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S Parameters (1) An Introduction
S Parameters (1) An Introduction
S-PARAMETERS
S-parameters are a useful method for representing a circuit as a “black box”
S-parameters are a useful method for representing a circuit as a “black box”
a resistor,
a transmission line
or an integrated circuit.
A “black box” or network may have any number of ports.
Note :
S11 = b1 / a1
S12 = b1 / a2
S21 = b2 / a1
S22 = b2 / a2
Note again how the subscript follows the parameters in the ratio (S11=b1/a1, etc...)
S-parameters are complex (i.e. they have magnitude and angle)
because both the magnitude and phase of the input signal are
changed by the network.
the real and imaginary parts (or the modulus and the phase angle)
of each of the four complex scattering parameters.
Quite often we refer to the magnitude only as it is of the most interest.
How much gain (or loss) you get is usually more important than how much
the signal has been phase shifted.
What do S-parameters depend on?
i.e.
i.e.
In the Si9000e
if the load impedance is changed, the S-parameters change. S-parameters are
quoted with source and load
if the source impedance is changed, the S-parameters change.
impedances of 50 Ohms
A little math…
In the case of a 2-port network, that means that S21 = S12 and interchanging
the input and output ports does not change the transmission properties.
A little math…
In the case of a symmetrical 2-port network, that means that S21 = S12 and
interchanging the input and output ports does not change the transmission
properties.
For the S-parameter subscripts “ij”, “j” is the port that is excited (the input port)
and “i” is the output port.
Larger networks:
For the S-parameter subscripts “ij”, “j” is the port that is excited (the input port)
and “i” is the output port.
Sum up…
Other links:
http://www.sss-mag.com
http://www.microwaves101.com/index.cfm
http://www.reed-electronics.com/tmworld/article/CA187307.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-parameters
TRANSMISSION LINES
Terminology and Conventions
Sinusoidal
Source
V (t ) = Vo cos (ω t + φ )
{ } {
V (t ) = Re Vo e j(ω t + φ ) = Re Vo e jφ e jω t }
j= −1
Vo e jφ is a complex phasor
36
Phasors
Im
Vo
Vo e jφ = Vo cos (φ ) + jVo sin (φ ) Vo sin (φ )
ω φ
Vo cos (φ ) Re
• In these notes, all sources are sine waves
• Circuits are described by complex phasors
• The time varying answer is found by multiplying
phasors by e jωt and taking the real part
37
TEM Transmission Line Theory
L l∆ x
i i + ∆i
v v + ∆v
C l∆ x
+ x − x
v (t , x ) = v t − + v t +
vel vel
v+ x v− x
i (t , x ) = t − − t +
Zo vel Z o vel
v+ indicates a wave traveling in the +x direction
v- indicates a wave traveling in the -x direction 40
Phase Velocity and Characteristic
Impedance
vel is the phase velocity of the wave
1
vel =
L lC l
For a transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM), the phase velocity is
only a property of the material the wave travels through
1 1
=
L lC l µε
The characteristic impedance Zo
Ll
Zo =
Cl
has units of Ohms and is a function of the material AND the
geometry 41
Pulses on a Transmission Line
+ RL
v
Pulse travels down the transmission line as a forward going wave only
(v+). However, when the pulse reaches the load resistor:
+ −
v v +v
= RL =
i v+ v−
−
Zo Zo
so a reverse wave v- and i- must be created to satisfy the boundary
42
condition imposed by the load resistor
Reflection Coefficient
The reverse wave can be thought of as the incident wave reflected
from the load
v− R L − Zo Reflection coefficient
= =Γ
v + R L + Zo
Three special cases:
RL = ∞ (open) Γ = +1
RL = 0 (short) Γ = -1
RL = Z o Γ=0
{
v + = V + cos (ω t − β x ) = Re V + e − jβ x e jω t }
ω wave number
= vel phase velocity
2 πf 2 π
β= =
β vel λ
V = V + e − jβ x + Γ V + e + jβ x
V = V + (1 − Γ )e − jβ x + 2 V + Γ cos (β x )
Large current
1
Vmax V + (1 + Γ ) (1 + Γ ) 0.5
= =
Vmin V (1 − Γ ) (1 − Γ )
+
0
= VSWR
0.5
1
Γ=
2
1.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Position
Vmax V + (1 + Γ ) (1 + Γ )
= =
Vmin V (1 − Γ ) (1 − Γ )
+
= VSWR
1
Γ=
2
Incident wave
Reflected wave
Standing wave
The VSWR is always greater than 1
47
Reflection Coefficient Along a
Transmission Line
x
Zo ZL
d x=0
towards load
ΓG towards generator ZL − Zo
ΓL =
ZL + Zo
V = V + e − jβ x + ΓL V + e + jβ x
Wave has to travel
down and back
Vforward V + e + jβ ( − d )
ΓG = = ΓL = ΓL e − j2β d
Vreverse gen V + e − jβ ( − d ) 48
Impedance and Reflection
θ = − 2β d Re {Γ } ZG − Zo
ΓG =
ZG + Zo
1 + ΓG
ZG = Zo
1 − ΓG
ΓG
1 + ΓL e − j2β d
ZG = Zo
1 − ΓL e − j2β d
49
Impedance and Reflection: Open Circuits
For an open circuit ZL= ∞ so ΓL = +1
ZG = 0
An open circuit at the load looks like a short circuit at the generator
if the generator is a quarter wavelength away from the load 50
Impedance and Reflection: Short Circuits
For a short circuit ZL= 0 so ΓL = -1
Z G = jZ o tan (β d )
For βd<<1
Z G ≈ jZ o β d = jω L l d looks inductive
ZG → ∞
A short circuit at the load looks like an open circuit at the generator
if the generator is a quarter wavelength away from the load 51
Incident and Reflected Power
x
Ps Zo ZL
d
x = −d x = 0
Voltage and Current at the generator (x=-d)
VG = V ( − d ) = V + e + jβ d + ΓL V + e − jβ d
V + + jβ d V + − jβ d
I G = I( − d ) = e − ΓL e
Zo Zo
The rate of energy flowing through the plane at x=-d
1
P = Re VG I G *
2
{ }
+2 +2
1V 1 2 V reflected power
P= − ΓL
2 Zo 2 Zo 52
forward power
Incident and Reflected Power
• Power does not flow! Energy flows.
– The forward and reflected traveling waves are power orthogonal
• Cross terms cancel
– The net rate of energy transfer is equal to the difference in power of the
individual waves
• To maximize the power transferred to the load we want:
ΓL = 0
which implies:
ZL = Zo
When ZL = Zo, the load is matched to the transmission line
53
Load Matching
What if the load cannot be made equal to Zo for some other reasons?
Then, we need to build a matching network so that the source
effectively sees a match load.
Ps Z0 M ZL
Γ=0
1− u 2 − v2 2v
r= x=
2
(1 − u ) +v 2 (1 − u )2 + v 2 55
dB and dBm
P
PdBm = 10 log
1mW
56
Description
Z AND S PARAMETERS
Two Port Z Parameters
We have only discussed reflection so far. What about transmission?
Consider a device that has two ports:
I1 I2
V1 V2
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I 2
V2 = Z 21 I1 + Z 22 I 2
[V ] = [Z ][I ] 58
Scattering (S) Parameters
Since the voltage and current at each port (i) can be broken down
into forward and reverse waves:
Vi = Vi+ + Vi−
Z o I i = Vi+ − Vi−
We can characterize the circuit with forward and reverse waves:
60
Normalized Scattering (S) Parameters
The S matrix defined previously is called the un-normalized
scattering matrix. For convenience, define normalized waves:
Vi+
ai =
2Zoi
Vi−
bi =
2Zoi
Where Zoi is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line
connecting port (i)
b1 = s11a 1 + s12 a 2
b 2 = s 21a 1 + s 22 a 2
[b ] = [s ][a ]
Where:
Zo j
s i, j = Si, j
Zoi
If the characteristic impedance on both ports is the same then the
normalized and un-normalized S parameters are the same.
62
Normalized S parameters are the most commonly used.
Normalized S Parameters
The s parameters can be drawn pictorially
a1 b2
s21
s11 s22
b1 s12
a2
s11 and s22 can be thought of as reflection coefficients
s21 and s12 can be thought of as transmission coefficients
s parameters are complex numbers where the angle corresponds to a
phase shift between the forward and reverse waves 63
Examples of S parameters
τ 0 e − jωτ
[s ] = − jωτ
1 Zo 2
e 0
Transmission Line
− 1 0
1 2 [s ] =
0 − 1
Short
1 2
G 0 0
[s ] =
Amplifier G 0 64
Examples of S parameters
1 2
0 0 1
[s ] = 1 0 0
0 1 0
3
Circulator
0 0
[s ] =
Zo
1 0
2
Isolator 65
Lorentz Reciprocity
If the device is made out of linear isotropic materials (resistors,
capacitors, inductors, metal, etc..) then:
[s ]T = [s ]
or
s j, i = s i , j for i≠ j
This is equivalent to saying that the transmitting pattern of an
antenna is the same as the receiving pattern
[s ] [s] = [1]
*T
2
1 = ∑ s i, j
for all j
i
2
1 = ∑ s i, j for all i
j
Lossless devices: transmission line
short
circulator
Non-lossless devices: amplifier
isolator
67
Network Analyzers
Network analyzers measure S
parameters as a function of
frequency
At a single frequency, network
analyzers send out forward waves a1
and a2 and measure the phase and
amplitude of the reflected waves b1
and b2 with respect to the forward
waves.
b b
s11 = 1 s 21 = 2
a1 a = 0 a1 a = 0
2 2
a1 a2
b b
s12 = 1 s 22 = 2 b1
a 2 a =0
1
a 2 a =0
1
b2
68
Network Analyzer Calibration
To measure the pure S parameters of a device, we need to eliminate
the effects of cables, connectors, etc. attaching the device to the
network analyzer
Connector Y Connector X
yx21
y21 s21 x21
0 e − jωτ
Delay* [s ] = − jωτ
*ωτ~90degrees
e 0
τ 71
Phase Delay
A pure sine wave can be written as:
V = Vo e j(ω t − β z )
The phase shift due to a length of cable is:
θ = βd
ω
= d
v ph
= ωτ ph
The phase delay of a device is defined as:
arg (S 21 )
τ ph = −
ω
72
Phase Delay
• For a non-dispersive cable, the phase delay is the
same for all frequencies.
• In general, the phase delay will be a function of
frequency.
• It is possible for the phase velocity to take on any
value - even greater than the velocity of light
– Waveguides
– Waves hitting the shore at an angle
73
Group Delay
• A pure sine wave has no information content
– There is nothing changing in a pure sine wave
– Information is equivalent to something changing
• To send information there must be some
modulation of the sine wave at the source
The modulation can be de-composed into different frequency
components
m
V = Vo cos (ω t ) + Vo [cos ((ω + ∆ ω )t ) + cos ((ω − ∆ ω )t )]
2
V = Vo (1 + m cos (∆ ω t )) cos (ω t )
74
Group Delay
The waves emanating from the source will look like
V = Vo cos (ω t − β z )
m
+ Vo cos ((ω + ∆ ω )t − (β + ∆ β )z )
2
m
+ Vo cos ((ω − ∆ ω )t − (β − ∆ β )z )
2
V = Vo (1 + m cos (∆ ω t − ∆ β z )) cos (ω t − β z )
75
Group Delay
The information travels at a velocity
v gr = 1 ⇒ 1
∆β ∂β
∆ω ∂ω
The group delay is defined as:
d
τ gr =
v gr
∂β
= d
∂ω
∂ (arg (S 21 ))
=−
∂ω
76
Phase Delay and Group Delay
Phase Delay:
arg (S 21 )
τ ph = −
ω
Group Delay:
∂ (arg (S 21 ))
τ gr = −
∂ω
77
Description
SMITH CHART
Smith Chart
• Impedances, voltages, currents, etc. all repeat
every half wavelength
• The magnitude of the reflection coefficient, the
standing wave ratio (SWR) do not change, so they
characterize the voltage & current patterns on the
line
• If the load impedance is normalized by the
characteristic impedance of the line, the voltages,
currents, impedances, etc. all still have the same
properties, but the results can be generalized to
any line with the same normalized impedances 79
Smith Chart
• The Smith Chart is a clever tool for analyzing
transmission lines
• The outside of the chart shows location on the line
in wavelengths
• The combination of intersecting circles inside the
chart allow us to locate the normalized impedance
and then to find the impedance anywhere on the
line
80
Smith Chart
• Thus, the first step in analyzing a transmission line is to
locate the normalized load impedance on the chart
• Next, a circle is drawn that represents the reflection
coefficient or SWR. The center of the circle is the center
of the chart. The circle passes through the normalized
load impedance
• Any point on the line is found on this circle. Rotate
clockwise to move toward the generator (away from the
load)
• The distance moved on the line is indicated on the
outside of the chart in wavelengths 81
Smith Charts
The impedance as a function of reflection coefficient can be re-
written in the form:
2 2 2
1− u − v r 2 1
r= u − +v =
(1 − u )2 + v 2 1+ r (1 + r )2
2v 2
x= 2 1 1
(1 − u )2 + v 2 (u − 1) + v − = 2
x x
82
Smith Chart – Real Circles 1
Im {Γ}
0.5
r=0
r=1/3
r=1
r=2.5
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
Re {Γ}
0.5
1
83
Smith Chart – Imaginary Circles
Im {Γ}
1
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
Re {Γ}
1
84
Smith Chart
85
Smith Chart Example 1
Given:
ΓL = 0 .5∠ 45 °
Z o = 50 Ω
What is ZL?
Z L = 50 Ω (1 .35 + j1 .35 )
= 67 .5Ω + j67 .5Ω
86
Smith Chart Example 2
Given:
Z L = 15 Ω − j25 Ω
Z o = 50 Ω
What is ΓL?
15 Ω − j25 Ω
zL =
50 Ω
= 0 .3 − j0 .5
ΓL = 0 .618 ∠ − 124 °
87
Smith Chart Example 3
Given: Z L = 50 Ω + j50 Ω
Z o = 50 Ω
τ = 6 .78 nS
Z in = ?
What is Zin at 50 MHz?
50 Ω + j50 Ω
zL =
50 Ω
= 1 .0 + j1 .0
ΓL = 0 .445 ∠ 64 °
2 ωτ = 244 °
− j2 β d − j2 ωτ
Γin = ΓL e = ΓL e
2 ωτ = 244 °
Γin = 0 .445 ∠180 °
Z L = 50 Ω (0 .38 + j0 .0 ) = 19 Ω
88
Admittance
A matching network is going to be a combination of elements
connected in series AND parallel. Z1
Impedance is well suited when working with Z2
series configurations. For example:
V = ZI Z L = Z1 + Z 2
− 2v 2
b= 2 1 1
(1 + u )2 + v 2 (u + 1) + v + = 2
b b
Im {Γ}
b=-1 b=-1/3
0.5
b=-2.5 0.5
b=2.5 b=1/3
0.5
0.5
b=1
1
1
91
Impedance and Admittance Smith
Charts
• For a matching network that contains elements
connected in series and parallel, we will need two
types of Smith charts
– impedance Smith chart
– admittance Smith Chart
• The admittance Smith chart is the impedance Smith
chart rotated 180 degrees.
– We could use one Smith chart and flip the
reflection coefficient vector 180 degrees when
switching between a series configuration to a
parallel configuration. 92
Admittance Smith Chart Example 1
Given:
y = 1 + j1
What is Γ?
• Procedure: Plot y
• Plot 1+j1 on chart
Flip 180
• vector = 0 .445 ∠64 ° degrees
Read Γ
• Flip vector 180 degrees
Γ = 0 .445 ∠ − 116 °
93
Admittance Smith Chart Example 2
Given:
Γ = 0 .5∠ + 45 ° Z o = 50 Ω
What is Y?
• Procedure:
Plot Γ
• Plot Γ
• Flip vector by 180 degrees
• Read coordinate Read y Flip 180
degrees
y = 0 .38 − j0 .36
1
Y= (0.38 − j0.36 )
50 Ω
Y = (7 .6 − j7 .2 )x10 − 3 mhos
94
Constant Imaginary
Impedance
Z=R+jX
=100+j50
Normalized
z=2+j for
Zo=50
Constant Real
Impedance Circles
95
Smith Chart
•Impedance divided by line impedance (50
Ohms)
– Z1 = 100 + j50
– Z2 = 75 -j100
– Z3 = j200
– Z4 = 150
– Z5 = infinity (an open circuit)
– Z6 = 0 (a short circuit)
– Z7 = 50
– Z8 = 184 -j900
97
Smith Chart Example
• First, locate the normalized impedance on the chart for ZL
= 50 + j100
• Then draw the circle through the point
• The circle gives us the reflection coefficient (the radius of
the circle) which can be read from the scale at the bottom
of most charts
• Also note that exactly opposite to the normalized load is
its admittance. Thus, the chart can also be used to find
the admittance. We use this fact in stub matching
98
Matching Example
Ps Z 0 = 50 Ω M 100 Ω
Γ=0
99
Matching Example
We need to go from
z=2+j0 to z=1+j0 on
the Smith chart
We won’t get any
closer by adding series
impedance so we will
need to add something
in parallel.
We need to flip over
to the admittance
chart
Impedance
Chart
100
Matching Example
y=0.5+j0
Before we add the
admittance, add a
mirror of the r=1
circle as a guide.
Admittance
Chart
101
Matching Example
y=0.5+j0
Before we add the
admittance, add a
mirror of the r=1
circle as a guide
Now add positive
imaginary admittance.
Admittance
Chart
102
Matching Example
y=0.5+j0
Before we add the
admittance, add a
mirror of the r=1
circle as a guide
Now add positive
imaginary admittance
jb = j0.5
jb = j0 .5
j0 .5
= j2 π (100 MHz )C
50 Ω
C = 16 pF
100 Ω Admittance
16 pF Chart
103
Matching Example
Impedance
Chart
104
Matching Example
Add positive imaginary
admittance to get to
z=1+j0
jx = j1 .0
( j1.0 )50 Ω = j2 π (100 MHz )L
L = 80 nH
80 nH
16 pF
100 Ω
Impedance
Chart
105
Matching Example
This solution would
have also worked
32 pF
160 nH 100 Ω
Impedance
Chart
106
Matching Bandwidth
0
80 nH
5
16 pF
10 100 Ω
Reflection Coefficient (dB)
15 100 MHz
20
25
30
35
50 MHz
40
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Frequency (MHz)