Map – geographical representation of the earth surface drawn to a scale in a flat plane

Importance:

a. Use for strategic planning in all command

b. Use to show the relative position on a certain given area
c. Use to show accurate distance, location, best routes and key terrain features.
d. To avoid lost and keep alive.

Security of Maps

a. Map must no fall to unauthorized map

b. When in danger destroy the map
c. Avoid indication or area of interest in the map

Types of maps

 Planimetric map – showing only the horizontal (flat) position of features

 Topographic map – two dimensional map which represent the horizontal (flat and vertical relief)
positions of feature represented
 Plastic relief map – a topographic map reprinted on plastic material and formed by heat and
vacuum over a reproductive positive mold thus giving the same information as contained n
topographic map.

 Photo map – a reproduction of photograph upon grid lines, marginal data, place, names and
boundaries may be added.

 Joint operation map – use for ground and air operations. He map published in a ground and air
edition.
 Picto map – a map in which the photographic imaginary of a standard photo map has been
converted into interpretable colors and symbols.

 Photomosaic – an assembly of aerial photograph to form a complete picture

 Special map – for special purposes such as trafficability maps, transformation maps and
boundary maps.

 Terrain model – 3D representation of an area molded on plastic rubber or another material

symbolically.
  Hydrographic map – a nautical map used as navigational aid either above or below the surface.

Marginal Information 3 types of north

- Sheet name - Grid North (black sa mapa pataas)

- Sheet number - true north (north star/big dipper(dulo))
- Series name - magnetic north (symbol: half arrow)
- Scale
- Serial number
- Edition number
- Index to boundaries
Marginal Information

Scale – expressed as fraction and gives ratio of map distance to ground distance

Small scale – 1:600,000 and smaller. Used for general panning for strategic studies at the high
echelon.
Medium scale – 1:600,000 – 1:75,000.Used for panning operation including the movement and
concentration of the troops and supply.
Large scale – 1:75,000 larger. Used for tactical, technical and administrative needs of field units.

Topographic symbol – standard drawing if map features and organize by their colors.
Topographic colors
Black – all man made features ig. Building, roads, etc.

Blue – all water features ig. Lake, rivers, swamps, streams etc.
Green – vegetation / grass (marsh or swamp mix with grass and water)

Brown – Cultivated land on red-light readable maps

Older maps – represendts relief features and elevation such as contours
(imaginary lines)

Red – use on older maps, marked as populated areas, main roads and boundaries
Terrain Features

Hill – area of high ground. Hill with contour lines forming concentric circles. Smallest circle represents
hilltop.

Ridge – continuous elevated terrain with sloping sides. “U” or “V” shaped contour lines where the higher
ground is in the wide opening.

Arete – narrow ridge “U”

Spur – smaller ridge “V”.

Valley – Long depression in the terrain and has narrow elevated side and wide lower opening. Can be
“V” or “U” shaped.

Draw – small valley. Has no level ground and little or no maneuver room.

Saddle (col or pass) – low point between the distinct peaks or hills and formed a saddle shape.set of
rings of a flatter area with two separate ring sets to prepresents two peaks.

Pass – low point in saddle

Col – going through an arete

Commonly seen in higher mountainous areas rather than in lower altitude.

Cliff – vertical / near-vertical feature. On the map, contour lines for cliffs are nearly touching or the
contour lines come together to form one contour line depicting the edge of the cliff.

Depression – sink hole, pit, low point in the ground. Upside down hill. Map represents a depression with
contour lines forming concentric circles ; tick marks point to the lower ground.
Grids Coordinates – letter or number designations that allow you to locate a point of the map

Grids – parallel lines from N, E, W, S or forms a square. It helps the map reader to locate area quickly.
Coordinates – number grid lines on the map / show specified locations.

- To find locations or convey locations on maps to others.

- To navigate, report enemy activity, request medical evacuation or call for additional supplies
and ammunition
- To request indirect fire support from field artillery and naval gunfire
- To request close air support from fixed and rotary wing aircraft

Military grid system – divides the earth surface into mant 100,000 meter squares. Each squares are
further subdivided into 1,000 meter squares. The 1,000 meter squares is the basis which is used in
reading military map.

Grid square – identified by conbining the number or vertical grid line and horizontal grid line which
intersect at the lower left corner.
Grid square (cont)

- 4 digits nearest to 1,000 meters

- 8 digits nearest to 100 meters
- 6 digits nearest to 10 meters
- 10 digits nearest to 1 meter

Protractors – used to identify specific

point