Airplanes are transportation devices which are designed to move people and cargo

from one place to another. Airplanes come in many different shapes and sizes
depending on the mission of the aircraft. The airplane shown on this slide is a
turbine-powered airliner which has been chosen as a representative aircraft.

For any airplane to fly, you must lift the weight of the airplane itself, the fuel, the
passengers, and the cargo. The wingsgenerate most of the lift to hold the plane in
the air. To generate lift, the airplane must be pushed through the air. The jet
engines, which are located beneath the wings, provide the thrust to push the
airplane forward through the air. The air resists the motion in the form of
aerodynamic drag. Some airplanes use propellers for the propulsion
system instead of jets.

To control and maneuver the aircraft, smaller wings are located at the tail of the
plane. The tail usually has a fixed horizontal piece (called the horizontal stabilizer)
and a fixed vertical piece (called the vertical stabilizer). The stabilizers' job is to
provide stability for the aircraft, to keep it flying straight. The vertical
stabilizer keeps the nose of the plane from swinging from side to side, while
the horizontal stabilizer prevents an up-and-down motion of the nose. (On the
Wright brother's first aircraft, the horizontal stabilizer was placed in front of the
wings. Such a configuration is called a canard after the French word for "duck").
At the rear of the wings and stabilizers are small moving sections that are attached
to the fixed sections by hinges. In the figure, these moving sections are colored
brown. Changing the rear portion of a wing will change the amount of force that the
wing produces. The ability to change forces gives us a means of controlling and
maneuvering the airplane. The hinged part of the vertical stabilizer is called
the rudder; it is used to deflect the tail to the left and right as viewed from the front
of the fuselage. The hinged part of the horizontal stabilizer is called the elevator; it
is used to deflect the tail up and down. The outboard hinged part of the wing is
called the aileron; it is used to roll the wings from side to side. Most airliners can
also be rolled from side to side by using the spoilers. Spoilers are small plates that
are used to disrupt the flow over the wing and to change the amount of force by
decreasing the lift when the spoiler is deployed.

The wings have additional hinged, rear sections near the body that are
called flaps. Flaps are deployed downward on takeoff and landing to increase the
amount of force produced by the wing. On some aircraft, the front part of the wing
will also deflect. Slats are used at takeoff and landing to produce additional force.
The spoilers are also used during landing to slow the plane down and to counteract
the flaps when the aircraft is on the ground. The next time you fly on an airplane,
notice how the wing shape changes during takeoff and landing.

The fuselage or body of the airplane, holds all the pieces together. The pilots sit in
the cockpit at the front of the fuselage. Passengers and cargo are carried in the
rear of the fuselage. Some aircraft carry fuel in the fuselage; others carry the fuel in
the wings.

As mentioned above, the aircraft configuration in the figure was chosen only as an
example. Individual aircraft may be configured quite differently from this airliner.
The Wright Brothers 1903 Flyer had pusher propellers and the elevators at the
front of the aircraft. Fighter aircraft often have the jet engines buried inside the
fuselage instead of in pods hung beneath the wings. Many fighter aircraft also
combine the horizontal stabilizer and elevator into a single stabilator surface. There
are many possible aircraft configurations, but any configuration must provide for
the four forces needed for flight.
Using the picture above and a little imagination, answer the following questions. The motion of all
airplane parts is as if you were looking at the airplane from the front.

1. What are the names of the parts of the airplane pictured above?
1. A:_____________________________________________
2. B:_____________________________________________
3. C:_____________________________________________
4. D:_____________________________________________
5. E:_____________________________________________
6. F:_____________________________________________
7. G:_____________________________________________
8. H:_____________________________________________
9. I:_____________________________________________
10. J:_____________________________________________

1. What are the functions of the parts of the airplane pictured above?

1. A:_____________________________________________
2. B:_____________________________________________
3. C:_____________________________________________
4. D:_____________________________________________
5. E:_____________________________________________
6. F:_____________________________________________
7. G:_____________________________________________
8. H:_____________________________________________
9. I:_____________________________________________
 10. J:_____________________________________________

2. Describe the following aircraft motions.

1. Pitch: ____________________________________________
2. Roll: ____________________________________________
3. Yaw: ____________________________________________
4. Loop: ____________________________________________
5. Dive: ____________________________________________
6. Climb: ____________________________________________
7. Lift: ____________________________________________

2. Which parts are used to control lift at low speed for takeoff and landing?
3. Which parts, installed one to each wing, operate in opposite directions (i.e., one up and one down)?
4. If the right wing is up and the one on the left wing is down, what will the airplane do?
5. If the pilot lowers the elevator, what will the airplane's tail do?
6. What will this (7) cause the airplane's nose to do?
7. If the pilot moves the rudder to the left, what will the airplane's tail do?
8. What will this (9) cause the airplane's nose to do?
9. What motion will occur in an airplane with the elevator deflected up and the rudder deflected to the
right?