Patient education

Immunization
What is Immunization?
 is the process where a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious
disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine.
Vaccines- stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against
subsequent infection or disease.
Immunity
 refers to protection from disease through the formation of antibodies.
There are two basic mechanisms for acquiring immunity:
1. Passive Immunity
2. Active Immunity
Ways of producing active immunity include:
 Exposure to an infection or disease, although infection does not lead to immunity
in all cases.
 Vaccination to produce immune responses similarly evoked by natural infection
without the development of the disease and its complications.
The immune response to vaccination is influenced by the:
 Nature and dosage of administered antigen
 Route of administration
 Adjuvants
 Maternal antibodies
 Age
 Nutritional status, co-existing diseases
 Other host factor.
Pediatric
INFLUENZA VACCINE
(TRIVALENT/QUADRIVALENT INFLUENZA VACCINE)
WHAT?
Influenza (flu) vaccines (also known as "flu shots") protect against the four influenza
viruses that are expected to be the most common during the upcoming season,
according to research. For children, the flu is more dangerous than the common cold.
Millions of children become ill with the seasonal flu each year, thousands of children are
hospitalized, and some children die as a result of the flu. Children, especially those
under the age of five, frequently require medical attention as a result of the flu.
WHO & WHEN?
 Children age 6 months to 8 years receiving influenza vaccine for the 1st time
should receive 2 doses separated by at least 4 weeks. (0.2 mL)
 Children age 9 to 18 years should receive one dose of the vaccine yearly. (0.2
mL)
 Annual vaccination should begin in February but may be given throughout the
year.
HOW?
 Trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) given intramuscularly (IM) or subcutaneously
(SC)
 Quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) given intramuscularly (IM)
WHERE?
Vaccines for the flu are available in many doctor's offices and clinics across the country.
You can get a flu vaccine at a health department, pharmacy, urgent care clinic, college
health center or even schools and workplaces.
SYMPTOMS
Fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, and fatigue are
all flu symptoms. Vomiting and diarrhea are also possible side effects, which are more
common in children than adults. People who are infected with the flu may experience
respiratory symptoms without developing a fever.
TREATMENT
If your child becomes ill with the flu, your child's health care provider can advise you on
whether or not they should take antiviral medication. Antiviral medications for children
are available in pill, liquid, inhaled powder, and intravenous solution form. They fight the
flu by preventing the virus from replicating in the human body. Antiviral medications are
only available with a doctor's prescription; they are not available over-the-counter.
EMERGENCY WARNING SIGNS
Children who exhibit these warning signs should seek medical attention as soon as
possible.
 Fast breathing or trouble breathing
 Bluish lips or face
 Ribs pulling in with each breath
 Chest pain
 Severe muscle pain (child refuses to walk)
 Dehydration (no urine for 8 hours, dry mouth, no tears when crying)
 Not alert or interacting when awake
 Seizures
 Fever above 104°F
 In children less than 12 weeks, any fever
 Fever or cough that improve but then return or worsen
 Worsening of chronic medical conditions
MEASLES VACCINE
MEASLES-MUMPS-RUBELLA (MMR) VACCINE
MEASLES-MUMPS-RUBELLA-VARICELLA VACCINE (MMRV)
WHAT?
Measles (rubeola) is a virus-borne respiratory illness that is highly contagious. It causes
a rash that is red and blotchy. If a child has not received the measles vaccine and
comes into contact with someone who has the disease, he or she is more likely to
contract it. While the flu vaccine isn't 100% effective, it still greatly reduces a person's
chances of catching the flu, which can be very serious. It also can make symptoms less
severe if someone does still get the flu after immunization.
MEASLES VACCINE
 Given subcutaneously (SC)
 Given at the age of 9 months, but may be given as early as age 6 months in
cases of outbreaks as declared by public health authorities
 If monovalent measles vaccine is not available, then MMR/MR vaccine may be
given as substitute for infants below 12 months of age. In such cases, the
recipient should receive 2 more MMR vaccines starting at 1 year of age, following
recommended schedules
MEASLES-MUMPS-RUBELLA (MMR) VACCINE
 Given subcutaneously (SC)
 Given at a minimum age of 12 months
  2 doses of MMR vaccine are recommended
 The second dose is usually given at 4-6 years of age but may be given at an
earlier age with a minimum of 4 weeks interval between doses.
MEASLES-MUMPS-RUBELLA-VARICELLA VACCINE (MMRV)
 Given subcutaneously (SC)
 Given at a minimum age of 12 months
 MMRV may be given as an alternative to separately administered MMR and
Varicella vaccines
 The maximum age is 12 years
 The recommended minimum interval between doses is 3 months, but a second
dose given 4 weeks from the first dose is considered valid
SYMPTOMS
The initial symptoms of measles develop around 10 days after you're infected.
These can include:
 cold-like symptoms, such as a runny nose, sneezing and a cough
 sore, red eyes that may be sensitive to light
 a high temperature (fever), which may reach around 40C
 small greyish-white spots on the inside of the cheeks
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
Measles can be avoided by getting the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella).
There are several things you can do to help relieve your symptoms and reduce the risk
of spreading the infection.
These include:
 taking paracetamol or ibuprofen to relieve fever, aches and pains (aspirin should
not be given to children under 16 years old)
 drinking plenty of water to avoid dehydration
 staying off school or work for at least 4 days from when the rash first appears
How they are spread?
When a person with measles coughs or sneezes, millions of tiny droplets come out of
their nose and mouth, containing the measles virus.
You can easily catch measles by:
 breathing in these droplets
 touching a surface the droplets have settled on and then placing your hands near
your nose or mouth (the virus can survive on surfaces for a few hours)
From the time the symptoms appear until about 4 days after the rash appears, people
with measles are infectious.
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VACCINE
1. Japanese encephalitis is a viral brain infection that's spread through mosquito
bites. It's most common in rural areas in southeast Asia, the Pacific islands and
the Far East, but is very rare in travellers. The virus is found in pigs and birds,
and is passed to mosquitoes when they bite infected animals.
2. Given subcutaneously (SC)
3. Given at the minimum age of 9 months
4. Children age 9 months to 17 years should receive one primary dose followed by
a booster dose 12-24 months after the primary dose
5. For adults and children aged 3 years or older, each dose of IXIARO is 0.5 mL.
For children aged 2 months through 2 years, each dose is 0.25 mL. Individuals
18 years and older should receive a single dose only.

Adult
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