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Kinematics Dynamics and Control System of A New 5
Kinematics Dynamics and Control System of A New 5
Abstract
Hybrid robotic application is a continuously developing field, as hybrid robot manipulators have demonstrated clearly to
possess benefits of both serial structures and parallel mechanisms. In this article, the physical prototype and the specially
designed control system for a new 5-degree-of-freedom hybrid robot manipulator are developed. The mechanical struc-
ture, kinematics, dynamics, and control system of this robot manipulator are presented. A newly appropriate set of
closed-form solutions, which can avoid multiple solutions, is proposed to address the inverse kinematics problem of this
robot manipulator. Additionally, simulations of the kinematics and dynamics of this robot manipulator and the tests for
the repeatability and accuracy of both the position and path are first simulated with two numerical examples and then
conducted on the physical prototype.
Keywords
Robotics, hybrid robot manipulator, kinematics, dynamics, control system
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2 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
parallel manipulator with actuation redundancy and a known that the hybrid machine can combine the bene-
2-DOF worktable, was investigated.13–15 Jiang et al.16 fits of the serial and parallel mechanisms while avoiding
developed a 5-DOF hybrid-driven magnetic resonance– the drawbacks of either. Thus, the hybrid structure is
compatible robot for minimally invasive prostatic helpful to allow a flexible axis arrangement and enlarge
interventions. A 5-DOF surgical hybrid robot, which a workspace on the premise of moderate complexity.
consists of a 3-DOF parallel module and a 2-DOF For these motivations, the geometric configuration, the
serial module, was designed.17 Several other 5-DOF kinematics, and the reachable workspace of a new 5-
hybrid robots were reported. A 5-DOF hybrid robot, DOF hybrid robot manipulator were proposed in our
which comprises a parallel mechanism (1T2R) and two other article.30 In this article, the developed physical
gantries, was introduced.18 Two 5-DOF mechanisms, prototype and the tests for the repeatability and accu-
which are composed of a 3-DOF parallel mechanism racy of this new 5-DOF hybrid robot manipulator are
connected in series with a 2-DOF wrist, were intro- presented. A newly appropriate set of closed-form solu-
duced.19 A 5-DOF hybrid robot, consisting of a 3-DOF tions, which can avoid multiple solutions, is proposed
kinematic mechanism and a 2-DOF parallel mechan- to improve the already proposed set of closed-form
ism, was designed.20 Another reconfigurable 5-DOF solutions in our article30 for this robot manipulator.
hybrid robot, which consists of a 2-DOF rotatable The inverse kinematics and inverse dynamic problems
mechanism and a 3-DOF parallel mechanism, was pro- of this robot manipulator are solved through this pro-
posed.21 These 5-DOF hybrid robot manipulators have posed algebraic method (to find closed-form solutions)
several disadvantages. Some designs of robot manipula- and the RNEA (to derive inverse dynamic equations),
tors are very complex, since an application of the respectively. Two numerical examples are presented to
inferior-mobility robot manipulator demands a transla- verify the kinematics and dynamics of this robot manip-
table table6–8 or a rotatable one.9–11 Also, the problem ulator, respectively. Moreover, a control system is spe-
of achieving motion control is harder for the hybrid cially designed for this robot manipulator, with which
mechanism12–15 with redundantly actuated joints than a two experiments are conducted on the physical proto-
non-redundantly actuated one. Likewise, the motion type to test the repeatability and accuracy of both the
control of the robots16,17 with passive joints is more dif- path and position.
ficult than those without passive joints. Moreover, The rest of this article is organized as follows. The
some 5-DOF hybrid robot manipulators19–21 are estab- structure of the developed robot manipulator is
lished to perform the tasks in a relatively small accessi- described in section ‘‘Structure of the robot manipula-
ble workspace. tor.’’ The forward and inverse kinematics of this manip-
Several research works were presented for kinematic ulator are presented in section ‘‘Kinematics of the
analysis, dynamic analysis, and control system of robot robot manipulator.’’ The inverse dynamic problem of
manipulators. A general approach was proposed for this robot manipulator is solved in section ‘‘Dynamics
Jacobian analysis of serial–parallel manipulators based of the robot manipulator.’’ The specially designed con-
on the unified Jacobian model.22 A unifying framework trol system for this robot manipulator is described in
was presented for the study of the statics and the instan- section ‘‘Control system of the robot manipulator.’’
taneous kinematics of robot manipulators based on the Numerical examples for verifying the kinematics mod-
Grassmann–Cayley algebra.23 Closed-form solutions to eling and dynamics modeling and the experiments for
the forward and inverse kinematic problems and an the repeatability and accuracy of both the position and
approach to formulation of the basic kinematic equa- path are shown in section ‘‘Numerical examples and
tions for a hybrid manipulator were studied.24 The
experiments.’’ Finally, conclusions are drawn in section
inverse dynamic model was usually derived using recur-
‘‘Conclusion.’’
sive Newton–Euler algorithm (RNEA),25 Lagrangian
formulation,10 or Kane’s approach.26 The design con-
cepts and approaches to building software and hard- Structure of the robot manipulator
ware architecture of the robot manipulator control
system were described in Krasilnikyants et al.27 A The configuration and drive system of this developed
fuzzy-neural-network inherited sliding-mode control 5-DOF hybrid robot manipulator are presented in this
system was presented for an n-link robot manipula- section. More details of other related structure analysis,
tor.28 A control system with a decoupled and centra- advantages, and the overall performance descriptions
lized control structure was designed for a heavy-duty of this hybrid robot manipulator are introduced in our
industrial robot.29 article.30
Principles for the efficient processing of complex sur- In order to obtain good dexterity in robot manipula-
faces can be extended to the representation of complex tion and also meet good performance requirements, a
movements and actions, where the 5-DOF machine tool hybrid configuration is employed in the developed
with hybrid architecture can properly fit in. It is well robot manipulator. The first 2 DOFs are realized by a
Guo et al. 3
parallel mechanism provided sufficient structural stiff- the structure parameter e is equal to 0. The other main
ness, and its drive system is less complicated in practical mechanical structure features are as follows: (a) a
implementation. The last 3 DOFs are realized by a parallel-driven component consisting of two ball
cantilever-like mechanism. It provides this robot screw–based linear drives is designed to generate the
manipulator with an increased level of dexterity and translational movement of the robot manipulator in the
enhanced motion control and help meet the require- horizontal plane, and this drive arrangement simplifies
ment of the reachable workspace. Despite the trade-off the configuration, strengthens transmission stiffness,
being made on the rigidity of the manipulator’s overall and reduces cost; (b) a long straight rail component
structure when using the cantilever-like mechanism, the with gantry mechanism characteristic features is
ultimate goal of designing a robot manipulator struc- applied, which reduces the mass and gravity moments
ture with relatively high structural stiffness, good and transfers the majority of the gravity and overture
manipulation dexterity, and excellent motion capabil- moments from the robot manipulator to the base
ities can be realized by this hybrid design configuration. framework; and (c) three ball screw–based linear drives
The physical prototype and the structure of this are used to provide a simplified transmission and signif-
developed 5-DOF robot manipulator are shown in icant cost savings and eliminate the need for relatively
Figure 1. This robot manipulator, consisting of a expensive reducer.
3-DOF (3T) parallel module and a 2-DOF (2R) serial Compared with a general 6R serial robot, this novel
module, is a new 3T2R hybrid robot manipulator. robot manipulator offers the following particular
Translational motion axes J1, J2, and J3 are ball screws advantages: (a) the decoupling control of the position
driven by motors M1, M2, and M3, respectively. and orientation of the end-effector; this allows the
Rotational motion axes J4 and J5 are driven by motors inverse kinematics to take advantage of particular geo-
M4 and M5, respectively. Axis J6 is the end-effector metric features of the robot manipulator in its unique
that contains a high-speed motor spindle. solution, whereas a general 6R serial robot cannot exhi-
The primary feature of this designed robot manipu- bit this kind of superiority; (b) the parallel-driven com-
lator is the good dexterity performance which benefits ponent and the long straight rail component can reduce
from the ingeniously mechanical arrangements, that is, the separate drive requirements and transfer the major-
the decoupling control adjustments of the orientation ity of the mass and gravity moments from the robot
and position of the end-effector can be achieved when manipulator to the base framework; in the case of a
Figure 1. Robot manipulator: (a) top view, (b) front view, (c) 3D model, and (d) physical prototype.
4 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
general 6R serial robot, the waist joint is needed to sup- solutions (which has the possibility of multiple solu-
port the heavy loads and overture moments of the tions) in our article30 for solving the inverse kinematics
whole body; and (c) ball screw–based linear drives problem. Here, the concepts of the equivalent axis and
without the expensive rotary vector (RV) or harmonic the equivalent angle which are applied to verify the
drive can reduce significantly larger cost savings than a orientation validity of the forward kinematics solution
general 6R serial robot. can be referred to our article.30
This developed robot manipulator is aimed at the
deburring application of the aluminum alloy parts in
the automobile industry, such as engine head. When a Forward kinematics
robot manipulator performs some operations on a sur- The Denavit–Hartenberg method31 is applied to model
face, especially a complex surface, the capability of the kinematics of this robot manipulator. The reference
high manipulation dexterity and even the capability of frames for this robot manipulator are assigned as
five-face machining in one setup are required and are shown in Figure 2. The rotation angles of J1, J2, J3, J4,
imperative. The burrs of the part which requires five- and J5 are expressed by u1, u2, u3, u4, and u5, respec-
face deburring can be removed in one setup, since this tively. The strokes of the nut along S1, S2, and S3 are
developed robot manipulator has the capability to be expressed by X1, X2, and X3, respectively. The distance
serviced for five-face machining in one setup. The between J6 and J4 in the horizontal direction is denoted
deburring application of parts with complex surfaces as e. The rotation angle of Jt and link 1 is denoted as
can benefit from the superiority of dexterity in orienta- a. Li denotes the length of rod i. L01 represents the dis-
tion adjustment, positioning, and trajectory tracking tance between origin O2 and origin O1 in the vertical
control. Also, other machining applications in indus- direction when the nut is located at the top starting
trial settings, such as milling and drilling, can be point along S3. The detailed structure parameters of
achieved using different sets of machining tools. this robot manipulator are listed in Table 1. These vari-
ables can be expressed by
Kinematics of the robot manipulator (X2 X1 )
a = arctan ð1Þ
In this section, the reference frames and the forward L1
kinematics solution for this robot manipulator are pre- sx u 1
sented based on the Denavit–Hartenberg method. In X1 = ð2Þ
2p
addition, a newly appropriate set of closed-form solu- sx u 2
tions (which can avoid multiple solutions) is proposed X2 = ð3Þ
2p
to improve the already proposed set of closed-form
Figure 2. The assigned reference frame: (a) Denavit–Hartenberg reference frame and (b) the location of D–H reference frame.
Guo et al. 5
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 e Lt L01 sx sz
Link i ui ai di ai
2 0 0 X3 + L01 pffiffiffi L3
3 p=2 + u4 p=4 Lp2 ffiffi+ 0
ffi L4 + 2L5
4 p + u5 p=4 2e 0
5 (Tool) 0 0 Lp 0
a = ½ax , ay , az T
*
ð15Þ proposed closed-form solutions in this article (using the
results of forward kinematics px, py, pz, ax, ay, az, and
cos (a + u4 )( cos u5 1) sin (a + u4 ) sin u5 nz) can lead to a unique solution for the inverse kine-
ax = pffiffiffi
2 2 matics. Whereas the article30 offers two solutions for
ð16Þ u5 and likewise two solutions for u4, X1 (u1) and X2
(u2) corresponding to these two solutions of u5, and a
sin (a + u4 )( cos u5 1) cos (a + u4 ) sin u5 unique solution X3 (u3) (where the results of forward
ay = + pffiffiffi
2 2 kinematics px, py, pz, ax, ay, and az are used). The
ð17Þ unique solution for the inverse kinematics is bound to
be desirable and this is an important advantage of the
(1 + cos u5 )
az = ð18Þ proposed set of closed-form solutions, beyond its com-
2 putational efficiency, because it does not only compute
o = ½ox , oy , oz T
*
ð19Þ a single set of solutions but also could be programmed
in an easy-to-use time-efficient closed form. The pro-
sin (a + u4 ) sin u5 cos (a + u4 )(1 + cos u5 ) posed set of closed-form solutions for the inverse kine-
ox = pffiffiffi
2 2 matics is expressed as follows.
ð20Þ
cos (a + u4 ) sin u5 sin (a + u4 )(1 + cos u5 ) Solving u5. Equations (18) and (26) can be rewritten as
oy = pffiffiffi
2 2
cos u5 = 2az 1 ð27Þ
ð21Þ
(1 cos u5 ) and
oz = ð22Þ
2 pffiffiffi
sin u5 = 2nz ð28Þ
n = ½nx , ny , nz T
*
ð23Þ
Based on equations (27) and (28), u5 is obtained as
cos (a + u4 ) sin u5
nx = sin (a + u4 ) cos u5 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
2 u5 = arctan 2( 2nz , 2az 1) ð29Þ
ð24Þ
sin (a + u4 ) sin u5 Solving u4. Let us define as
ny = cos (a + u4 ) cos u5 pffiffiffi ð25Þ
2
u = a + u4 ð30Þ
sin u
nz = pffiffiffi 5 ð26Þ
2 Substituting equation (30) into equations (16) and
(17) yields
pffiffiffi
py + e sin (a + u4 ) Lp sin (a + u4 )( cos u5 1)=2 Lp cos (a + u4 ) sin u5 = 2
sin a = ð35Þ
L3
ð38Þ
Dynamics of the robot manipulator
Substituting equations (34) and (38) into equation
There are many tasks that require effective trajectory
(30), u4 is given as
tracking capabilities. In order to improve the trajectory
u4 = u a ð39Þ tracking performance, it should take account of the
robot manipulator dynamic model via the model-based
control strategies, such as the inverse dynamics control
Solving X3 (u3). According to equations (14) and (27), and the computed-torque-like technique. Also, the
X3 and u3 are expressed as dynamic analysis can guide the design and construction
pffiffiffi of robotic systems and the selection of the actuators
X3 = pz (L2 + L4 + 2L5 + L01 + e + az Lp ) ð40Þ and transmission drive components to power the move-
2pX3 ment. Hence, dynamics is very critical to mechanical
ð41Þ
u3 = design, control, and simulation. The dynamic equations
sz
Solving X1 (u1) and X2 (u2). According to equation (1), of motion can provide the relationships between the
giving actuation and contact forces applied on robot mechan-
isms, and the consequent acceleration and motion trajec-
(X2 X1 ) tories. Because of the need for real-time implementation,
tan a = ð42Þ especially in control, the robotics community has focused
L1
on the problem of computational efficiency. For inverse
Combining equations (12) and (42) leads to dynamics, the RNEA (which is an O(n) algorithm, where
8 n is the number of DOFs in the mechanism) proposed by
>
> X2 X1 = L1 tan a Luh et al.34 remains the most important algorithm.32 The
<
X2 + X1 = 2ðpx + e cos (a + u4 ) L3 cos aÞ RNEA uses a Newton–Euler formulation of the problem,
>
> h pffiffiffi i
: Lp cos (a + u )( cos u 1) 2 sin (a + u ) sin u and this formulation is especially amenable to the develop-
4 5 4 5
ment of efficient recursive algorithms for dynamics
ð43Þ computations.
In this section, the dynamics problem (i.e. inverse
According to equation (43), X1 (u1) and X2 (u2) are
dynamics problem) of this 5-DOF robot manipulator is
expressed as
solved based on this very efficient RNEA. The velocity
X1 = px + e cos (a + u4 ) and acceleration of each link and the resultant forces on
each link are first computed through an outward recur-
L3 cos a Lp ½cos (a + u4 )( cos u5 1)=2 sion in turn, starting with the known velocity and accel-
pffiffiffii
sin (a + u4 ) sin u5 = 2 2(L1 tan a)=2 eration of the fixed base, and working toward the tips.
A second, inward recursion uses the force balance equa-
ð44Þ tions at each link to compute the spatial force across
8 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
0*_ _ €*
v 1 = 0 v 0 + 0 P1
*
ð51Þ ð67Þ
where _
2* _ _
= 2 v2 + 2 v2 3 2 r c2 + 2 v2 3 (2 v2 3 2 r c2 )
* * * * * *
vc2 ð68Þ
_ *
_
0*
= ½0, 0, gT = ½0, 0, 9:80665T 2
f c2 = m2 2 vc2
*
v0 ð52Þ ð69Þ
T _
0_
2*
sx (u_ 1 + u_ 2 ) = c2 I2 2 v2 + 2 v2 3 (c2 I2 2 v2 )
* * *
*
P1 = , 0, 0 ð53Þ nc2 ð70Þ
4p
where
T
0€ sx ( u
€1 + u €2)
*
P1 = , 0, 0 ð54Þ *
h s z u3 iT
4p 1
P2 = L3 , 0, + L01 ð71Þ
2p
Let two new variables be defined as k1 = 2pL1 =sx sz u_ 3
and k2 = k1 2 + (u2 u1 )2 , and according to equations d_ 2 = ð72Þ
2p
(1)–(3), giving
sz u€3
d€2 = ð73Þ
k1 (u_ 2 u_ 1 ) 2p
a_ = ð55Þ
k2 2
z1 = ½0, 0, 1T
~ ð74Þ
2
2 3
€2 u
k1 k2 ( u € 1 ) 2k1 (u_ 2 u_ 1 ) (u2 u1 ) 1 0 0
€=
a ð56Þ
k2 2
2
R1 = 4 0 1 0 5 ð75Þ
0 0 1
The velocity and acceleration of link 1 relative to ref-
erence frame 1 and the inertia force and the moment
acting on link 1 relative to center of mass of link 1 are Link 3. The velocity and acceleration of link 3 relative
derived as to reference frame 3 and the inertia force and the
moment acting on link 3 relative to center of mass of
1*
v1 = 1 R 0 0 v1
*
ð57Þ link 3 are calculated as follows
1*
v 1 = 1 R0 0 v 1
* 3*
v3 = 3 R2 2 v2 + 3 z 2 u_ 4
* *
ð58Þ ð76Þ
_
1* _ _ _
v1 = 1 R 0 0 v1
* 3*
v3 = 3 R2 (2 v2 + 2 v2 3 3 z 2 u_ 4 ) + 3 z 2 u
* * * *
ð59Þ €4 ð77Þ
Guo et al. 9
Table 3. The mass, center of mass, and moment of inertia of the robot manipulator.
Link Mass (kg) Moment of inertia (kg mm2) Center of mass (mm)
2 3 2 3
1 83:025 5095170:782 61:008 1019:065 0
4 61:008 3291706:841 15:858 5 4 0 5
2 1019:065 15:858 2367692:766 3 2 44:182 3
2 21:333 1475990:573 3970:014 748196:633 304:563
4 3970:014 2366543:574 8327:223 5 4 1:306 5
2 748196:633 8327:223 911968:216
3 2 278:925 3
3 8:022 142265:977 0:114 0:002 0
4 0:114 45016:139 46002:096 5 4 63:686 5
2 0:002 46002:096 109393:601 3 2 468:138 3
4 9:120 119573:680 27:342 0:849 0
4 27:342 36160:108 18452:465 5 4 52:909 5
0:849 18452:465 94076:578 261:241
h i pffiffiffi
_
3* _ _ * *
3
*
P4 = ½0, 0, 2eT
= 3 R2 2*
+ 2 v2 3 2 P3 + 2 v2 3 (2 v2 3 2 P3 )
* * *
v3 v2 ð91Þ
ð78Þ pffiffiffi pffiffiffiT
4* 2 2
_ _ _ z 3 = 0, , ð92Þ
3*
vc3 = 3 v3 + 3 v3 3 3 r c3 + 3 v3 3 (3 v3 3 3 r c3 )
* * * * * *
ð79Þ 2 2
2 3
3
*
_ cos up5ffiffiffi sin u5pffiffiffi pffiffi0ffi
f c3 = m3 3 vc3
*
ð80Þ 4
R3 = 4 sin u5 = p2ffiffiffi cos u5 =pffiffiffi2 p2ffiffiffi=2 5 ð93Þ
3* c3 _
3* 3*
nc3 = I3 v3 + v3 3 ( I3 v3 ) c3 3*
ð81Þ sin u5 = 2 cos u5 = 2 2=2
*
where The mass (mi ), center of mass (i r ci ), and moment of
inertia about the center of mass (ci Ii ) of link i relative to
* pffiffiffi reference frame i are listed in Table 3.
2
P3 = ½0, 0, L2 + L4 + 2L5 T ð82Þ
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiT
3* 2 2 Inward recursion
z 2 = 0, , ð83Þ
2 2
2 3 Link 4. Suppose that the sums of all relevant external
sin u4pffiffiffi cos up4ffiffiffi p 0ffi
ffiffi forces and moments *applied on the operation point of
3
R2 = 4 cos u4 = p2ffiffiffi sin u4 = p2ffiffiffi pffiffi2ffi=2 5 ð84Þ *
the end-effector are f tool and ntool , respectively. Thus,
cos u4 = 2 sin u4 = 2 2=2 the force and moment of* link 4 applied on this opera-
*
* *
tion point are 5 f 5 = f tool and 5 n5 = ntool , respec-
Link 4. The velocity and acceleration of link 4 relative tively. The force and moment of link 4 relative to the
to reference frame 4 and the inertia force and the origin of coordinate frame 4 and the required joint
moment acting on link 4 relative to center of mass of actuator torque of the joint 5 are derived as
link 4 are given as follows * * *
4
f 4 = 4 R5 5 f 5 + 4 f c4 ð94Þ
4*
v4 = 4 R3 3 v3 + 4 z 3 u_ 5
* *
ð85Þ * * *
4*
= 4 R5 5 n5 + 4 nc4 + 4 r c4 3 4 f c4 + 4 P5 3 (4 R5 5 f 5 )
* * *
n4
_
4* _
v4 = 4 R3 3 v3 + 4 R3 3 v3 3 4 z 3 u_ 5 + 4 z 3 u
* * * *
€ 5 ð86Þ ð95Þ
h i
_
4* _ _ * *
v4 = 4 R3 3 v3 + 3 v3 3 3 P4 + 3 v3 3 (3 v3 3 3 P4 )
* * * * T
t 5 = 4 z 3 4 n4
* * *
ð96Þ
ð87Þ where
_
4* _ _
= 4 v4 + 4 v4 3 4 r c4 + 4 v4 3 (4 v4 3 4 r c4 )
* * * * * *
vc4 ð88Þ *
P5 = ½0, 0, Lp T
4
ð97Þ
4
*
_
4* 2 3
f c4 = m4 vc4 ð89Þ
1 0 0
4* _
nc4 = c4 I4 4 v4 + 4 v4 3 (c4 I4 4 v4 )
* * *
ð90Þ
4
R5 = 4 0 1 0 5 ð98Þ
0 0 1
where
10 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
3
* * *
1*
x0 = ½1, 0, 0T ð109Þ
f 3 = 3 R4 4 f 4 + 3 f c3 ð99Þ
3* The required joint actuator forces of joint 1 and joint
= 4R3 T 4 n4 + 3 nc3 + 3 r c3
* * *
n3
ð100Þ 2 are derived by equation (107), that is
* * *
3 3 f c3 + 3 P4 3 (4 R3 T 4 f 4 )
1* T T
* *
*
* T
* x0 (0 R1 1 f 1 ) 1 z 0 (0 R1 1 n1 ) cos2 a
t4 = 3 z 2
*
3*
n3 ð101Þ F1 =
2 L1
ð110Þ
Link 2. The force and moment of link 2 relative to the
1* T T
* *
*
origin of coordinate frame 2 and the required joint * x0 (0 R1 1 f 1 ) 1
z 0 (0 R1 1 n1 ) cos2 a
F2 = +
actuator force of the joint 3 are expressed as follows 2 L1
* * *
ð111Þ
2
f 2 = 2 R3 3 f 3 + 2 f c2 ð102Þ
* * *
2*
= 3 R2 T 3 n3 + 2 nc2 + 2 r c2 3 2 f c2 + 2 P3 3 (3 R2 T 3 f 3 )
* * *
n2 Control system of the robot manipulator
ð103Þ
The performance and compliance of a robotic system
* T
* *
F3 = 2 z1 f22
ð104Þ are mainly ensured by a specially designed control sys-
tem. In this section, the entire control system (which
consists of the control system hardware and the control
Link 1. The force and moment of link 1 relative to the
system software architecture) and the actual physical
origin of coordinate frame 1 are given as follows
realization of the control system are presented.
* * *
1
f 1 = 1 R2 2 f 2 + 1 f c1 ð105Þ
* * *
Control system hardware
1*
= 1 R2 2 n2 + 1 nc1 + 1 r c1 3 1 f c1 + 1 P2 3 (1 R2 2 f 2 )
* * *
n1 The control system hardware of this robot manipulator
ð106Þ includes the following components: a control and servo
drive unit, electricity supply circuitry unit, a terminal
The interaction forces between link 1 and screw
unit, and peripheral devices. A control schematic dia-
joints (consisting of ball screws) are shown in Figure 3.
gram (shown in Figure 4) is given to show the control
Combining Newton’s and Euler’s equations for link 1
structure and the communication between these
leads to
components.
(* *
F 2 F 1 L1 1 0 *1 T *
2 cos a = z 0 ( R1 n1 )
*
cos a
* T *
ð107Þ Control and servo drive unit. Thanks to the particular
*
F 2 + F 1 = 1 x 0 (0 R 1 1 f 1 ) advantages of Ethernet for control automation
Figure 3. The interaction forces: (a) screw joints and (b) link 1.
Guo et al. 11
Figure 5. Motion controller: (a) GUC-ECAT motion controller and (b) teach pendant.
technology (EtherCAT),35,36 in this article, a motion and (d) it supports remote diagnosis and analysis via
controller, servo amplifiers, and servo motors, which Ethernet.
can be compatible with EtherCAT technology, are Both the first three axes J1, J2, and J3, and the last
selected to give a solution for the high-speed command two axes J4 and J5 of this robot manipulator are actu-
transmission requirements of the control and servo ated using alternating-current (AC) rotary servo
drive unit. motors (models no. are R2AA08075FCP29W and
In this article, a GUC-ECAT controller (model No. R2AA06020FCP29W, respectively) and the compatible
GUC-ECAT8-M23-L2-F4G) with a matching teach EtherCAT interface type of servo amplifiers (models
pendant, which is compatible with EtherCAT technol- no. are RS2A03A0KA4 and RS2A01A0KA4, respec-
ogy, is chosen as the motion controller for this robot tively). These servo motors and servo amplifiers are
manipulator (shown in Figure 5). This motion control- manufactured by Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. The commu-
ler, which is manufactured by Googol Technology Ltd, nication cycle of this new product (i.e. the servo ampli-
can synchronously control up to eight axes. The main fiers R advanced model EtherCAT Interface type) is
features include the following: (a) shortest sampling short (125 ms), and the position commands are subdi-
cycle and control cycle can reach 125 and 250 ms, vided, making device operations smoother and improv-
respectively; (b) development platform OtoStudio fully ing stabilizability and controllability.
supports IEC61131-3 programming standard; (c) The messages between the motion controller and
human machine interaction supports eHMI interface; servo amplifiers are communicated via EtherCAT
12 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
protocol, and the servo amplifier and its related optical predefined digital input (DI)/digital output (DO) of the
battery-backup method absolute encoder of servo motion controller and PLC, respectively.
motor are communicated with serial data signal.
Peripheral devices. The high-speed motor spindle (type:
Electricity supply circuitry unit. Electrical power supply YD4040, produced by Wuxi Sunshine Precision
(appropriate voltages and currents for servo motor, Machinery Co., Ltd), with which the end-effector is
servo amplifier, peripheral devices, etc.) is an important equipped, and 10 inductive proximity sensors (which
element of a robot manipulator control system. Hence, are manufactured by Omron Corporation and the type
the related electricity supply circuitry arrangements is E2E-X14MD1-Z) attached to the robot manipulator
should be designed for the application of electrical engi- are the main peripheral devices of this robot manipula-
neering. The application-specific transmitter circuitry tor. The peripheral devices (i.e. the motor spindle and
contains the main circuit power supply, electric circuits inductive proximity sensors) and PLC are communi-
of the servo amplifiers, and the appropriate switching cated with the corresponding predefined DI/DO.
circuits.
The main circuit power supply provides the power Control system software
for the whole control system, which includes servo
motor power supply, servo amplifier power supply, The control system software architecture of this robot
controller and programmable logic controller (PLC) manipulator consists of two main parts: motion con-
power supply, motor spindle power supply, and trigger troller software and PLC software. Since this robot
signal power supply. The high stabilizability and realiz- manipulator is a new 5-DOF hybrid configuration, the
ability of electric circuits for servo amplifiers have a forward and inverse kinematics for motion trajectory
great influence on the electric characteristics of servo calculation must be programmed in the motion control-
amplifiers and servo motors. Through appropriate ler software according to the forward kinematics mod-
switching circuits (i.e. the circuits for the power supply eling and the proposed method for closed-form inverse
of the servo amplifiers and servo motors, alarm circuits kinematics solutions. This application is implemented
of the servo amplifiers, and operating status display cir- on the CPAC software platform of the GUC-ECAT
cuits of the control system), some particular regions of motion controller. Each axis of this motion controller
the control system can be isolated at particular can operate independently under five modes, point-to-
intersections. point motion mode, jog motion mode, position-time
(PT) motion mode, electronic gear motion mode, and
follow motion mode. This motion controller software
Terminal unit. The main task of a terminal unit is to provides an EtherCAT library for the communication
ensure interaction between the administrator/operator between EtherCAT slave devices and motion controller.
and the control system through information input/out- This motion controller software also offers a program-
put (I/O) tools. Information exchange and some func- ming environment, that is, the OtoStudio environment;
tions (such as activation/deactivation, running and the system configuration requirements for the status
executing user programs, robot manipulator status sig- and the operation mode and the motion program writ-
naling, and interaction between the administrator/oper- ten in the described language that will be transferred to
ator and the terminal unit software) can be the control unit (which is transformed into the internal
implemented at the administrator/operator’s console. representation) can be done under this programming
Since system control tasks are carried out in the environment. Additionally, the motion controller soft-
motion controller, a specialized operating system for ware can achieve hardware resource access (such as DI/
real-time task fulfillment is not required in the terminal DO, encoder, and discretionary access control), safety
unit. Advanced PLC capabilities (such as fast I/O con- mechanism (such as soft limit, drive alarm, smooth stop
trol and synchronizing actions) can implement the and emergency stop, and error position limit), motion
coordinate operation of the peripheral devices and the status detection, remote debug in VC++ or Visual
control system. In this article, a PC for interaction Studio development environment, and so on.
which is equipped with a keyboard and a screen (with The other main part of the control system software
Windows 7, Intel(R) Core(TM) CPU i5-4570 at architecture, the PLC software, provides logic control
3.20 GHz, 8.00 GB of RAM) and an advanced and communication, sequence of operations, and multi-
SIMATIC S7-200 PLC of Siemens AG with external ple arrangements of DI/DO and analog I/O in the con-
I/O modules are selected as the terminal unit of the trol system, the motion controller, and the peripheral
control system. The communication between the devices (i.e. the motor spindle and inductive proximity
motion controller and PLC is achieved through the sensors).
Guo et al. 13
Figure 10. The force of link 3: (a) simulation in MATLAB and Figure 12. The force of link 4: (a) simulation in MATLAB and
(b) simulation in ADAMS. (b) simulation in ADAMS.
Figure 11. The moment of link 3: (a) simulation in MATLAB Figure 13. The moment of link 4: (a) simulation in MATLAB
and (b) simulation in ADAMS. and (b) simulation in ADAMS.
16 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Physical experiments
Industrial robot performance is often measured in func-
tional operations by the repeatability and accuracy of
the position and path. The position and path repeat-
Figure 14. The preprogrammed five locations and straight line ability (i.e. the tolerance of the position and path at
path. repeated program execution, respectively) represent the
ability of the manipulator to repeatedly return to the
programs of the derived dynamic equations (in same location or track the same trajectory, respectively.
MATLAB) and the virtual prototype model (in The position and path accuracy (i.e. the maximum
ADAMS/View), respectively. The conditions under deviation of the average of actual position and actual
which the inverse dynamics computations of this robot path at program execution from the programmed posi-
manipulator are performed for this example are given tion and the programmed path, respectively) cover the
as follows: the sums of all relevant external forces (act- ability of a robot manipulator to return to a prepro-
ing on the operation point of the* end-effector, that is, grammed location or follow along a preprogrammed
the reference frame origin O5) is f tool = 50 N; the func- path in space.
tions of each joint angle are u1 = 3p(t2 + 11t)=4 rad, In this article, the test of the repeatability and accu-
u2 = p(t2 + 11t) rad, u3 = p(t2 + 7t)=2 rad, racy for five preprogrammed locations and a prepro-
u4 = p(t + 5t)=30 rad, and u5 = p(t2 + 5t)=30 rad;
2 grammed straight line path (shown in Figure 14) are
the total simulation time is 5 s. conducted on the physical prototype. The experiment
Here, the forces and moments of links 3 and 4 (rela- physical prototype and the measuring equipment (i.e. a
tive to the reference frame origin O3 and O4, respec- laser tracker and its type is Leica AT901-MR) are shown
tively) are given as an example, considering that the in Figure 15. In these experiments, the rated velocity is
results of dynamics computations of the derived 200 mm/s; the rated numbers of test motion cycles of the
dynamic equations may or may not be equal to the preprogrammed locations and straight line path tests are
results of the virtual prototype simulation. The forces 30 and 10, respectively. The locus of these prepro-
and moments of links 3 and 4 computed by numerical grammed locations and the trajectory of this prepro-
programs in MATLAB are shown in Figures 10(a), grammed straight line path are shown in Figures 16 and
11(a), 12(a), and 13(a), respectively. Additionally, the 17, respectively. The observed position repeatability,
Figure 15. Experiment physical prototype and measuring equipment: (a) the physical prototype and (b) the laser tracker.
Guo et al. 17
Figure 16. Total locus of the programmed locations: (a) all locations, (b) P1, (c) P2, (d) P3, (e) P4, and (f) P5.
Declaration of conflicting interests 14. Wu J, Wang J, Wang L, et al. Study on the stiffness of a
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with 5-DOF hybrid machine tool with actuation redundancy.
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this Mech Mach Theory 2009; 44: 289–305.
article. 15. Wu J, Wang J, Wang L, et al. Dynamic model and force
control of the redundantly actuated parallel manipulator
of a 5-DOF hybrid machine tool. Robotica 2008; 27:
Funding 59–65.
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial sup- 16. Jiang S, Guo J, Liu S, et al. Kinematic analysis of a 5-
port for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this DOF hybrid-driven MR compatible robot for minimally
article: This work was supported by Self-Planned Task (no. invasive prostatic interventions. Robotica 2012; 30:
SKLRS201609B) of State Key Laboratory of Robotics and 1147–1156.
System (HIT). 17. Gherman B, Pisla D, Vaida C, et al. Development of
inverse dynamic model for a surgical hybrid parallel
robot with equivalent lumped masses. Robot Cim: Int
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