MET 202:

MODULE II

FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
FAZLUDHEEN CHEMMALA
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ERANAD KNOWLEDGE CITY TECHNICAL CAMPUS

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 SYLLABUS

• Joule’s Experiment- First law of Thermodynamics - First

law applied to Non flow Process- Enthalpy- specific
heats- PMM1, First law applied to Flow Process, Mass
and Energy balance in simple steady flow process.
Applications of SFEE, Transient flow –Filling and
Emptying Process. (Problems), Limitations of the First
Law

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JOULE’S EXPERIMENT

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• Consider a closed system with mass m contained in an
adiabatic vessel having thermometer and paddle wheel
• A certain amount of work W1-2 be done on the system by
paddle wheel
• The temperature of the system rises from t1 to t2.
• Let the insulation now be removed, heat transfer takes place
till the system reaches to its original temperature t1.
• The system thus execute a cycle which consist of a definite
amount of work input to the system and followed by transfer
of heat (Q2-1) from the system.
• W1-2 is always proportional to Q2-1 and the constant of
proportionality is called Joule’s equivalent or mechanical
equivalent of heat

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•If the cycle involves many more heat and work it is represented as

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 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
• The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the
conservation of energy principle
• Based on experimental observations, the first law of
thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor
destroyed during a process; it can only change forms.

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 PMM1
• A device that violates the first law of thermodynamics (by
creating energy) is called a perpetual-motion machine of the
first kind (PMM1),

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ENERGY - A PROPERTY OF THE SYSTEM

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ENERGY OF AN ISOLATEDSYSTEM

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THE PERFECT GAS

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SPECIFIC HEATS

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JOULE’S LAW

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RELATION BETWEEN TWO SPECIFIC HEATS

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ENTHALPY

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RATIO OF SPECIFIC HEATS

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APPLICATION OF FIRST LAW TO NON FLOW
PROCESS (closed system)

1. REVERSIBLE CONSTANT VOLUME (ISOCHORIC)

PROCESS
2. REVERSIBLE CONSTANT PRESSURE (ISOBARIC)
PROCESS
3. REVERSIBLE CONSTANT TEMPERATURE
(ISOTHERMAL) PROCESS
4. REVERSIBLE ADIABATIC (ISENTROPIC) PROCESS
5. REVERSIBLE POLYTROPIC PROCESS

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REVERSIBLE CONSTANT VOLUME
(ISOCHORIC) PROCESS

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REVERSIBLE CONSTANT PRESSURE
(ISOBARIC) PROCESS

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REVERSIBLE CONSTANT TEMPERATURE
(ISOTHERMAL) PROCESS

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REVERSIBLE ADIABATIC PROCESS

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TO DERIVE PVγ=CONSTANT

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REVERSIBLE POLYTROPIC PROCESS

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APPLICATION OF FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
TO STEADY FLOW PROCESS (OPEN NSYSTEM)

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APPLICATION OF FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
TO STEADY FLOW PROCESS (OPEN NSYSTEM)
• Steady flow means the rate of flow of mass and energy are
constant
• The properties will have fixed value at particular location and
will not alter with time
• The First Law of Thermodynamics: Q + W =ΔE
• Q, W are energy transfers by heating and working,
respectively
• W consists of two parts:
• (i) shaft work, work which is transferred to the surroundings
• (ii) flow work, the work required to push the fluid through the
control volume, where the control volume is shown above
between 1 and 2.

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• ΔE is the change in the total energy, which will be made up of
changes in:
• (i) internal energy (due to changes in temperature)
• (ii) kinetic energy (due to changes in flow velocity)
• (iii) gravitational potential energy (due to changes in height of
the fluid)

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• where ρ is the density of the fluid ,and v is its specific volume
(volume of 1
• kg).
• At the inlet, flow work = p1v1 (work done on the system to get
fluid in).
• At outlet, flow work = p2V2 (work done by the system, as fluid
exits).
• The shaft work is denoted by Ws.
• As the mass Δm moves into the control volume, at flow station
1, for steady flow, an equal mass Δm will move out of the
control volume, at flow station 2.
• There will in general be changes in its:

• where c is the flow velocity

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STEADY FLOW PROCESSES DEVICES

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TRANSIENT (UNSTEADY) FLOW PROCESSES

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 LIMITATIONS OF FIRST LAW

1. No restriction on the direction of the flow of heat: the first

law establishes definite relationship between the heat
absorbed and the work performed by a system. The first law
does not indicate whether heat can flow from a cold end to a
hot end or not. For example: we cannot extract heat from the
ice by cooling it to a low temperature. Some external work
has to be done.
2. Does not specify the feasibility of the reaction: first law does
not specify that process is feasible or not for example: when
a rod is heated at one end then equilibrium has to be
obtained which is possible only by some expenditure of
energy.
3. Practically it is not possible to convert the heat energy into
an equivalent amount of work.
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