installing the
operating system and installing the applications above, you are essentially dragging into the
Docker structure. Today's container operations are reminiscent of the old mainframe model. Each
running application had its own VM.

Container technology is evolving rapidly. "Security is key. Because of the problems, developers
will deal with them quickly, "Coekearts said, and the security focus covers other aspects of the
Linux operating system." All Linux developers address these issues, "he said.

Security Black Eye

Open source components are present in 96 percent of commercial applications, according to a

report released by Black Duck last year. “Using vulnerable open source code in embedded OT,
IOT, and ICS environments is a bad idea for several reasons,” Weber told Linux Insider.

Good and Bad Coexist

“You are trusting your entire business to code written by people you don’t know for a purpose
different than yours, and who may be hostile to you,” Williams told Linux Insider. Every
business option comes with a bottom line. For open source, the user is responsible for the
security of all the open source used.
Best Practice

Software complexity makes it almost impossible for organizations to deliver secure systems. So
it is about covering the bases, according to Exit Technologies’ Bittner. Fundamental practices,
such as creating an inventory of open source components, can help devs match known
vulnerabilities with installed software. «Of course, there is a lot of pressure on dev teams to build
more software more quickly, and that has led to increased automation and the rise of DevOps,»
Bittner acknowledged.
Developers should follow the Unix philosophy of minimalist, modular deployment models,
suggested Gravitational’s Ingersoll. “It will eliminate painful retrofitting open source languages
for dependency management, security, licenses and more” he told Linux Insider.
That influence starts with the Linux OS and extends through much of the data management,
monitoring and development stack in enterprises of all sizes. It is inevitable that open source will
continue to grow, said Contrast Security’s Williams. It is inextricably bound with modern
software. «Every website, every API, every desktop application, every mobile app, and every
other kind of software almost invariably includes a large amount of open source libraries and
frameworks,» he observed.[ CITATION jac18 \l 2057 ]
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