1
Flexible Compact AC Transmission System
——a New Mode for Large-capacity and
Long-distance Power Transmission
Xuzheng Chai, Xidong Liang, Member, IEEE, Rong Zeng, Member, IEEE
Abstract--In this paper, the requirement and difficulties of
large-capacity and long-distance power transmission under the
background of national development strategy “transmission of
electric power from the western to the eastern region” in China is
analyzed. The compact transmission lines designed and
constructed by China and FACTS technologies used to improve
the power transmission stability and capacity in China are
introduced. The preliminary study on the integrated technology
predominance of compact transmission line and FACTS to
enhance the transmission capability is carried out. Based on these
investigations, the concept “flexible compact AC transmission
system” is propounded. The inclusion and extension of this
concept is analyzed: the complex and new questions of optimum-
cooperating two technologies. Considering the long-distance
transmission capability per unit corridor width, the flexible
compact AC transmission system is a high efficient power
transmission mode. It is applicable to EHV and UHV AC power
transmission, and has a good developing and operating prospect.
Index Terms—AC power transmission, transmission
capability, compact transmission line, FACTS, large-capacity
and long-distance power transmission.
I. INTRODUCTION
S INCE the people used electric power, the techniques of
power transmission have progressed step by step with the
development of human civilizations. China is now building a
well-off society, and the strong power supply is one of the
reliable guarantees to attain the economic advance objective.
The most obvious feature of the Chinese electric power
industry is the extreme unbalance between the distribution of
primary energy resource and that of power load. China is a
country with the vast territory. The exploitable capability of
hydropower is about 395 GW, and about two-thirds of the
hydropower distributes in the southwest of China. With about
1000 billion tons of coal resources reserved, about two-thirds
This work was supported by the Special Fund of the National Priority
Basic Research of China (2004CB217906)
Xuzheng Chai is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key
Lab of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China (e-mail:
chaixz03@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn).
Xidong Liang is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key
Lab of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China (e-mail:
lxd-dea@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn).
Rong Zeng is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key
Lab of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China (e-mail:
zengrong@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn).
1-4244-0493-2/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE.
of them distributes in the northwest of China. However, two-
thirds of the load centers concentrate at the east area, such as
Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong province. The distance
between the load centers and the resource bases is about
500~2000 km. Obviously, it is imperative to transmit huge
electric power from the hydro and coal bases to the remote
load centers through long distance transmission. Therefore,
large-capability and long-distance power transmission in
China is an objective requirement.
It will face two main difficulties when the conventional
EHV and UHV AC power transmission is applied to large-
capability and long-distance conditions in China. Firstly, it is
necessary to keep power system networks synchronizing
operation. The stability limitations decrease the transmission
capability continuously in accordance with the transmission
lines become longer and longer for the long-distance power
transmission demand. So improving the stability of AC power
transmission system become very important to realize the
large-capability and long-distance power transmission.
Secondly, China has a big population and lack of tillable field,
and economization on land is very important. Conventional
EHV and UHV AC transmission lines need a wide corridor,
when they pass through forest and city, a large amount of trees
and houses will fall and bulk power stations lack outgoing line
corridors, too. Accordingly, enhancing the transmission
capability per unit corridor width under the long-distance
stable transmission is the aim of correlative studies.
HVDC and UHVDC are also large-capability and long-
distance power transmission mode. But the DC is more adapt
to transmit than distribute electric power. Multi-point HVDC
power transmission is quite expensive, and economical
constraint limits its development. The Chinese “transmission
of electric power from the western to the eastern region” will
make the transmission lines pass through the wide west and
central regions. With the develop-the-west strategy carried out
in China, more and more factories will transfer from east to
centric and west regions, and more centric and west regions
are developing. These regions would have huge electric power
demands in the future. Hence a large quantity of HVDC and
UHVDC transmission systems applied to transmit electric
power from west to east in China isn’t the best choice.
Although the UHV AC and UHVDC power transmission
projects have been studied and designed [1, 2], integrating new
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technologies to solve the requirements of large-capability and Ping 500 kV TCSC system [8] (5% TCSC segment and 35%
long-distance power transmission in China still evoke many FSC segment) and Cheng-Bi 220 kV TCSC system [9] (50%
researchers’ great interests. TCSC) have been operating. Many SVC and STACOM have
The compact transmission lines have been designed and been applied in power transmission system. The main aim of
constructed with different towers and conductor them is keep voltage stability and Var balance. Although they
configurations in many countries, such as USA, Russia, Brazil, could offer damping for transient stability, the action isn’t
Italy, China etc. There are operating compact transmission very efficient.
lines even to thousands kilometers in some countries. The To the combination of compact transmission line and
Brazilian North-South interconnection, a single-circuit 500 kV FACTS technologies, whether it is a new mode or choice for
compact transmission line, 1020 km long, was energized in large-capability and long-distance power transmission? The
the beginning of 1999[3]. Based on the principle of AC power integrated effect will be preliminary studied in this paper. The
transmission, compact conductor configuration can utilize the possible main questions will be analyzed. Based on these
conductors fully, which makes the surge impedance loading investigations, the concept “flexible compact AC transmission
(SIL) increase significantly and the right-of-way decrease system” is propounded. Considering the long-distance
obviously. The proposed and tested high surge-impedance- transmission capability per unit corridor width, the flexible
loading compact transmission line even has the surge compact AC transmission system is a high efficient power
impedance loading of 1880 MW and the right-of-way width of transmission mode. It is applicable to EHV and UHV AC
18 meters [4] in Brazil. power transmission, and has a good developing and operating
China has made a point of designing and using the compact prospect.
transmission lines. Fig. 1 shows the Operating 500 kV single-
circuit compact transmission line and double-circuit compact II. CALCULATION AND SIMULATION OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
transmission lines on the same tower in china, which designed INTEGRATED COMPACT TRANSMISSION LINE WITH FACTS
and constructed by Chinese researchers and Power Grid TECHNOLOGIES
Corporations [5]. In China, the Operating 500 kV single-circuit The transmission capability of power transmission system
compact transmission line has the surge impedance loading of with combined compact transmission line and FACTS
1309.6 MW and the right-of-way width of 16 meters, and technologies is evaluated through the calculation and
double-circuit compact transmission lines has the surge simulation under steady-state stability and transient stability.
impedance loading of 2×1312.3 MW and the right-of-way
A. Transmission Capability under Steady State Stability
width of 31 meters [6, 7]. However, the right-of-way width of
500 kV conventional transmission line with horizontal three The power-carrying capability of the transmission system
phases conductors configuration is about 48 meters. The right- is generally evaluated by line loadability curve (St. Clair curve)
[10, 11]
of-way width is the horizontal distance of electric field , which expressed in per unit of surge impedance load,
intensity above 4kV/m on the ground up 1 m according to the SIL. In the calculation of line loadability curve, the thermal
Chinese national standard. rating of conductors, line voltage drop and steady state
stability are the actual restrictive conditions. The extensive
simulations and analyses have revealed that the thermal
limitation, line-voltage-drop limitation and steady-state-
stability limitation are the main controlling factors for
loadability of short, moderate and long lines respectively.
The conventional calculation method of power-carrying
capability (loadability expressed with actual value) curve
adopts the voltage drop between sending-end bus voltage and
receiving-end bus voltage [10, 11] or between sending-end
system equivalent voltage and receiving-end bus voltage [12] as
the line voltage drop criterion (5%). The voltage distributions
of actual operating AC transmission line are variable. When
the transmission line carries the load above SIL, the reactive
Fig. 1. Operating 500 kV single-circuit compact transmission line and double-
circuit compact transmission lines on the same tower in china power will be transmitted from both ends to the medial, and
some medial point will appear the maximum voltage. When
In order to improve the stability and transmission capability, the transmission line carries the load below SIL, the reactive
more and more FACTS devices (such as TCSC, SVC and power will be transmitted from the medial to both ends, and
STACOM ect.) have been installed in the power transmission the voltage of both ends will be higher than the other points in
systems in China. Owing to the excellent effect in improving the transmission line. In fact, the sending-end bus voltage and
transmission system stability and capacity, the TCSC receiving-end bus voltage have been prescribed concretely
(including FSC and TCSC ordinarily) has been used in large- according to relevant guide to power system voltage and
capability and long-distance power transmission. The Tian- reactive power techniques in China: When the transmission

line carries the load below SIL, the installed shunt reactors in
both ends will keep the line voltage in the required level;
When the transmission line carries the load above SIL, the
generator excitation and reactive compensation equipments
will keep the line voltage in the required level. So according
to the guide to power system voltage and reactive power
techniques in China, the sending-end bus voltage scopes
within 100%~110% of rated voltage and receiving-end bus
voltage scopes within 95%~105% of rated voltage are adopted
as the line voltage required level in the calculation of power-
carrying capability curve.
The mathematical model of AC transmission system is
shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Mathematical model of AC transmission system
In the calculation of power-carrying capability curve,
considering the main point-to-network transmission condition
in China, the sending-end and receiving-end short-circuit
currents are set at 15 kA and 50 kA respectively. The sending-
end and receiving-end system equivalent voltage Es and Er are
specified as 1.05 and 1 per unit in the present case based on
the case of load flow. The limitation criterion of sending-end
bus voltage scopes and receiving-end bus voltage scopes are
100%~110% of rated voltage and 95%~105% of rated voltage
respectively. In accordance with the steady state stability
criterion of Transmission Line Reference Book 345 kV and
Above by EPRI, the steady-state stability margin 30% is taken,
corresponding phase angle difference δ ＝ 44 ° across the
system terminals. Full details are given in [13]. The Fig. 3 is
power-carrying capability curve under the above condition.
Fig. 3. Power-carrying capability of different AC power transmission mode
According to this figure, it could be summarized that: the
3
transmission capability of 750 kV conventional transmission
line and integrated 500 kV compact transmission line with
50% series compensation(concluding TCSC and FSC) is
equivalent on the whole at the distance between 600 and 1000
km; At the 1000 km transmission distance, the transmission
capability per unit corridor width of integrated 500 kV
compact transmission line with 50% series compensation is
116.9 MW/m, however, the transmission capability per unit
corridor width of conventional 500 kV transmission line with
horizontal three phases conductors configuration is only 17.2
MW/m. According to the power-carrying capability curve, the
integrated compact transmission line with series compensation
technologies reveal great superiority in the transmission
capability per unit corridor width.
B. Transmission Capability under Transient Stability
The actual transmitted power of the operating power
transmission system depends on its transient stability. The
characteristics of terminal systems and transmission line with
accessory equipments will make the transient stability of
power transmission systems widely different. It is necessary to
investigate the transmission capability of the integrated
compact transmission line with FACTS technologies under
transient stability limitation.
The energy function (lyapunov) method has been used to
determine the transient stability margin to develop control
strategies for improving transient stability. The analysis
followed uses a structure preserving energy mode of a post-
fault power system, which retains the topology of the system.
Consider a power transmission system with Ng generators, Nb
buses (excluding generator internal buses), and Nl
transmission lines (including transient reactance branch of
generators), the energy function defined as [14] [15]:
Ng
v =∑(12Miω%i2 −Pmiδ%i ) +
i=1
Nb Nl
∑ Li i ∫ Vi i ∫ Vi dVi )+∑12 Qseries (1)
% + vi QLi dV − vi biSVC 2
(P θ 0 Vi
vi0 vi0
i=1 l=1
where ω% i and δ%i are the angular speed and rotor angle of ith
generator with respect to the center of inertia (COI) reference
frame respectively. Mi and Pmi are the moment of inertia and
mechanical power input of ith generator respectively. Pli and
Qli are the real power load and active power load at ith bus
respectively. θ%i is the phase angle of voltage at ith bus. Qseries
is the reactive power loss in series branches. It is supposed
that the TCSCs are installed in lines between ith bus and jth
bus, and SVCs are installed in ith bus. TCSC is modeled as a
series combination of a fixed capacitance reactance X ijTCSC
0
,
TCSC , hence the applied series
and a controlled part X iju
compensation capacitance reactance is X ijTCSC = X ijTCSC
0 + X iju
TCSC
.
The SVC is modeled as a parallel combination of fixed shunt
 4

susceptance biSVC
0
and a controlled part biuSVC . Only fixed part
of TCSC and SVC are operating before system fault.
The introduction of FACTS equipments doesn’t alter the
original value of energy function (1) at the post-fault system.
However, they will alter the trend and speed of energy
function change [16]. When TCSC and SVC change the
transmission line reactance and susceptance according to the
control strategy, the real power and active power of any bus
will keep balance and sum to zero. The trend and speed of
energy function change is evaluated by the time derivative of
energy function:
Ng N N
& b & b V&
v& =∑(Miω&%i +Pgi −Pmi )δ%i +∑Piθ%i +∑Vii Qi +
performed with its parameters of sending-end and receiving-
end system. The simulation uses the BPA software (Chinese
3.0 version). The transmission capability of several EHV
power transmission modes under transient steady stability
limitation have been simulated and analyzed.
Fig. 4 shows the test system. The transmission line is 1000
km long between the sending-end bus B1-500 and the
receiving-end bus B4-500, which is divided into three sections
averagely.
Fig. 4. Test system of a typical point-to-network power transmission

i=1 i=1 i=1 A three-phase fault occurs at bus B1-500 side of one of
Nb Nl transmission line between bus B1-500 and bus B2-500. The

∑b V − ∑ 12 (X
TCSC
1 SVC d 2 Xiju d 2 fault is cleared after 0.1 s by opening the faulted line. When
2 iu dt i TCSC TCSC V
dt series (2) the system comes into post-fault condition, the TCSC begins
Lij −Xij 0 )(XLij −Xij )
i=1 l=Ng +1 to operate in forced compensation state, and its capacitance
where X Lij is the reactance of power transmission line, reactance is twice of normal operation. The operating time in
forced compensation state is 25 circles (0.5 s). The controlled
% %
i j cos(θi −θ j ) = [ X Lij ITCSC −VTCSC ]
= Vi 2 +Vj2 − 2VV
2 2
and Vseries . part of SVC will be put into system according to the control
According to the energy balance of generator, real power law of BPA software, which is in accordance with the
balance and active power balance of any bus, the three items conclusion in this paper.
ahead in formula (2) are zero. And so: The table I is the simulation results. It is assumed that all
Nb Nl SC (include FSC and TCSC) are installed in the three-section

v& =∑ b V − ∑ 12 (X
TCSC
1 SVC d 2 Xiju d 2 transmission line averagely. TCSC is installed in faulted
2 iu dt i TCSC TCSC V
dt series (3) section and its parallel section, and FSC is installed in other
Lij −Xij0 )(XLij −Xij )
i=1 l=Ng +1 sections.
The energy function describes total energy of the post-fault
TABLE I
system, and the v& describes the rate of system energy TRANSIENT STABILITY TRANSFER CAPABILITY OF DIFFERENT AC POWER
function change. The system energy function must be a TRANSMISSION MODE
positive definite function. If the v& is negative, the system
energy will decrease continuously till the balance point of
system new steady. The formula (3) is deduced and gotten by
amending the process and conclusion of reference [17].
Therefore, the control law for TCSC:
TCSC
X iju = KTCSC dtd Vseries
2
, KTCSC > 0, X min
TCSC
< X ijTCSC < X max
TCSC

The control law for SVC:

b SVC
iu = − K SVC dtd Vi 2 , K SVC > 0, bmin
SVC
< biSVC < bmax
SVC

The deduction and analysis of reference [18] could validate

the correctness of the control law for SVC in this paper, which
adopt the bang-bang control for transient steady stability.
For TCSC,
d
dt
2
Vseries ≈ K sin θ%ij dθ%ij , K>0, and so the
control law for TCSC with bang-bang control is
⎧⎪sinθij dθij ≥ 0, X TCSC = Xmax
TCSC
(TCSC forced compensation)
⎨
⎪⎩sinθij dθij < 0, X = Xmin (TCSC thyristor blocked)
TCSC TCSC

In this case, the transient stability of 500 kV compact

When the TCSC works in forced compensation state, the
capacitance reactance is twice of normal operation and even
more.
CEPRI-7 buses system is typical point-to-network power
transmission system [19], and the simulation has been
transmission line with 33%FSC and 17% TCSC is quiet well,
when it transfer power 1459MW. The Fig. 5 shows its
sending-end generator angle variation curve, and when the
sending-end and receiving-end capacity are 3999 MW and

9999 MW respectively. Under the transient stability limitation,
the transmission capability per unit corridor width of
integrated 500 kV compact transmission line with 33% FSC
and 17%TCSC is 91.2 MW/m, however, the transmission
capability per unit corridor width of conventional 500 kV
transmission line with horizontal three phase conductors
configuration is only 13.75 MW/m. According to the
preliminary analysis and simulation, the integrated compact
transmission line with TCSC reveals great superiority in the
transmission capability per unit corridor width under transient
stability, too.
Fig. 5. Angle variation of the test system in transient stability
III. FLEXIBLE COMPACT AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
The compact transmission lines have been widely designed,
constructed and applied according technical code of different
countries. Although these compact transmission lines have
different voltage classes, different conductor configurations
and different tower structures [4, 5, 20, 21], they possess some
common technical characteristics:
Compact configuration of three phase conductors make
the right-of-way of power transmission line decrease
obviously.
Compact configuration of three phase conductors and
optimum number and arrangement of subconductors per
phase make the line capacitance increase evidently and
line inductance decrease appropriately.
The increase of line capacitance and decrease of line
inductance make the surge impedance diminish and
surge impedance loading capability enhance prominently.
From the case of Chinese compact transmission line whose
parameters are used in the above calculations and simulations,
concrete structure and data comparison with conventional
transmission line of horizontal conductor configuration will
reveal these features clearly.
Fig. 6. Comparison of conductor configuration and tower
5
The Fig. 6 is the comparison of conductor configuration
and tower between Chinese 500 kV compact transmission line
with invert-delta three phase conductors configuration
(Chang-Fang line[22]) and conventional 500 kV transmission
line with horizontal three phase conductors configuration
(No.2 Chang-An line[5]). According to the relative technical
report [22], some typical power frequency parameters of
compact and conventional transmission line are in table II.
TABLE II
SOME TYPICAL POWER FREQUENCY PARAMETERS OF COMPACT AND
CONVENTIONAL TRANSMISSION LINE
The flexible compact transmission system is the AC power
transmission mode of integrated compact transmission line
with FACTS technologies for large-capability and long-
distance power transmission. It should be the optimum
combination of the compact transmission line (include
different types of compact line in other countries) with various
necessary FACTS equipments. The preliminary investigation
shows that the combination of compact transmission line and
FACTS technologies could improve the capability and
efficiency of large-capability and long-distance power
transmission obviously. In this paper, the concept of flexible
compact transmission system is proposed. It is applicable to
long-distance EHV and UHV AC power transmission, at the
same time the common question must be analyzed and solved
when this AC power transmission mode is performed
optimally. All these aspects come from the characteristics and
joint actions of compact transmission line and FACTS
equipments, and the requirements of integrative optimal
operation, such as:
A. Integrative FACTS Equipments Scheme and Control Law
with Compact Transmission Line
It is very important to keep the flexible compact AC
transmission system for large-capability and long-distance
power transmission security and stability. Based on the
parameters characteristics and network structure of system,
the integrative FACTS equipments scheme and control law of
should be gotten by suitable mathematic optimization method

and control theory. For the steady state stability, transient
stability and voltage stability of whole power transmission
system, all kinds of FACTS equipments, such as TCSC,
STACOM, SVC, SSSC etc, should be chose to exploit their
particular advantages.
B. Electromagnetic Transient Characteristics and Protective
Scheme of Flexible Compact AC Transmission System
The parameters of compact transmission line are quite
different from the conventional transmission line, and the
electromagnetic transient characteristics also have its own
particularity. When the FACTS devices are installed in the
long-distance compact transmission line, the electromagnetic
transient characteristics will be more complex. It is necessary
to research the complex characteristics for the overvoltage
protection and insulation coordination of power transmission
devices and FACTS devices.
C. Relay Protection and Fault Location of Flexible Compact
AC Transmission System
When the compact transmission line and some FACTS
equipments are adopted, the features of AC transmission
system maybe are quite different from ordinary system. Some
relay protections and fault locations perhaps would be failed
and wrong, especially when the FACTS equipments act.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the preliminary investigation, this paper proposes
a new large-capability and long-distance power transmission
mode: flexible compact transmission system. Calculation and
simulation show its high efficiency. Some complex and new
questions only are presented in this paper, and the further
study should be aimed at these questions in concrete practical
application. Considering the long-distance transmission
capability per unit corridor width, the flexible compact AC
transmission system has a good developing and operating
prospect.
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VI. BIOGRAPHIES
Xuzheng Chai was born in Henan Province, China, in 1978. He received B.S.
degree in electrical engineering from Zhengzhou University of Technology in
2000. He received M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Wuhan
University in 2003. Now he is a Ph.D. candidate in Tsinghua University. His
major research fields are electromagnetic transient analysis, compact
transmission line and FACTS.
Xidong Liang (M’00) received Ph.D. degree from the Department of
electrical engineering, Tsinghua University in July 1991. Now he is a
professor and the Head of the Department of electrical engineering, Tsinghua
University. His major research fields are outdoor insulation and power
transmission line.
Rong Zeng (M’02) was born in Shanxi Province, China, in 1971. He received
B.Sc., M. Eng., and Ph.D. degree from the Department of electrical
engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, respectively, in 1995, 1997, and
1999.
Now he is an Associate Professor Department of electrical engineering,
Tsinghua University. His research interests include high voltage technology,
grounding technology, and power transmission technology.