MAPPING

MAP
 “mappa”
 Latin word meaning napkin, cloth, or
sheet.
 A graphic representation of the earth’s
surface or other celestial body, by means
of signs and symbols or photographic
imagery at some given scale or
projection, to which lettering is added for
identification.
 It is a simplified depiction of a space.
 A navigational aid which highlights
relations between objects within that
space.
 It is a two‐dimensional, geometrically
accurate representation of a three‐
MAP CLASSIFICATION
 Planimetric Maps
 Topographic Maps
 Thematic Maps
 Computer-Generated Maps
 Photomaps
PLANIMETRIC MAP
 A representation of the earth’s
surface in the horizontal
dimensions only.
 Heights or differences in elevation
are not indicated.
 Shows the correct horizontal
position of natural and man-made
features such as buildings, roads,
bodies of water, land forms,
vegetation, and political boundaries
 Useful in indicating locations,
horizontal distances, and in finding
directions.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
 Representation of the earth’s surface in three dimensions –
contours
 Show the earth’s natural features like mountains, lakes, rivers
and man-made structures like roads, buildings, dams, etc.
 Ground elevation is a necessary feature of this map
 Used in the design and planning of engineering projects
where information is needed regarding land forms, gradients,
and elevations
 Bureau of Lands Management
 Department of Environment and Natural Resource
 National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA)
THEMATIC MAP
 Is made to deal with a specific theme or
subject, usually against some skeletal
topographic background
 Used to emphasize a single topic such as
geology, population, crop population,
land use, and meteorological data
 Show a generalized representation and
description of a particular theme such as
forest, soils, population, land use, land
cover, geology, climate, mineral
resources, tourist zones, etc.
 These maps provide information for
management and development activities
of the government and private sectors.
COMPUTER-GENERATED
MAP
 Are used to store cartographic
information in digital form that
can be processed and retrieved in
graphic form using automated
systems.
 The objective is to replace the
draftsman by computer controlled
equipment and produce maps
more quickly and of many varied
forms.
PHOTOMAP
 Are reproduction of an aerial
photograph or a mosaic (an
assembly of photographs on
which grid lines, contours,
boundaries, place names and
marginal information have been
added or overprinted.
 Any picture of the earth’s surface
(as well as those of heavenly
bodies) in photographic form.
 Provides the actual picture of the
terrain surfaces.
MERIDIAN ARROW

 For the purpose of orientation.

 The direction of the reference
meridian used in a map is
indicated by a needle arrow
pointing north.
LETTERING ON MAPS
 Adds more to the finished appearance of a completed map
 Basic requirement: Uniformity and Legibility
 The size must be governed by the size of the map and by the
character of the title, name, or statement to be shown
MAP TITLES
 The purpose is to identify a given map in a file with other similar maps
 Name of the tract or features which the map represents
 Lower right‐hand corners of the sheets (or anywhere on the drawing where it will
balance the map as a whole and eye catching)
 For survey plans

- Includes the purpose of the survey

- Name of the owner of the organization for whom the survey is made
- Location or area
- Date of survey
- Name of the engineer or surveyor
- Contour interval
- Reference horizontal and vertical datum
- Scale
MAP SCALE
 Refers to the relationship which the distance between any two points on
the map bears to the corresponding distance on the ground.
 One of the important factors to be considered since the scale of the map
determines the type and precision of field surveys to be undertaken.
 Maps scales are portrayed in three ways:

1.Equivalence (Words and figures)

2.Scale Ratio (Representative fraction)
3.Graphically
MAP SCALE: EQUIVALENCE
Expressions:
1 in = 1 mile
1 cm = 1 km
3 in =200 ft
 Maps intended for the design of engineering construction are commonly
plotted to this type of scales (1cm=1m; 1cm=100m)
 The map distances are best measured in the units on the left side of the
expression and, by setting up a proportion, the ground distance in terms of
the right-hand side unit of the measure is determined.
MAP SCALE: SCALE RATIO
 The topographic maps prepared by most mapping agencies are plotted to
so-called ‘natural scales’ which are expressed as ratios.
 A fraction representing a scale is termed the representative fraction, RF or
scale ratio, SR.
 Unit of measurement may be expressed in any unit; however, the units of
both on the map and on the ground must be the same.
 1:5000 – 1cm:5000cm
 1 unit on the map corresponds to 5000 units on the ground
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM
  If the equivalent scale of a map is 5cm = 10km, what is the scale ratio?

 SOLUTION:
MAP SCALE: GRAPHIC SCALE
 The graphic or bar scale is a line subdivided into map distances
corresponding to convenient units of length on the ground.
 It may be drawn as a single line or with two closely spaced parallel lines,
with alternating spaces darkened for effect.
 Printed in the margins of the map and is especially prepared for a particular
map only.