Coordinates: 49°27′14″N 11°04′39″E

Nuremberg
Nuremberg (/ˈnjʊərəmbɜːrɡ/ NEWR-əm-burg; German: Nürnberg [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk] ( listen); in the local East
Franconian dialect: Närmberch [ˈnɛrmbɛrç]) is the second-largest city of the German state of Bavaria after its Nuremberg
capital Munich, and its 518,370 (2019) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany. On the Pegnitz Nürnberg
River (from its confluence with the Rednitz in Fürth onwards: Regnitz, a tributary of the River Main) and the
Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, it lies in the Bavarian administrative region of Middle Franconia, and is the largest City
city and the unofficial capital of Franconia. Nuremberg forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring
cities of Fürth, Erlangen and Schwabach with a total population of 800,376 (2019), while the larger Nuremberg
Metropolitan Region has approximately 3.6 million inhabitants. The city lies about 170 kilometres (110 mi)
north of Munich. It is the largest city in the East Franconian dialect area (colloquially: "Franconian"; German:
Fränkisch).

There are many institutions of higher education in the city, including the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
(Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg). With 39,780 students in 2017, it is Bavaria's third-
largest and Germany's 11th-largest university, with campuses in Erlangen and Nuremberg and a university
hospital in Erlangen (Universitätsklinikum Erlangen). Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm and
Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg are also located within the city. Nuremberg Airport (Flughafen Nürnberg
"Albrecht Dürer") is the second-busiest airport in Bavaria after Munich Airport, and the tenth-busiest airport in
Germany.

Nuremberg Castle, with its many towers thrones above the city, is one of Europe's largest castles. Staatstheater
Nürnberg is one of the five Bavarian state theatres,[a] showing operas, operettas, musicals, and ballets (main
venue: Nuremberg Opera House), plays (main venue: Schauspielhaus Nürnberg), as well as concerts (main
venue: Meistersingerhalle). Its orchestra, the Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg, is Bavaria's second-largest opera
orchestra after the Bavarian State Opera's Bavarian State Orchestra in Munich. Nuremberg is the birthplace of
Albrecht Dürer and Johann Pachelbel. 1. FC Nürnberg is the most famous football club of the city. Nuremberg
was one of the host cities of the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
Nuremberg skyline, Nuremberg Castle,
Pegnitz River, Nuremberg Opera House,
Frauenkirche
Contents
History
Middle Ages
Early modern age Flag
Coat of arms
After the Napoleonic Wars
Nazi era Location of Nuremberg
Nuremberg trials
Geography
Climate
Demographics
Economy
Tourism
Attractions
Culinary tourism
Pedestrian zones
Hospitality
Culture
Museums
Performing arts
Cuisine
Education
Higher education
Main sights
Politics Nuremberg

Transport
Railways
City and regional transport
Motorways
Airport
Canals
Sport
Football
Basketball
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
 Cooperation
Associated cities
Notable people
Sport Nuremberg
See also
Notes and references
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Coordinates: 49°27′14″N 11°04′39″E

History Country Germany

State Bavaria
Admin. region Middle Franconia
Middle Ages District Urban district
Government
The first documentary mention of the city, in 1050, mentions • Lord mayor Marcus König[1] (CSU)
Nuremberg as the location of an Imperial castle between the East (2020–26)
Franks and the Bavarian March of the Nordgau.[3] From 1050 to 1571 Area
the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its • City 186.46 km2
location on key trade-routes. King Conrad III (reigning as King of (71.99 sq mi)
Germany from 1138 to 1152) established the Burgraviate of Elevation 302 m (991 ft)
Nuremberg, with the first burgraves coming from the Austrian House of
Population (2020-12-31)[2]
Raab. With the extinction of their male line around 1190, the last Raabs
• City 515,543
count's son-in-law, Frederick I from the House of Hohenzollern,
Old fortifications of Nuremberg • Density 2,800/km2 (7,200/sq mi)
inherited the burgraviate in 1192. • Urban 798,867 (includes Fürth,
Erlangen, and
From the late 12th century to the Interregnum (1254–1573), however, Schwabach)
the power of the burgraves diminished as the Hohenstaufen emperors transferred most non-military powers to a • Metro 3,557,648
castellan, with the city administration and the municipal courts handed over to an Imperial mayor (German:
Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)
Reichsschultheiß) from 1173/74.[4][5] The strained relations between the burgraves and the castellans, with
• Summer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST)
gradual transferral of powers to the latter in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, finally broke out into open
enmity, which greatly influenced the history of the city.[5] Postal codes 90000-90491
Dialling codes 0911, 09122, 09129
The city and particularly Nuremberg Castle would become one of the Vehicle N
registration
most frequent sights of the Imperial Diet (after Regensburg and
Frankfurt), the Diets of Nuremberg from 1211 to 1543, after the first Website nuernberg.de (https://w
Nuremberg diet elected Frederick II as emperor. Because of the many ww.nuernberg.de/interne
t/portal_e/)
Diets of Nuremberg the city became an important routine place of the
administration of the Empire during this time and a somewhat
The Imperial Castle
'unofficial capital' of the Empire. In 1219 Emperor Frederick II granted the Großen Freiheitsbrief ('Great Letter of
Freedom'), including town rights, Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit), the privilege to mint coins, and an independent
customs policy - almost wholly removing the city from the purview of the burgraves.[4][5] Nuremberg soon became, with
Augsburg, one of the two great trade-centers on the route from Italy to Northern Europe.

In 1298 the Jews of the town were falsely accused of having desecrated the host, and 698 of them were killed in one of the many Rintfleisch massacres. Behind
the massacre of 1298 was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city,[6] which were divided by the Pegnitz. The Jews of the German
lands suffered many massacres during the plague pandemic of the mid-14th century.

In 1349 Nuremberg's Jews suffered a pogrom.[7] They were burned at the stake or expelled, and a marketplace was built over the former Jewish quarter.[8] The
plague returned to the city in 1405, 1435, 1437, 1482, 1494, 1520 and 1534.[9]

The largest growth of Nuremberg occurred in the 14th century. Charles IV's Golden Bull of 1356, naming Nuremberg as
the city where newly elected kings of Germany must hold their first Imperial Diet, made Nuremberg one of the three most
important cities of the Empire.[4] Charles was the patron of the Frauenkirche, built between 1352 and 1362 (the architect
was likely Peter Parler), where the Imperial court worshipped during its stays in Nuremberg. The royal and Imperial
connection grew stronger in 1423 when the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg granted the Imperial regalia
to be kept permanently in Nuremberg, where they remained until 1796, when the advance of French troops required their
removal to Regensburg and thence to Vienna.[4]

In 1349 the members of the guilds unsuccessfully rebelled against the patricians in a Handwerkeraufstand ('Craftsmen's
Nuremberg in 1493 (from the
Uprising'), supported by merchants and some by councillors, leading to a ban on any self-organisation of the artisans in
Nuremberg Chronicle).
the city, abolishing the guilds that were customary elsewhere in Europe; the unions were then dissolved, and the oligarchs
remained in power while Nuremberg was a free city (until the early-19th century).[4][5] Charles IV conferred upon the city
the right to conclude alliances independently, thereby placing it upon a politically equal footing with the princes of the Empire.[5] Frequent fights took place with
the burgraves – without, however, inflicting lasting damage upon the city. After fire destroyed the castle in 1420 during a feud between Frederick IV (from 1417
Margrave of Brandenburg) and the duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt, the city purchased the ruins and the forest belonging to the castle (1427), resulting in the city's total
sovereignty within its borders.

Through these and other acquisitions the city accumulated considerable territory.[5] The Hussite Wars (1419–1434), a recurrence of the Black Death in 1437, and
the First Margrave War (1449–1450) led to a severe fall in population in the mid-15th century.[5] Siding with Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria-Munich, in the Landshut
War of Succession of 1503–1505 led the city to gain substantial territory, resulting in lands of 25 sq mi (64.7 km2 ), making it one of the largest Imperial cities.[5]

During the Middle Ages, Nuremberg fostered a rich, varied, and influential literary culture.[10]
Early modern age

The cultural flowering of Nuremberg in the 15th and 16th centuries made it the centre of the German Renaissance. In
1525 Nuremberg accepted the Protestant Reformation, and in 1532 the Nuremberg Religious Peace was signed there,
preventing war between Lutherans and Catholics[5][11] for 15 years. During the Princes' 1552 revolution against Charles
V, Nuremberg tried to purchase its neutrality, but Margrave Albert Alcibiades, one of the leaders of the revolt, attacked the
city without a declaration of war and dictated a disadvantageous peace.[5] At the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, the possessions
of the Protestants were confirmed by the Emperor, their religious privileges extended and their independence from the
Bishop of Bamberg affirmed, while the 1520s' secularisation of the monasteries was also approved.[5] Families like the
Tucher, Imhoff or Haller run trading businesses across Europe, similar to the Fugger and Welser families from Augsburg,
although on a slightly smaller scale.
Map of Nuremberg, 1648
The state of affairs in the early 16th century, increased trade routes elsewhere and the
ossification of the social hierarchy and legal structures contributed to the decline in
trade.[5] During the Thirty Years' War, frequent quartering of Imperial, Swedish and League soldiers, the financial costs of the war
and the cessation of trade caused irreparable damage to the city and a near-halving of the population.[5] In 1632, the city, occupied
by the forces of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, was besieged by the army of Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein. The city
declined after the war and recovered its importance only in the 19th century, when it grew as an industrial centre. Even after the
Thirty Years' War, however, there was a late flowering of architecture and culture – secular Baroque architecture is exemplified in
the layout of the civic gardens built outside the city walls, and in the Protestant city's rebuilding of St. Egidien church, destroyed
by fire at the beginning of the 18th century, considered a significant contribution to the baroque church architecture of Middle
Franconia.[4]

After the Thirty Years' War, Nuremberg attempted to remain detached from external affairs, but contributions were demanded for
the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War and restrictions of imports and exports deprived the city of many
markets for its manufactures.[5] The Bavarian elector, Charles Theodore, appropriated part of the land obtained by the city during
Wolffscher Bau of the old the Landshut War of Succession, to which Bavaria had maintained its claim; Prussia also claimed part of the territory. Realising its
city hall weakness, the city asked to be incorporated into Prussia but Frederick William II refused, fearing to offend Austria, Russia and
France.[5] At the Imperial diet in 1803, the independence of Nuremberg was affirmed, but on the signing of the Confederation of
the Rhine on 12 July 1806, it was agreed to hand the city over to Bavaria from 8 September, with Bavaria guaranteeing the
amortisation of the city's 12.5 million guilder public debt.[5]

After the Napoleonic Wars

After the fall of Napoleon, the city's trade and commerce revived; the skill of its inhabitants together with its favourable
situation soon made the city prosperous, particularly after its public debt had been acknowledged as a part of the Bavarian
national debt. Having been incorporated into a Catholic country, the city was compelled to refrain from further
discrimination against Catholics, who had been excluded from the rights of citizenship. Catholic services had been
celebrated in the city by the priests of the Teutonic Order, often under great difficulties. After their possessions had been
confiscated by the Bavarian government in 1806, they were given the Frauenkirche on the Market in 1809; in 1810 the
first Catholic parish was established, which in 1818 numbered 1,010 souls.[5]

In 1817, the city was incorporated into the district of Rezatkreis (named for the river Franconian Rezat), which was
renamed to Middle Franconia (German: Mittelfranken) on 1 January 1838.[5] The first German railway, the Bavarian Old town of Nuremberg in the 19th
Ludwigsbahn, from Nuremberg to nearby Fürth, was opened in 1835. The establishment of railways and the century
incorporation of Bavaria into Zollverein (the 19th-century German Customs Union), commerce and industry opened the
way to greater prosperity.[5] In 1852, there were 53,638 inhabitants: 46,441 Protestants and 6,616 Catholics. It
subsequently grew to become the more important industrial city of Southern Germany, one of the most prosperous towns
of southern Germany, but after the Austro-Prussian War it was given to Prussia as part of their telegraph stations they had
to give up. In 1905, its population, including several incorporated suburbs, was 291,351: 86,943 Catholics, 196,913
Protestants, 3,738 Jews and 3,766 members of other creeds.[5]

Nazi era
The British-built Adler was the
Nuremberg held great significance during the Nazi Germany era. Because of the city's locomotive of the first German
relevance to the Holy Roman Empire and its position in the centre of Germany, the Nazi Railway between Nuremberg and
Party chose the city to be the site of huge Nazi Party conventions – the Nuremberg rallies. Fürth.
The rallies were held in 1927, 1929 and annually from 1933 through 1938. After Adolf
Hitler's rise to power in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge Nazi propaganda
events, a centre of Nazi ideals. The 1934 rally was filmed by Leni Riefenstahl, and made into a propaganda film called Triumph
des Willens (Triumph of the Will).

At the 1935 rally, Hitler specifically ordered the Reichstag to convene at Nuremberg to pass the Nuremberg Laws which revoked
German citizenship for all Jews and other non-Aryans. A number of premises were constructed solely for these assemblies, some
of which were not finished. Today many examples of Nazi architecture can still be seen in the city. The city was also the home of
Nuremberg rally, 1935 the Nazi propagandist Julius Streicher, the publisher of Der Stürmer.

During the Second World War, Nuremberg was the headquarters of Wehrkreis (military district) XIII, and an important site for
military production, including aircraft, submarines and tank engines. A subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp was located
here, and extensively used slave labour.[12] The city was severely damaged in Allied strategic bombing from 1943 to 1945. On 29 March 1944, the RAF endured
its heaviest losses in the bombing campaign of Germany. Out of more than 700 planes participating, 106 were shot down or crash-landed on the way home to their
bases, and more than 700 men were missing, as many as 545 of them dead. More than 160 became prisoners of war.[13]

On 2 January 1945, the medieval city centre was systematically bombed by the Royal Air Force and the U.S. Army Air Forces and about ninety percent of it was
destroyed in only one hour, with 1,800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 displaced. In February 1945, additional attacks followed. In total, about 6,000
Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air raids.
Nuremberg was a heavily fortified city that was captured in a fierce battle lasting from 17 to 21 April 1945 by
the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division, 42nd Infantry Division and 45th Infantry Division, which fought house-to-
house and street-by-street against determined German resistance, causing further urban devastation to the
already bombed and shelled buildings.[14] Despite this intense degree of destruction, the city was rebuilt after
the war and was to some extent restored to its pre-war appearance, including the reconstruction of some of its
medieval buildings.[15] Much of this reconstructive work and conservation was done by the organisation 'Old
Town Friends Nuremberg'. However, over half of the historic look of the center, and especially the
northeastern half of the old Imperial Free City was not restored.
Map of city centre with air Bombed-out
Nuremberg trials raid destruction Nuremberg, 1945

Between 1945 and 1946, German officials involved in war crimes and crimes against humanity were brought
before an international tribunal in the Nuremberg trials. The Soviet Union had wanted these trials to take place in Berlin.
However, Nuremberg was chosen as the site for the trials for specific reasons:

The city had been the location of the Nazi Party's Nuremberg rallies and the laws stripping Jews of their
citizenship were passed there. There was symbolic value in making it the place of Nazi demise.
The Palace of Justice was spacious and largely undamaged (one of the few that had remained largely
intact despite extensive Allied bombing of Germany). The already large courtroom was reasonably easily
expanded by the removal of the wall at the end opposite the bench, thereby incorporating the adjoining
room. A large prison was also part of the complex.
As a compromise, it was agreed that Berlin would become the permanent seat of the International Military Defendants in the dock at the
Tribunal and that the first trial (several were planned) would take place in Nuremberg. Due to the Cold Nuremberg trials
War, subsequent trials never took place.

Following the trials, in October 1946, many prominent German Nazi politicians and military leaders were executed in Nuremberg.

The same courtroom in Nuremberg was the venue of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, organized by the United States as occupying power in the area.

Geography
Several old villages now belong to the city, for example Grossgründlach, Kraftshof, Thon, and Neunhof in the north-west;
Ziegelstein in the northeast, Altenfurt and Fischbach in the south-east; and Katzwang, Kornburg in the south. Langwasser is
a modern suburb.

Climate

Nuremberg has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) with a certain humid continental influence (Dfb), categorized in the latter by
the 0 °C isotherm.[16] The city's climate is influenced by its inland position and higher altitude. Winters are changeable, with
either mild or cold weather: the average temperature is around −3 °C (27 °F) to 4 °C (39 °F), while summers are generally
warm, mostly around 13 °C (55 °F) at night to 25 °C (77 °F) in the afternoon. Precipitation is evenly spread throughout the
year, although February and April tend to be a bit drier whereas July tends to have more rainfall.[17] Map of Nuremberg

Nuremberg in Bavaria
 Climate data for Nuremberg (~5km of the downtown), 1981–2010 normals, elevation: 314 m, extremes 1955-2013

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

15.0 19.3 23.7 31.0 32.2 35.1 38.6 37.6 32.3 27.7 20.4 15.1 38.6
Record high °C (°F)
(59.0) (66.7) (74.7) (87.8) (90.0) (95.2) (101.5) (99.7) (90.1) (81.9) (68.7) (59.2) (101.5)

2.9 4.6 9.2 14.4 19.4 21.8 24.6 24.2 19.4 13.9 7.2 3.5 13.8
Average high °C (°F)
(37.2) (40.3) (48.6) (57.9) (66.9) (71.2) (76.3) (75.6) (66.9) (57.0) (45.0) (38.3) (56.8)

−0.1 0.9 4.8 8.9 13.7 16.7 19.0 18.5 14.2 9.6 4.2 0.9 9.3
Daily mean °C (°F)
(31.8) (33.6) (40.6) (48.0) (56.7) (62.1) (66.2) (65.3) (57.6) (49.3) (39.6) (33.6) (48.7)

−3.1 −2.9 0.4 3.3 8.0 11.1 13.3 12.8 9.0 5.2 1.2 −1.7 4.8
Average low °C (°F)
(26.4) (26.8) (32.7) (37.9) (46.4) (52.0) (55.9) (55.0) (48.2) (41.4) (34.2) (28.9) (40.6)

−25.4 −30.2 −18.3 −9.2 −4.3 0.0 3.1 0.6 −2.7 −7.3 −12.7 −23.0 −30.2
Record low °C (°F)
(−13.7) (−22.4) (−0.9) (15.4) (24.3) (32.0) (37.6) (33.1) (27.1) (18.9) (9.1) (−9.4) (−22.4)

41.7 36.6 47.0 39.8 60.8 66.1 80.4 63.5 49.6 52.6 47.4 51.4 636.8
Average precipitation mm (inches)
(1.64) (1.44) (1.85) (1.57) (2.39) (2.60) (3.17) (2.50) (1.95) (2.07) (1.87) (2.02) (25.07)

Mean monthly sunshine hours 58.2 87.2 116.8 175.0 216.0 217.9 234.7 219.9 161.2 114.4 57.2 43.2 1,701.6

Source: DWD[17][18]

Demographics
Nuremberg has been a destination for immigrants. 39.5% of the residents had an immigrant background in 2010 (counted Historical population
with MigraPro).[19] Year Pop. ±%
1397 5,626 —
Rank Nationality Population (31.12.2019)[20] 1750 30,000 +433.2%
1 Turkey 17,408 1810 28,544 −4.9%
2 Romania 14,903
1825 33,018 +15.7%
1830 39,870 +20.8%
3 Greece 12,145
1840 46,824 +17.4%
4 Italy 7,232 1855 56,398 +20.4%
5 Poland 6,670 1864 70,492 +25.0%
1875 91,018 +29.1%
6 Croatia 5,893
1900 261,081 +186.8%
7 Bulgaria 5,801 1910 333,142 +27.6%
8 Iraq 4,745 1920 364,093 +9.3%
9 Syria 4,710
1930 416,700 +14.4%
1940 429,400 +3.0%
10 Ukraine 4,201
1945 286,833 −33.2%
11 Russia 3,617 1950 362,459 +26.4%
12 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,137 1960 458,401 +26.5%
1970 478,181 +4.3%
13 Serbia 3,027
1980 484,405 +1.3%
14 Kosovo 2,456 1990 493,692 +1.9%
15 Hungary 2,142 2000 488,400 −1.1%
2005 499,237 +2.2%
2010 505,664 +1.3%
Economy 2015 509,975 +0.9%
2019 518,370 +1.6%
Nuremberg for many people is still associated with its traditional gingerbread (Lebkuchen) products, sausages, and
handmade toys. Pocket watches — Nuremberg eggs — were made here in the 16th century by Peter Henlein. Only one of
the districts in the 1797-1801 sample was early industrial; the economic structure of the region around Nuremberg was dominated by metal and glass
manufacturing, reflected by a share of nearly 50% handicrafts and workers.[21] In the 19th century Nuremberg became the "industrial heart" of Bavaria with
companies such as Siemens and MAN establishing a strong base in the city. Nuremberg is still an important industrial centre with a strong standing in the markets
of Central and Eastern Europe. Items manufactured in the area include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles, writing and drawing
paraphernalia, stationery products and printed materials.

The city is also strong in the fields of automation, energy and medical technology. Siemens is still the largest industrial employer in the Nuremberg region but a
good third of German market research agencies are also located in the city.

The Nuremberg International Toy Fair, held at the city's exhibition centre is the largest of its kind in the world.[22]

Tourism
Nuremberg is Bavaria's second largest city after Munich, and a popular tourist destination for foreigners and Germans alike. It was a leading city 500 years ago,
but 90% of the town was destroyed in 1945 during the war. After World War II, many medieval-style areas of the town were rebuilt.

Attractions

Beyond its main attractions of the Imperial Castle, St. Lorenz Church, and Nazi Trial grounds, there are 54 different museums for arts and culture, history, science
and technology, family and children, and more niche categories,[23] where visitors can see the world's oldest globe (built in 1492), a 500-year-old Madonna, and
Renaissance-era German art.[24] There are several types of tours offered in the city, including historic tours, those that are Nazi-focused, underground and night
tours, walking tours, sightseeing buses, self guided tours, and an old town tour on a mini train. Nuremberg also offers several parks and green areas, as well as
indoor activities such as bowling, rock wall climbing, escape rooms, cart racing, and mini golf, theaters and cinemas, pools and thermal spas. There are also six
nearby amusement parks.[23] The city's tourism board sells the Nurnberg Card which allows for free use of public transportation and free entry to all museums and
attractions in Nuremberg for a two-day period.[23]

Culinary tourism

Nuremberg is also a destination for food lovers. Culinary tourists can taste the city's famous lebkuchen, gingerbread, local beer, and Nürnberger
Rostbratwürstchen, or Nuremberg sausages. There are hundreds of restaurants for all tastes, including traditional franconian restaurants and beer gardens. Also
offers 17 vegan and vegetarian restaurants, seven fully organic restaurants. Nuremberg also boasts a two Michelin Star rated restaurant, Essigbrätlein.[23]

Pedestrian zones

Like many European cities, Nuremberg offers a pedestrian-only zone covering a large portion of the old town, which is a main destination for shopping and
specialty retail,[25] including year-round Christmas stores where tourists and locals alike can purchase Christmas ornaments, gifts, decorations, and additions to
their toy Christmas villages. The Craftsmen's Courtyard, or Handwerkerhof, is another tourist shopping destination in the style of a medieval village. It houses
several local family-run businesses which sell handcrafted items from glass, wood, leather, pottery, and precious metals. The Handwerkerhof is also home to
traditional German restaurants and beer gardens.[26]

The Pedestrian zones of Nuremberg host festivals and markets throughout the year, most well known being Christkindlesmarkt, Germany's largest Christmas
market and the gingerbread capital of the world. Visitors to the Christmas market can peruse the hundreds of stalls and purchase local wood crafts, nutcrackers,
smokers, and prune people, while sampling Christmas sweets and traditional Glühwein.[27]

Hospitality

In 2017, Nuremberg saw a total of 3.3 million overnight stays, a record for the town, and is expected to have surpassed that in 2018, with more growth in tourism
anticipated in the coming years.[28] There are over 175 registered places of accommodation in Nuremberg, ranging from hostels to luxury hotels, bed and
breakfasts, to multi-hundred room properties.[23] As of 19 April 2019, Nuremberg had 306 Airbnb listings.[29]

Culture
Nuremberg was an early centre of humanism, science, printing, and mechanical invention. The
city contributed much to the science of astronomy. In 1471 Johannes Mueller of Königsberg
(Bavaria), later called Regiomontanus, built an astronomical observatory in Nuremberg and
published many important astronomical charts.

In 1515, Albrecht Dürer, a native of Nuremberg, created woodcuts of the first maps of the stars of
the northern and southern hemispheres, producing the first printed star charts, which had been
ordered by Johannes Stabius. Around 1515 Dürer also published the "Stabiussche Weltkarte", the
first perspective drawing of the terrestrial globe.[30]

Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg. Many of these publishers worked with
well-known artists of the day to produce books that could also be considered works of art. In
1470 Anton Koberger opened Europe's first print shop in Nuremberg. In 1493, he published the
Albrecht Dürer's House Christkindlesmarkt with
Nuremberg Chronicles, also known as the World Chronicles (Schedelsche Weltchronik), an
Schöner Brunnen
illustrated history of the world from the creation to the present day. It was written in the local
Franconian dialect by Hartmann Schedel and had illustrations by Michael Wohlgemuth, Wilhelm
Pleydenwurff, and Albrecht Dürer. Others furthered geographical knowledge and travel by map making. Notable among these
was navigator and geographer Martin Behaim, who made the first world globe.

Sculptors such as Veit Stoss, Adam Kraft and Peter Vischer are also associated with Nuremberg.

Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of the Meistersingers flourished here. Richard Wagner made their most famous member, Hans Sachs, the hero of his
opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel was born here and was organist of St. Sebaldus Church.

The academy of fine arts situated in Nuremberg is the oldest art academy in central Europe and looks back to a tradition of 350 years of artistic education.

Nuremberg is also famous for its Christkindlesmarkt (Christmas market), which draws well over a million shoppers each year. The market is famous for its
handmade ornaments and delicacies.

Museums
Germanisches
Nationalmuseum
House of Albrecht Dürer
Kunsthalle Nürnberg
Kunstverein Nürnberg Neues Museum Renaissance art
Documentation Neues Museum, Germanisches
Neues Museum Nürnberg Nürnberg gallery of the
Centre museum of modern Nationalmuseum
(Modern Art Museum) Germanisches
art and design Nationalmuseum
Nuremberg Toy Museum
Nuremberg Transport Documentation
Museum centre at the former
Nazi party rally
grounds
Performing arts
The Nuremberg State Theatre, founded in 1906, is dedicated to all types of opera, ballet and stage theatre. During the
season 2009/2010, the theatre presented 651 performances for an audience of 240,000 persons.[31] The State
Philharmonic Nuremberg (Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg) is the orchestra of the State Theatre. Its name was changed in
2011 from its previous name: The Nuremberg Philharmonic (Nürnberger Philharmoniker). It is the second-largest opera
orchestra in Bavaria.[32] Besides opera performances, it also presents its own subscription concert series in the
Meistersingerhalle. Christof Perick was the principal conductor of the orchestra between 2006 and 2011. Marcus Bosch
heads the orchestra since September 2011 .

The Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra (Nürnberger Symphoniker) performs around 100 concerts a year to a combined
annual audience of more than 180,000.[33] The regular subscription concert series are mostly performed in the
The Nuremberg State Theatre
Meistersingerhalle but other venues are used as well, including the new concert hall of the Kongresshalle and the
Serenadenhof. Alexander Shelley has been the principal conductor of the orchestra since 2009.

The Nuremberg International Chamber Music Festival (Internationales Kammermusikfestival Nürnberg) takes place in
early September each year, and in 2011 celebrated its tenth anniversary. Concerts take place around the city; opening and
closing events are held in the medieval Burg. The Bardentreffen, an annual folk festival in Nuremberg, has been deemed
the largest world music festival in Germany and takes place since 1976. 2014 the Bardentreffen starred 368 artists from 31
nations.[34]

Cuisine

Nuremberg is known for Nürnberger Bratwurst, which is shorter and thinner than
other bratwurst sausages.

Another Nuremberg speciality is Nürnberger Lebkuchen, a kind of gingerbread

eaten mainly around Christmas time.

Nürnberger Bratwurst
Bardentreffen 2013

Education
Nuremberg offers 51 public and 6 private elementary schools in nearly all of its districts. Secondary education is offered at 23
Mittelschulen, 12 Realschulen, and 17 Gymnasien (state, city, church, and privately owned). There are also several other
providers of secondary education such as Berufsschule, Berufsfachschule, Wirtschaftsschule etc.[35]

Higher education

Nuremberg hosts the joint university Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, two Fachhochschulen (Technische The Hochschule für Musik
Hochschule Nürnberg and Evangelische Hochschule Nürnberg), a pure art academy (Akademie der Bildenden Künste Nürnberg
Nürnberg, the first art academy in the German-speaking world) in addition to the design faculty at the TH and a music
conservatoire (Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg).[36] There are also private schools such as the Akademie Deutsche POP
Nürnberg offering higher education.[37]

Main sights

Nuremberg, seen from the castle

Nuremberg Castle: the three castles that tower over the city including central burgraves' castle, with Free Reich's buildings to the east, the
Imperial castle to the west.
Heilig-Geist-Spital. In the centre of the city, on the bank of the river Pegnitz, stands the Hospital of the Holy Spirit. Founded in 1332, this is one
of the largest hospitals of the Middle Ages. Lepers were kept here at some distance from the other patients. It now houses elderly persons and
a restaurant.
The Hauptmarkt, dominated by the front of the unique Gothic Frauenkirche (Our Lady's Church), provides a picturesque setting for the famous
Christmas market. A main attraction on the square is the Gothic Schöner Brunnen (Beautiful Fountain) which was erected around 1385 but
 subsequently replaced with a replica (the original fountain is kept in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum). The unchanged Renaissance
bridge Fleischbrücke crosses the Pegnitz nearby.
The Gothic Lorenzkirche (St. Laurence church) dominates the southern part of the walled city and is one of the most important buildings in
Nuremberg. The main body was built around 1270–1350.
The even earlier and equally impressive Sebalduskirche is St. Lorenz's counterpart in the northern part of the old city.
The church of the former Katharinenkloster is preserved as a ruin, the charterhouse (Kartause) is integrated into the building of the
Germanisches Nationalmuseum and the choir of the former Franziskanerkirche is part of a modern building.
Other churches located inside the city walls are: St. Laurence's, Saint Clare's, Saint Martha's, Saint James the Greater's, Saint Giles's, and
Saint Elisabeth's.
The Germanisches Nationalmuseum is Germany's largest museum of cultural history, among its exhibits are works of famous painters such as
Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner.
The Neues Museum Nürnberg is a museum for modern and contemporary art.
The Walburga Chapel and the Romanesque Doppelkapelle (Chapel with two floors) are part of Nuremberg Castle.
The Johannisfriedhof is a medieval cemetery, containing many old graves (Albrecht Dürer, Willibald Pirckheimer, and others). The
Rochusfriedhof or the Wöhrder Kirchhof are near the Old Town.
The Chain Bridge (Kettensteg), the first chain bridge on the European continent.
The Tiergarten Nürnberg is a zoo stretching over more than 60 hectares (148 acres) in the Nürnberger Reichswald forest.
There is also a medieval market just inside the city walls, selling handcrafted goods.
The German National Railways Museum (http://www.dbmuseum.de) (in German) (an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial
Heritage) is located in Nuremberg.
The Nuremberg Ring (now welded within an iron fence of Schöner Brunnen) is said to bring good luck to those that spin it.
The Nazi party rally grounds with the documentation-center.

Nuremberg from Spittlertor St. Sebaldus Church and Nuremberg Heilig-Geist-Spital (Hospice of the
Castle in winter Holy Spirit)

Palace of Justice - Nuremberg Trials

site
Nuremberg Business Area
Pilatushaus and Nuremberg Castle

Politics
Nuremberg is represented in the Bundestag by two constituencies; Nuremberg North and Nuremberg South.

Transport
The city's location next to numerous highways, railways, and a waterway has contributed to its rising importance for trade with Eastern Europe.

Railways

Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof is a stop for IC and ICE trains on the German long-distance railway network. The Nuremberg–
Ingolstadt–Munich high-speed line with 300 km/h (186 mph) operation opened 28 May 2006, and was fully integrated
into the rail schedule on 10 December 2006. Travel times to Munich have been reduced to as little as one hour. The
Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway opened in December 2017.

City and regional transport

The main railway station
The Nuremberg tramway network was opened in 1881. As of 2008, it extends a total length of 36 km (22 mi), has six
lines, and carried 39.152 million passengers annually. The first segment of the Nuremberg U-Bahn metro system was
opened in 1972. Nuremberg's trams, buses and U-Bahn are operated by the Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft Nürnberg (VAG; Nuremberg Transport Corporation), a
member of the Verkehrsverbund Großraum Nürnberg (VGN; Greater Nuremberg Transport Network).

There is also a Nuremberg S-Bahn suburban metro railway and a regional train network, both centred on Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof. Since 2008, Nuremberg has
had the first U-Bahn in Germany (U2/U21 and U3) that works without a driver. It also was the first subway system worldwide in which both driver-operated trains
and computer-controlled trains shared tracks.
 An automatic U-Bahn train on the
An U-Bahn station in Nuremberg.
line U3

S-Bahn network U-Bahn network

Tramway Network

S- and R-Bahn network S-, U-Bahn and Tramway network

Bus map Nightbus map

Motorways

Nuremberg is located at the junction of several important Autobahn routes. The A3 (Netherlands–Frankfurt–Würzburg–Vienna) passes in a south-easterly
direction along the north-east of the city. The A9 (Berlin–Munich) passes in a north–south direction on the east of the city. The A6 (France–Saarbrücken–Prague)
passes in an east–west direction to the south of the city. Finally, the A73 begins in the south-east of Nuremberg and travels north-west through the city before
continuing towards Fürth and Bamberg.

Airport

Nuremberg Airport has flights to major German cities and many European destinations. The largest operators are currently Eurowings and TUI fly Deutschland,
while the low-cost Ryanair and Wizz Air companies connect the city to various European centres. A significant amount of the airport's traffic flies to and from
mainly touristic destinations during the peak winter season. The airport (Flughafen) is the terminus of Nuremberg U-Bahn Line 2; it is the only airport in Germany
served by a U-Bahn subway system.

Canals

Nuremberg is an important port on the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal.

Sport

Football

1. FC Nürnberg, known locally as Der Club (English: "The Club"), was founded in 1900 and currently plays in the
2.Bundesliga. The official colours of the association are red and white, but the traditional colours are red and black. They
won their first regional title in the Southern German championship in 1916 closely followed by their first national title in
1920. Besides the eleven regional championships they won the German championship for a total of nine times. With this
they held the record for the most German championship titles until 1986 when the current record holder FC Bayern
München surpassed them. The current chairmen are Nils Rossow and Dieter Hecking. They play in Max-Morlock-
Stadion which was refurbished for the 2006 FIFA World Cup and accommodates 50,000 spectators. Max-Morlock-Stadion is the soccer
stadium of Bundesliga club 1. FC
German Champion: 1920, 1921, 1924, 1925, 1927, 1936, 1948, 1961, 1968 Nürnberg
German Cup: 1935, 1939, 1962, 2007

TuS Bar Kochba is a league that was founded in 1913 as a social-sport club for the Jewish community in Nürnberg. Established as the "Jewish Gymnastics and
Sports Club Nuremberg", the league was dissolved by the Nazi party in 1939. It was reformed in 1966.[38] The club plays in the senior A-league of the Bavarian
Football Association.[39]

Basketball
The SELLBYTEL Baskets Nürnberg played in the Basketball Bundesliga from 2005 to 2007. Since then, teams from Nuremberg have attempted to return to
Germany's elite league. The recently founded Nürnberg Falcons BC have already established themselves as one of the main teams in Germany's second division
ProA and aim to take on the heritage of the SELLBYTEL Baskets Nürnberg. The Falcons play their home games at the Halle im Berufsbildungszentrum (BBZ).

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Nuremberg is twinned with:[40]

Nice, France, since 1954
Kraków, Poland, since 1979
Skopje, North Macedonia, since 1982
San Carlos, Nicaragua, since 1985
Glasgow, Scotland, since 1985
Prague, Czech Republic, since 1990 Atlanta, United States, since 1998
Kharkov, Ukraine, since 1990 Kavala, Greece, since 1999
Hadera, Israel, since 1995 Córdoba, Spain, since 2010
Shenzhen, China, since 1997
Antalya, Turkey, since 1997

Cooperation

Nuremberg also cooperates with:

Venice, Italy; since 1954 a twin town, relations renewed in 1999 as a cooperation agreement[41]

Associated cities

Nuremberg maintains friendly relations with:[42]

Klausen, Italy, since 1970

Gera, Germany, since 1988, renewed 1997
Kalkudah, Sri Lanka, since 2005
Bar, Montenegro, since 2006
Brașov, Romania, since 2006
Changping, China, since 2006
Montan, Italy, since 2012
Nablus, Israel, since 2015 Twin towns/sister cities and associated cities of Nuremberg

Notable people
The arts

Michael Wolgemut (1434–1519), painter and printmaker[43]

Hans Folz (ca.1437–1513), author and poet
Veit Stoss (ca.1450–1533), Renaissance sculptor, mostly in wood[44]
Peter Vischer the Elder (ca.1455–1529), sculptor[45]
Adam Kraft (ca.1460–1509), stone sculptor, master builder and architect[46]
Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528), painter, engraver, printmaker and theorist of the German Renaissance[47]
Adam Kraft
Hans Leonhard Schäufelein (ca.1480–1540), artist, painter and designer of woodcuts[48]
Augustin Hirschvogel (1503–1553), artist, mathematician and cartographer
Michael Sigismund Frank (1770–1847), Catholic artist, rediscovered glass-painting[49]
Lorenz Ritter (1832–1921), painter and etcher[50]
Philipp Rupprecht (1900–1975), cartoonist of anti-Semitic caricatures
Hermann Kesten (1900–1996), novelist and dramatist
Eliyahu Koren (1907–2001), master typographer, graphic artist and designer
Hermann Zapf (1918–2015), typographer and calligrapher
Peter Angermann (born 1945), painter[51]
Christoph Dreher (born 1952), filmmaker, musician and scriptwriter
Katy Garretson (born 1963), American TV director and producer Albrecht Dürer
Martina Schradi (born 1972), author, cartoonist and psychologist

Music

Conrad Paumann (ca.1410–1473), organist, lutenist and composer

Hans Sachs (1494–1576), Meistersinger, poet, playwright, and shoemaker[52]
Sebald Heyden (1499–1561), musicologist, cantor, theologian and hymn-writer
Johann Pachelbel (1653–1706), composer, organist, and teacher[53]
Hugo Distler (1908–1942), organist, choral conductor, teacher and composer
Martha Mödl (1912–2001), Wagner soprano/mezzo-soprano Hans Sachs, wood
engraving
Chaya Arbel (1921–2007), Israeli classical composer[54]
Siegfried Jerusalem (born 1940), operatic tenor
 Kevin Coyne (1944–2004), English musician, singer, composer, film-maker, and writer
Rudi Mahall (born 1966), contemporary jazz bass clarinet player

Acting

Margarete Haagen (1889–1966), actress

Wolfgang Preiss (1910–2002), actor
Heinz Bernard (1923–1994), British actor and director and theatre manager[55]
Annette Carell (1926–1967), American actress
Sandra Bullock (born 1964), American actress, producer, and philanthropist Peter Henlein
Tom Beck (born 1978), actor, singer, and entrepreneur

Science and business

Anton Koberger (ca.1440/1445–1513), goldsmith, printer and publisher[56]

Katerina Lemmel (1466–1533), patrician businesswoman and Birgittine nun
Peter Henlein (1485–1542), locksmith and clockmaker, invented the world's first watch
Kunz Lochner (1510–1567), plate armourer, blacksmith and silversmith
Joachim Camerarius the Younger (1534–1598), physician, botanist and zoologist[57]
Kaspar Uttenhofer (1588–1621), astronomer, author
Maria Sibylla
Johann Christoph Volkamer (1644–1720), merchant, manufacturer and botanist
Merian, 1679
Maria Sybilla Merian (1647–1717), naturalist and scientific illustrator
Johann Philipp von Wurzelbauer (1651–1725), astronomer
John Miller (1715–ca.1792), engraver and botanist active in London[58]
Johann Kaspar Hechtel (1771–1799), brass factory owner, non-fiction writer and designer of parlour games
Ernst von Bibra (1806–1878), scientist, naturalist and author
Friedrich Sigmund Merkel (1845–1919), anatomist and histopathologist
Johann Sigmund Schuckert (1846-1895), electrical engineer, pioneer of the electrical industry
Siegfried Bettmann (1868–1951), bicycle, motorcycle and car manufacturer
Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach (1871–1952). paleontologist
Ulrich Rück (1882–1962), collector of musical instruments, chemist and dealer in pianos
Karl Bechert (1901–1981), theoretical physicist in atomic physics and politician
Sigismung, 1433
Peter Owen (1927–2016), British publisher, founded Peter Owen Publishers[59]
Manfred M. Fischer (born 1947), Austrian-German regional scientist and academic

Public thinking and public service

St. Sebaldus of Nuremberg (11th c.), the patron saint of Nuremberg

Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (1368–1437), King of Hungary, Croatia, Germany, Bohemia and Italy; Holy Roman
emperor from 1433 until 1437[60]
Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (1371–1440), the last Burgrave of Nuremberg in 1397–1427
Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia (1361–1419), King of Bohemia and German King[61]
Frederick I, Elector
Hartmann Schedel (1440–1514), physician, humanist, historian and cartographer[62] of Brandenburg
Caritas Pirckheimer (1467–1532), Abbess at the time of the Reformation[63]
Johannes Pfefferkorn (1469–1523), Catholic theologian and convert from Judaism[64]
Willibald Pirckheimer (1470–1530), Renaissance humanist, lawyer and author
Franz Schmidt (1555–1634), executioner and diarist
Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach (1804–1872), philosopher and anthropologist[65]
Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless (1806–1879), Lutheran theologian[66]
Helene von Forster (1859–1923), women's rights activist and author
Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein (1870–1948), general
August Engelhardt (1875–1919), founded a sect of sun worshipers in German New Guinea Ludwig Andreas
Johanna Hellman (1889–1982), German-Swedish surgeon Feuerbach
Lucie Adelsberger (1895–1971), Jewish physician, imprisoned at Auschwitz and Ravensbrück
Karl Holz (1895–1945), Nazi Party politician
Käte Strobel (1907 – 1996), politician, Federal Minister of Healthcare (1966-1969), Federal Minister of Youth, Family
and Health (1969-1972)
Ronald Grierson (1921–2014), British banker, businessman, government advisor and British Army officer
Werner Heubeck CBE (1923–2009), Luftwaffe PoW and a British transport executive
Arnold Hans Weiss (1924–2010), U.S. Army intelligence officer, helped find Hitler's will
Günther Beckstein (born 1943), politician, Minister President of Bavaria (2007-2008)
Robert Kurz (1943–2012), Marxist philosopher, social critic and journalist
Markus Söder, 2018
Thomas Händel (born 1953), politician and Member of the European Parliament
Ulrich Maly (born 1960), politician, Mayor of Nuremberg since 2002
Markus Söder (born 1967), politician, Minister President of Bavaria since 2018

Sport
Heinrich Stuhlfauth (1896–1966), soccer-player
 Hans Nüsslein (1910–1991), tennis player and coach
Olga Jensch-Jordan (1913–2000), springboard diver
Max Morlock (1925–1994), soccer-player
Günther Meier (1941–2020), amateur boxer, bronze medalist at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Norbert Schramm (born 1960), figure skater
Alex Wright (born 1975), British-German professional wrestler
Deniz Aytekin (born 1978), soccer-referee
Hannah Stockbauer (born 1982), swimmer, bronze medalist at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Florian Just (born 1982), pair skater
Maximilian Müller (born 1987), field hockey player, gold medalist at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics

Olga Jensch-Jordan,
See also 1931

List of mayors of Nuremberg

Norisring Racetrack, where Pedro Rodriguez died in 1971
Tinsel (invented in Nuremberg)

Notes and references

Maximilian Mueller,
2008
Notes
a. Bavarian state theatres in Munich: Bavarian State Opera, Bayerisches Staatsschauspiel, and Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz; in Nuremberg:
Staatstheater Nürnberg; in Augsburg: Staatstheater Augsburg

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33. "Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra, audience and concerts stats" (htt
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 Nuremberg travel guide from Wikivoyage
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nuremberg" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nuremberg). Encyclopædia
Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
English website of the city (https://www.nuernberg.de/internet/stadtportal_e/)
KUNSTNÜRNBERG – Online – Magazine for Contemporary Art and History of Art in Nuremberg and Franconia (http://kunstnuernberg.de)
49 digitised objects on Nuremberg (https://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/?lang=en&coll=collections:a0000&q=%28%22nuremberg%22%
29) in The European Library

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