•  

In the far zone sound pulses spread out as they

move away from the crystal

/2

  K   KV 
Sine  or
2  D  Df 
   K   KV 
Sine  or
2  D  Df 
Edge,K=1.22
20dB,K=1.08

6dB,K=0.56
Beam axis or
Main Beam
 Beam Spread
  K   KV 
Sine  or
2  D  Df 
•  The bigger the diameter the smaller the beam
spread
•  The higher the frequency the smaller the beam
spread

Which has the larger beam spread, a compression or a

shear wave probe?
•  What is the beam spread of a 10mm,5MHz
compression wave probe in steel?

  KV 
Sine 
2  Df 
1 . 08  5920

5000  10
o
 0 . 1278  7 . 35
Which of the above probes has the Largest Beam Spread ?

1 M Hz
5 M Hz
1 M Hz 5 M Hz
   K   KV 
Sine  or
2  D  Df 
•  The bigger the diameter the smaller the beam
spread
•  The higher the frequency the smaller the beam
spread

Which has the larger beam spread, a compression or a

shear wave probe?
Testing close to side walls
 •  Sound will be either transmitted across or
reflected back

Reflected

How much is reflected and

Interface transmitted depends upon the
relative acoustic impedance of the
2 materials

Transmitted
REFLECTION

DIFFRACTION
•  Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection

60o 60o
 Incident

Transmitted

The sound is refracted due to differences in sound

velocity in the 2 DIFFERENT materials
 •  Only occurs when:
The incident angle is other than 0°

30°

Water Steel Water

Steel Steel Steel

Refracted
•  Only occurs when:
The incident angle is other than 0°
The Two Materials has different VELOCITIES

30°
30°

Steel Water

Steel Steel
65°
30°

No Refraction Refracted
 Normal

Incident I
Material 1

Material 2 Refracted
R

Sine  I  Vel in Material 1


Sine  R Vel in Material 2