What is the velocity difference in steel compared with in water?

4 times

If the frequency remain constant, in what material does sound

has the highest velocity, steel, water, or air?
Steel
If the frequency remain constant, in what material does sound
has the shortest wavelength, steel, water, or air?

Air
Remember the formula
= v / f 
 ULTRASONIC
ULTRASONIC TESTING
Very High Frequency
5 M Hz

Glass
High Frequency
5 K Hz

DRUM BEAT
Low Frequency Sound
40 Hz
•  Sound : mechanical vibration

What is Ultrasonic?
Very High Frequency sound – above 20 KHz

20,000 cps
 Sonic / Audible
Ultrasonic
Human
> 20kHz = 20,000Hz
16Hz ‐ 20kHz

0 10 100 1K 10K 100K 1M 10M 100m

Ultrasonic Testing

0.5MHz ‐ 50MHz
Ultrasonic : Sound with frequency above 20 KHz
• Frequency : Number of cycles per
second

1 second 1 second 1 second

1 cycle per 1 second = 1 3 cycle per 1 second = 3 18 cycle per 1 second =

Hertz Hertz 18 Hertz

THE HIGHER THE FREQUENCY THE SMALLER THE WAVELENGTH

• 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second
• 1 Kilohertz = 1 KHz = 1000Hz
• 1 Megahertz = 1 MHz = 1000 000Hz

20 KHz = 20 000 Hz

5 M Hz = 5 000 000 Hz
 Wavelength

Wavelength is the distance required to complete a cycle.

Sound waves are the vibration of particles in solids, liquids or
gases.
Particles vibrate about a mean position.
wavelength
Displacement

The distance
taken to
wavelength complete one
cycle

One cycle
Wavelength Velocity

V 
  
 f 

Frequency
 1 M Hz 5 M Hz 10 M Hz 25 M Hz

LONGEST SMALLEST
= v / f 

F F
Which probe has the smallest wavelength?

Which probe has the longest wavelength?

 Therefore:

V   f   V 
   or or V  f   
 f   

5MHz compression wave

probe in steel

5,900,000
    1.18mm
5,000,000
•  Which of the following compressional probe has the
highest sensitivity?
•  1 MHz
•  2 MHz
•  5 MHz
•  10 MHz

10 MHz
Wavelength and frequency
•  The higher the frequency the smaller the wavelength
•  The smaller the wavelength the higher the sensitivity
• Sen
Sensitivity : The smallest detectable
flaw by the system or
technique
•  In UT the smallest detectable flaw is ½ (half the
wavelength)
•  Dead Zone
•  Near Zone or Fresnel Zone
•  Far Zone or Fraunhofer Zone